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What is pain? How is it perceived and how is it processed? Where is it situated and how can it be specified within the framework of a theory of the psychic apparatus? These problems arose for Sigmund Freud ever since his »Project for a Scientific Psychology« in 1895, and throughout the development of his œuvre, he encountered them again and again and in the most diverse of contexts, without, however, ever being conclusively resolved. This article traces how the phenomenon of pain has repeatedly defied theory, forcing it to be questioned and revised. Thus, it becomes apparent that pain is not just one phenomenon among many, but the most fundamental and essential in the development of thinking and in the formation of the psychic apparatus: Since pain is that what brings about the most fundamental form of bodily representation, and since every other form of representation always remains bound to the body, then it is pain itself that constitutes the ultimate ground for thought, while at the same time also eluding it – as something »beyond« thought that unfailingly reminds us of the here and now of our body. The necessity to think at all begins with pain. And when we think pain, we think our body. In this sense, thinking and the entire psychic apparatus develop out of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the views and thoughts of dog owners in Türkiye on animal welfare. The research material consisted of data obtained from face-to-face surveys with 172 randomly selected dog owners. Half of the dog owners (54,7 %) were aware of the concept of animal welfare, and almost two-thirds (61,6 %) organized their dogs' living spaces according to animal welfare principles. Participants most associated the concept of animal welfare with the concept of animal quality of life (47,7 %). Gender (p.