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China's pursuit of carbon neutrality targets hinges on a profound shift towards low-carbon energy, primarily reliant on intermittent and variable, yet crucial, solar and wind power sources. In particular, low-solar-low-wind (LSLW) compound extremes present a critical yet largely ignored threat to the reliability of renewable electricity generation. While existing studies have largely evaluated the impacts of average climate-induced changes in renewable energy resources, comprehensive analyses of the compound extremes and, particularly, the underpinning dynamic mechanisms remain scarce. Here we show the dynamic evolution of compound LSLW extremes and their underlying mechanisms across China via coupling multi-model simulations with diagnostic analysis. Our results unveil a strong topographic dependence in the frequency of compound LSLW extremes, with a national average frequency of 16.4 (10th–90th percentile interval ranges from 5.3 to 32.6) days/yr, when renewable energy resources in eastern China are particularly compromised (∼80% lower than that under an average climate). We reveal a striking increase in the frequency of LSLW extremes, ranging from 12.4% under SSP126 to 60.2% under SSP370, primarily driven by both renewable energy resource declines and increasingly heavily-tailed distributions, resulting from weakened meridional temperature (pressure) gradient, increased frequency of extremely dense cloud cover and additional distinctive influence of increased aerosols under SSP370. Our study underscores the urgency of preparing for significantly heightened occurrences of LSLW events in a warmer future, emphasizing that such climate-induced compound LSLW extreme changes are not simply by chance, but rather projectable, thereby underscoring the need for proactive adaptation strategies. Such insights are crucial for countries navigating a similar transition towards renewable energy.This work represents the spatiotemporal patterns and the underlying drivers of compound low-solar-low-wind extremes over time across China. These insights are pivotal in facilitating low-carbon energy transition, thereby supporting China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality.

Competition for land, partly driven by the trade-off between ensuring sufficient food production and expanding forest carbon sinks, intensifies the challenge of addressing climate change. This issue is further exacerbated by damage to plant stomata from ground-level ozone, reducing crop yields. Stomatal opening is regulated by meteorological processes that may change significantly under warming climate, but this effect has been largely overlooked in prior studies of crop ozone damage. Here, we show historical crop losses across China are 39 Tg annually, valued at roughly $15 billion. In a scenario where carbon emissions reach net zero in 2060, projected crop production losses could decline most, enough to provide an additional 87,000 kcal per capita in China, or enabling a net absorption of 22 million tons of CO2annually through reverting surplus cropland to natural ecosystems. Our findings provide policy-relevant information to support continued efforts toward strict pollution control and climate mitigation.