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Abstract Kidney injury from high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) is common, yet few studies have explored effective treatments. This research assessed the renal benefits of therapeutic erythrocytapheresis (TE) in HAPC patients, analyzing the efficacy of single versus multiple treatments. From 2017 to 2023, 631 patients undergoing TE were included. Findings showed notable improvements in hemoglobin levels (median: 228.00 vs. 169.00 g/L, p

Northwest Xizang White Cashmere Goat (NXWCG) is the first new breed of cashmere goat in the Xizang Autonomous Region. It has significant characteristics of extremely high fineness, gloss, and softness. Genome-wide association analysis is an effective biological method used to measure the consistency and correlation of genotype changes between two molecular markers in the genome. In addition, it can screen out the key genes affecting the complex traits of biological individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic mechanism of cashmere trait variation in NXWCG and to discover SNP locus and key genes closely related to traits such as superfine cashmere. Additionally, the key genes near the obtained significant SNPs were analyzed by gene function annotation and biological function mining. In this study, the phenotype data of the four traits (cashmere length, fiber length, cashmere diameter, and cashmere production) were collected. GGP_Goat_70K SNP chip was used for genotyping the ear tissue DNA of the experimental group. Subsequently, the association of phenotype data and genotype data was performed using Gemma-0.98.1 software. A linear mixed model was used for the association study. The results showed that four fleece traits were associated with 18 significant SNPs at the genome level and 232 SNPs at the chromosome level, through gene annotated from Capra hircus genome using assembly ARS1. A total of 107 candidate genes related to fleece traits were obtained. Combined with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, we can find that CLNS1A, CCSER1, RPS6KC1, PRLR, KCNRG, KCNK9, and CLYBL can be used as important candidate genes for fleece traits of NXWCG. We used Sanger sequencing and suitability chi-square test to further verify the significant loci and candidate genes screened by GWAS, and the results show that the base mutations loci on the five candidate genes, CCSER1 (snp12579, 34,449,796, A → G), RPS6KC1 (snp41503, 69,173,527, A → G), KCNRG (snp41082, 67,134,820, G → A), KCNK9 (14:78472665, 78,472,665, G → A), and CLYBL (12: 9705753, 9,705,753, C → T), significantly affect the fleece traits of NXWCG. The results provide a valuable basis for future research and contribute to a better understanding of the genetic structure variation of the goat.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among general practitioners with a special interest (GPwSIs) in respiratory medicine.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022. Knowledge and awareness were compared among smokers and non-smokers, as well as different age and gender groups.ResultsThe study consisted of 102 GPwSIs from 21 cities in Sichuan Province, China. Most respondents would recommend NRT for long-term use. Only a few believed that e-cigarettes are an effective means of smoking cessation and 71.6% would not recommend e-cigarettes as a substitute for cigarettes to their patients. Additionally, the majority did not regularly provide extensive help to assist patients in quitting smoking and needed smoking cessation counseling training.ConclusionGPwSIs in respiratory medicine in China could have a relatively low level of knowledge and awareness regarding nicotine, NRT, and e-cigarettes. The study highlights the need for smoking cessation training among GPwSIs to improve their knowledge and provide better assistance to patients who want to quit smoking.

In this study, we selected the Basomtso Lake in Xizang, China, as the research object, and utilized 16S rDNA Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate differences in the composition and structure of bacterial community across different locations and waters within Basomtso Lake. Our aim was to explore the correlation between environmental factors and the bacterial community in Basomtso Lake. Analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences yielded a total of 5570 valid OTUs. with annotation revealing 88 phyla, 180 classes, 349 orders, 481 families, and 694 genera. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla, while Candidatus_Aquirestis, hgcI_clade, and unidentified_MethylacidipHilaceae were the dominant genera. Redundancy analyses showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand exerted significant effects on changes in the bacterial community structure in the water bodies of the Basomtso Lake. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that Ascomycetes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes as key nodes in the network construction, with 94.5% of edges displaying positive correlations. In summary, the bacterial resources in the Basomtso Lake are rich and diversified, closely related to environmental factors. Interactions among bacterial communities in Basomtso Lake are predominatly synergistic. This study provides an important theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of bacterial diversity in Basomtso Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) manifestations of the pancreaticobiliary ducts and assess pancreatic exocrine function using Secretin-enhanced MRCP (S-MRCP) in dogs with acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP). Twelve (12) dogs were included, with six in the AEP group and six in the control group. The AEP model group underwent a procedure by way of pancreatic duct retrograde injection. The control group underwent the same procedure without infusion. MRCP and S-MRCP were performed identically in both the AEP group and control groups. MRCP was performed pre-surgery and on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days post-surgery in the AEP group and control groups. The pancreaticobiliary duct diameter was significantly wider in the AEP group compared to the control group (P<0.01) on the 5th day. The S-MRCP images were evaluated on the 3rd day post-surgery at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 11 min after secretin infusion. Compared to the control group, the pancreatic ducts in the AEP group became dilated and branched which appeared, reaching the largest diameters, 3 min postsecretin injection (P<0.01). Eleven minutes after secretin infusion, the degree of duodenal filling in the AEP group was Grade 2, indicating impaired pancreatic exocrine function in dogs with AEP. In conclusion, MRCP provided excellent comprehensive visualization of the pancreatic and hepatobiliary duct systems in dogs with AEP. S-MRCP effectively detected branched pancreatic ducts and impaired pancreatic exocrine in AEP dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the asymptotic stability and the hair-trigger effect for Cauchy problem of the following parabolic-parabolic Keller-Segel system with logistic term$ \begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{aligned} &u_{t} = \Delta u-\chi \nabla\cdot\left (u\nabla v \right)+u\left(a-b u\right)&x\in \mathbb{R}^{N},\, t>0,\\ &\tau v_{t} = \Delta v+\lambda u-\mu v&x\in \mathbb{R}^{N},\, t>0, \end{aligned} \right. \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;(1)\end{equation} $where $ \chi $, $ a $, $ b $, $ \lambda $, $ \mu $ and $ \tau $ are positive constants and $ N $ is a positive integer. To this end, for small $ \chi $, we firstly obtain the global boundedness of solution by loop-argument based on $ L^p-L^q $ estimates of heat semigroup, with which we can further obtain the asymptotic stability of the positive constant equilibria in $ L^\infty(\mathbb R^N) $ for any initial data with positive lower bound. Moreover, for the special case $ \tau = 1 $, if $ \int_{B(x,\delta)}\ln u_0(s)ds\in L^\infty(\mathbb R^N) $ for some $ \delta>0 $, by constructing localized Lyapunov type functional, the solutions are shown to converge to the positive constant equilibria uniformly on any compact subset of $ \mathbb R^N $, which is known as the hair-trigger effect. Our contribution lies in the generalization of the results on asymptotic stability from the special case $ \tau = 1 $([31]) to any $ \tau>0 $, and the generalization of classical results on hair-trigger effect for Fisher-KPP equation to Keller-Segel system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatic fibrosis, a chronic pathological condition resulting from various forms of persistent liver injury, in the later stage, it can evolve into cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Curcumae Rhizoma (CR), traditionally recognized for its properties in line qi break blood, eliminate accumulation and relieve pain. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles, vinegar-processing enhances CR's ability to enter the liver meridian and act on the blood level, potentially augmenting its therapeutic effects on hepatic diseases. Therefore, vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma (VCR) is frequently employed in treating liver fibrosis and related hepatic conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms of vinegar processing in enhancing its therapeutic efficacy remain unclear., Methods: The anti-liver fibrosis effects of CR and VCR were verified at individual and cellular levels. Subsequently, HPLC-Q-TOFMS and pharmacokinetic analysis were utilized to elucidate the potential bioactive substances underlying the enhanced anti-fibrotic efficacy of VCR. Building upon these findings, network pharmacology and metabolomics were integrated to screen for key effect components and regulatory pathways. Finally, the mechanisms of action were further analyzed and validated at the tissue and cellular levels through Western blotting (WB) and molecular docking studies., Results: Both CR and VCR exhibited therapeutic effects against hepatic fibrosis, with VCR demonstrating enhanced efficacy after vinegar processing. 6 sesquiterpenes including furanodiene and curdione, showed significant alterations in plasma exposure and hepatic distribution post-processing. VCR significantly improved pathological liver conditions, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis severity. Additionally, VCR markedly reduced the expression of α-SMA in the liver and attenuated the elevations in liver function markers such as ALT and AST. Combined network pharmacology, metabolomics, and hepatic tissue WB analysis revealed that the reduced phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a critical mechanism in VCR's anti-fibrotic effects. Experiments on LX-2 cells demonstrated that four sesquiterpenes, including furanodiene and curdione, effectively inhibited the proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Furanodiene, in particular, promoted apoptosis in activated HSCs by reducing phosphorylation levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins, increasing BAX expression, and activating downstream caspase-3 to achieve the effect of anti-liver fibrosis., Conclusion: Vinegar-processing significantly increases the plasma exposure and hepatic distribution of components such as furanodiene in VCR, enhancing anti-fibrotic efficacy by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and promoting HSC apoptosis. This study provides a comprehensive explanation of the vinegar-processing mechanism and its role in enhancing the anti-fibrotic effects of VCR, offering insights for its clinical application in liver fibrosis treatment and reference for the mechanistic study of other vinegar-processed herbal medicines., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

This study collected multidimensional feature data such as spectra, texture, and component contents of Polygonati Rhizoma from different origins and varieties (Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl from Yunnan and Guizhou; Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from Anhui and Jiangxi; Polygonatum sibiricum Red from Hunan). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to select 39 characteristic factors for distinguishing PR origins and 14 characteristic factors for discriminating PR varieties (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05). In addition, by combining multivariate statistical analysis with a deep belief network (DBN) classification algorithm, a novel artificial intelligence algorithm was developed and optimized. Compared to traditional discriminant analysis methods, the accuracy of this new approach was significantly improved, achieving a 100% discrimination rate for PR varieties and a 100% accuracy rate for tracing the origin of PR. This research provides a reference and data support for constructing intelligent algorithms based on multidimensional data fusion, to achieve food variety discrimination and origin tracing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Curcumae rhizoma (CR) is the dried rhizoma of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val (CP), Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang (CK) and Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling (CW), used widely to treat blood stagnation in China. Currently, quality control indicators for CR are limited to chemical composition analysis. It is unclear whether the current quality standard of the multicomponent content of CR can reflect clinical effects, due to the lack of the evaluation of biological effects. A method of evaluating quality was developed called the effect-constituent index (ECI). By meticulously measuring and calibrating the key active components, the ECI offers a comprehensive assessment of the CR's biological effects, establishing a crucial link to clinical efficacy and safety. An analytical protocol employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was devised to ascertain the presence and measure ten principal constituents within CR sourced from various species and the content of total volatile oil was also measured. An In vitro antiplatelet aggregation assay was developed to measure the antiplatelet aggregation biopotencies of thirty batches of CR and ten main components. Then, the calibration weights for each constituent in the ECI were determined based on the antiplatelet aggregation biopotency values of eight components with notable efficacy. The ECI calculation involved summing the products obtained by multiplying the content (Ci) of each component by its corresponding biopotency weight (Wi). Correlation analysis unveiled a the most robust correlation (R = 0.8579, p < 0.001) between ECI and antiplatelet aggregation biopotency of CR, when compared to individual components or volatile oil content. The devised ECI, synthesizing chemical and biological data pertinent to clinical effectiveness, facilitates a nuanced assessment of CR quality across various species in its efficacy in treating blood stagnation. This method addresses the challenge of guaranteeing effectiveness through chemical analysis alone. This study offers substantiation for the applicability of the ECI as a tool for assessing the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Zhari Namco is situated in the alpine grassland belt of northwestern Xizang with a fragile ecological environment. As the third-largest lake in Xizang, there has been a long-term lack of research data concerning its basin water environment. In an effort to elucidate the surface water environment characteristics of the basin and the factors influencing them, an extensive investigation was conducted from August 2021 to June 2022, encompassing periods of high flow, low flow, and base flow. Further, the study also involved comprehensive assessments of the water chemistry characteristics and spatial-temporal variation in lake sampling sites of the basin that were not significant by using mathematical statistics, hydrochemical analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. The findings revealed the following： ① The water in the Zhari Namco Basin exhibited an alkaline nature, with dominant ionic compositions in the lake comprising Na + , SO 4 2- , and Cl - , whereas the rivers were primarily characterized by Ca 2+ , HCO 3 - , and SO 4 2- . ② The main pollutants exceeding established standards included sulfates, arsenic, chlorides, and total phosphorus. The study identified significant spatiotemporal variations in water quality. Temporally, the exceedance of sulfates, arsenic, and total phosphorus was most pronounced during high-flow periods, followed by that during low-flow and base flow periods, with chloride levels showing less temporal variation. Spatially, river water quality surpassed that of the lakes, with arsenic, total phosphorus, TDS, sulfate, chloride, K + , and Na + concentrations in lakes 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those in rivers. Water qualities exceeding the established standard were primarily found in the lake, with less spatial variations within the lake itself. ③ Hydrochemical processes within the basin were found to be primarily influenced by natural phenomena, including evaporation-concentration and rock weathering. Various elements entered the lakes via surface runoff, where they continuously accumulated under the influence of evaporation-concentration processes, ultimately leading to exceedances. ④ Temporal variations in water quality were primarily attributed to increased elemental loss and intensified evaporation during high-flow periods. The spatial discrepancies in water quality were predominantly a consequence of the differing hydrodynamic conditions between flowing water bodies and enclosed water bodies.

Introduction: Aconiti lateralis radix praeparata (ALRP), the sub root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., is a traditional Chinese medicine with good pharmacological effects. Heishunpian (HSP), prepared through the process of brine immersing, boiling, rinsing, dyeing, and steaming ALRP is one of the most widely used forms of decoction pieces in clinical practice., Objectives: This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of component changes and transformations during the processing from ALRP to HSP, and to screen for their quality markers through UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis., Methods: Samples from ALRP to HSP during processing were prepared and analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. By comparing the differences between before and after each processing step, the purpose of processing and the transformation of components during processing were studied. In addition, multiple batches of ALRP and HSP were determined, and potential quality markers were screened., Results: Through the analysis of ALRP and five key processing samples, 55 components were identified. Immersing in brine, rinsing, and dyeing were the main factors of component loss, and boiling caused a slight loss of components. Some components were enhanced during the steaming process. Combining the screened differences components between multiple ALRP and HSP, 10 components were considered as potential quality biomarkers., Conclusion: This study found that the adjacent hydroxyl groups of the ester group may have a positive impact on the hydrolysis of the ester group, and 10 quality markers were preliminarily screened. It provides a reference for quality control and clinical application of ALRP and HSP., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study investigates the dynamic changes in milk nutritional composition and microbial communities in Tibetan sheep and goats during the first 56 days of lactation. Milk samples were systematically collected at five time points (D0, D7, D14, D28, D56) post-delivery. In Tibetan sheep, milk fat, protein, and casein contents were highest on D0, gradually decreased, and stabilized after D14, while lactose and galactose levels showed the opposite trend. Goat milk exhibited similar initial peaks, with significant changes particularly between D0, D7, D14, and D56. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed increasing microbial diversity in both species over the lactation period. Principal coordinates analysis identified distinct microbial clusters corresponding to early (D0-D7), transitional (D14-D28), and mature (D56) stages. Core phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, dominated the milk microbiota, with significant temporal shifts. Core microbes like Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus were common in both species, with species-specific taxa observed (e.g., Pediococcus in sheep, Shewanella in goats). Furthermore, we observed a highly shared core microbiota in sheep and goat milk, including Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus. Spearman correlation analysis highlighted significant relationships between specific microbial genera and milk nutrients. For instance, Lactobacillus positively correlated with total solids, non-fat milk solids, protein, and casein, while Mannheimia negatively correlated with protein content. This study underscores the complex interplay between milk composition and microbial dynamics in Tibetan sheep and goats, informing strategies for livestock management and nutritional enhancement. KEY POINTS: • The milk can be classified into three types based on the microbiota composition • The changes of milk microbiota are closely related to the variations in nutrition • Filter out microbiota with species specificity and age specificity in the milk., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is a common dysfunction that can compromise the performance of daily activities. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been proposed as a complementary tool in the therapeutic approach., Objective: To analyze the effects of adding NMES to therapeutic exercises in women with PFP., Methods: Randomized controlled trial involving 34 women with PFP (mean age 23.8 ± 4.1), randomly assigned to two groups: exercises combined with NMES (ESG) and exercises only (ExG). The ExG followed an exercise protocol, while the ESG performed the same exercises combined with NMES. Interventions were performed twice a week for eight weeks. Primary outcome measures included pain and functional disability, while secondary outcomes encompassed electromyographic activity of the quadriceps and hip abductors, along with isokinetic performance. Assessments were performed before the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks from the start of the protocol and 8 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment., Results: We did not observe difference between the groups in any of the analyzed variables. Both groups showed a reduction in pain and an improvement in functional disability during intragroup comparisons., Conclusion: A reduction in pain and an improvement in functional disability were observed; however, there was no additional effect of NMES., Trial Registration: NCT03918863., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Northwest Xizang White Cashmere Goat (NXWCG) is the first new breed of cashmere goat in the Xizang Autonomous Region. It has significant characteristics of extremely high fineness, gloss, and softness. Genome-wide association analysis is an effective biological method used to measure the consistency and correlation of genotype changes between two molecular markers in the genome. In addition, it can screen out the key genes affecting the complex traits of biological individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic mechanism of cashmere trait variation in NXWCG and to discover SNP locus and key genes closely related to traits such as superfine cashmere. Additionally, the key genes near the obtained significant SNPs were analyzed by gene function annotation and biological function mining. In this study, the phenotype data of the four traits (cashmere length, fiber length, cashmere diameter, and cashmere production) were collected. GGP&#95;Goat&#95;70K SNP chip was used for genotyping the ear tissue DNA of the experimental group. Subsequently, the association of phenotype data and genotype data was performed using Gemma-0.98.1 software. A linear mixed model was used for the association study. The results showed that four fleece traits were associated with 18 significant SNPs at the genome level and 232 SNPs at the chromosome level, through gene annotated from Capra hircus genome using assembly ARS1. A total of 107 candidate genes related to fleece traits were obtained. Combined with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, we can find that CLNS1A , CCSER1 , RPS6KC1 , PRLR , KCNRG , KCNK9, and CLYBL can be used as important candidate genes for fleece traits of NXWCG. We used Sanger sequencing and suitability chi-square test to further verify the significant loci and candidate genes screened by GWAS, and the results show that the base mutations loci on the five candidate genes, CCSER1 (snp12579, 34,449,796, A → G), RPS6KC1 (snp41503, 69,173,527, A → G), KCNRG (snp41082, 67,134,820, G → A), KCNK9 (14:78472665, 78,472,665, G → A), and CLYBL (12: 9705753, 9,705,753, C → T), significantly affect the fleece traits of NXWCG. The results provide a valuable basis for future research and contribute to a better understanding of the genetic structure variation of the goat., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Lu, Suo, Yan, Li, Su, Zhou, Liu, Yang, Wang, Ji, Cuomu, Cuoji, Gui, Wang, Jiang, Wu and Su.)

In this study, infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technology were applied to systematically explain the Schisandra chinensis's polysaccharide transformation in configuration, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) activity after vinegar processing. Scanning electron microscopic results showed that the appearance of S. chinensis polysaccharide changed significantly after steaming with vinegar. The MALDI-TOF-MS results showed that the mass spectra of raw S. chinensis polysaccharides (RSCP) were slightly lower than those of vinegar-processed S. chinensis polysaccharides (VSCP). The RSCP showed higher peaks at m/z 1350.790, 2016.796, and 2665.985, all with left-skewed distribution, and the molecular weights were concentrated in the range of 1300-3100, with no higher peak above m/z 5000. The VSCPs showed a whole band below m/z 3000, with m/z 1021.096 being the highest peak, and the intensity decreased with the increase of m/z. In addition, compared to RSCPs, VSCPs can significantly increase the content of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study showed that the apparent morphology and molecular weight of S. chinensis's polysaccharides significantly changed after steaming with vinegar. These changes directly affect its anti-UC effect significantly, and its mechanism is closely related to improving the structure and diversity of gut microbiota and SCFA metabolism., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The quality of traditional Chinese medicine is very important for human health, but the traditional quality control method is very tedious, which leads to the substandard quality of many traditional Chinese medicine. In order to solve the problem of time-consuming and laborious traditional quality control methods, this study takes traditional Chinese medicine Cyperus rotundus as an example, a comprehensive strategy of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with One-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and chaotic map dung beetle optimization (CDBO) algorithm combined with BP neural network (BPNN) is proposed. This strategy has the advantages of fast and non-destructive. It can not only qualitatively distinguish Cyperus rotundus and various processed products, but also quantitatively predict two bioactive components. In classification, 1D-CNN successfully distinguished four kinds of processed products of Cyperus rotundus with 100 % accuracy. Quantitatively, a CDBO algorithm is proposed to optimize the performance of the BPNN quantitative model of two terpenoids, and compared with the BP, whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-BP, sparrow optimization algorithm (SSA)-BP, grey wolf optimization (GWO)-BP and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-BP models. The results show that the CDBO-BPNN model has the smallest error and has a significant advantage in predicting the content of active components in different processed products. To sum up, it is feasible to use near infrared spectroscopy to quickly evaluate the effect of processing methods on the quality of Cyperus rotundus, which provides a meaningful reference for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine with many other processing methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Heishunpian is obtained through complex processing of Aconiti lateralis radix praeparata. However, the impact of each processing step on chemical compositions and pharmacological activities is still unclear. The mechanism of the processing needs to be further studied. The samples were all prepared using the "step knockout" strategy for UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, and analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy evaluation. Each sample was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS to determine the component differences. The hot plate test and acetic acid writhing test were used to evaluate the analgesic effect. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated by xylene-induced ear edema test. The correlation between components and efficacies was studied to screen the effective components for further investigating the processing of Heishunpian. Mass spectrum analysis results showed that 49 components were identified, and it appeared that brine immersion and rinsing had a great influence on the components. In the hot plate test, ibuprofen and Heishunpian had the most significant effect, while ibuprofen and the sample without rinsing showed the best efficacy for the acetic acid writhing test. The sample without dyeing had the best effect on ear edema. The correlation analysis indicated that mesaconine, aconine, 3-deoxyaconine, delbruine, and asperglaucide were potentially considered effective analgesic components. It is not recommended to remove brine immersion and rinsing. Boiling and steaming are necessary processes that improve efficacy. Dyeing, which does not have a significant impact on components and efficacy, may be an unnecessary process. This research has been of great significance in identifying anti-inflammatory and analgesic components and optimizing processing for Heishunpian., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)