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The article is devoted to the problems of prevention of military criminal offences in Ukraine in the context of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine. The author analyses the existing approaches to the definition of the concept of «military criminal offence» in the criminal law system of Ukraine and offers the author's own definition. The author examines the peculiarities of military crimes and their difference from war crimes. Attention is focused on the negative impact of military criminal offences on the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, discipline and order in the troops, as well as on the security of the State as a whole. The author highlights the problems of prevention of military criminal offences under martial law. The current legislation of Ukraine on military criminal offences is analysed. The author examines the ways of preventing military criminal offences, including national and individual measures, taking into account the specifics of wartime. National measures include strengthening national unity and patriotism, ensuring social protection of servicemen and their families, raising the level of legal awareness of the military and improving the military justice system. Individual measures include identification of high-risk servicemen, psychological work and individual educational work. It is emphasized that the ways to prevent the commission of military criminal offences in today's conditions require adaptation to the realities of wartime. The author identifies the priority areas of prevention of military criminal offences in wartime, which are aimed at strengthening the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and ensuring the stability of the State in the context of a full-scale invasion. The author emphasises the importance of an integrated approach, coordination of efforts of all responsible structures and support of society in combating military criminal offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the article, the authors undertake a research in order to elucidate the causes and circumstances of leaving the battlefield by Russian soldiers, who deserted en masse from the Soviet Army during the Second World War and went over to the side of the enemy. Thus, it is mentioned that in the year 1941 many soldiers were in the prime of life among those who suffered as a result of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, the fight against kulaks, the сossacks as well as other repressions, so it is not surprising that many Soviet soldiers passed on the side of the enemy. Moreover, during more than two decades there was also an extensive purge process within the Soviet Army with the aim of eliminating soldiers disloyal to the regime. In this regard, the cases of desertion, complicity in desertion and instigation to desertion committed by ethnic Russians enlisted in the Soviet Army are presented. Among them, there were self-mutilated soldiers and others who faked illnesses to avoid mobilization and military service during the war. They used such methods to avoid going to the front. Under these conditions, representatives of various peoples of the USSR, including Bessarabians, were enlisted to replace Russian deserters in the Soviet Army. Therefore, the truth is that Russian soldiers were committing crimes on the territory of Bessarabia and Romania while many of our compatriots were fighting on the fronts of the Second World War.

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the engagement of Jews in the Polish army during the interwar period, with particular attention to the nascent Second Polish Republic. The inception of Jewish involvement in Polish military units can be traced back to World War I, where a considerable number participated in the Polish Legions aligned with Austria-Hungary and later in the Polish army during the Polish-Bolshevik War. The cessation of hostilities marked the transition of the army to peacetime operations and the gradual implementation of general military conscription. Commencing in 1921, Jews were conscripted into the army, constituting approximately 4 to 7% of the total force in different years. Attempts by Jews to evade military service were not uncommon, often involving the bribery of officers in district recruitment units or personnel in medical examination commissions. However, if deemed suitable for service, they were obligated to report to designated locations for deployment. The majority of Jewish recruits were assigned to infantry, cavalry, and artillery units, with only a minority serving in sanitary, engineering, and sapper troops. Aviation, gendarmerie, Border Guard Corps cavalry, communications units, and armored troops saw minimal Jewish representation. It is noteworthy that within the army, Jews sought opportunities for temporary release from service or assumed specific roles to circumvent military training. While within military units, Jews often maintained a certain separation from other groups, and their interactions with representatives of other nationalities ranged from amicable to openly antagonistic. Hostile relations were more frequently observed with the Polish contingent, while interactions with other nationalities generally tended towards friendliness, albeit not without occasional minor misunderstandings. Instances of conflicts among Jews from different regions of Poland surfaced, primarily driven by ideological and religious disparities. During their service, Jews exhibited qualities of obedience, adherence to orders, and minimal conflicts with officers, adhering to principles of subordination. Nonetheless, commanders underscored that this outward compliance was often illusory and motivated primarily by the fear of reprisals. Despite societal perceptions associating Jews with Soviet ideals, there was an absence of overt political expression or propaganda within the army. Nevertheless, a lingering uncertainty among commanders persisted regarding the loyalty of Jews in the event of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National security is a crucial component of the state of the Republic of Moldova. Therefore, an important condition for ensuring it is the exact compliance by the military with the military laws and regulations to successfully carry out the tasks established by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova and ensure state security. Violation by military personnel of legislative requirements and military statutes carries with it either disciplinary responsibility or, in the most serious cases, criminal liability. In this context, the criminal legislation of the Republic of Moldova provides for "Military Offenses" in Chapter XVIII. Desertion represents a component of the acts that fall under the category of military offences, which is criminalized in Art 371 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. The unjustified absence of a soldier from their unit constitutes a clear insubordination primarily against the law and military regulations. Dodging military service represents a violation of duty towards the country, a provision confirmed by the supreme law of the Republic of Moldova, which states that defending the country is a sacred duty of every citizen.