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The current civil legislation of Ukraine stipulates the division of civil law contracts into preliminary and main ones. Contracts that are directly aimed at the emergence of rights and obligations between the participants of a specific contract are considered basic. Instead, contracts should be considered preliminary, the parties to which undertake to enter into a contract in the future (main contract) on the terms established by the previous contract (part 1 of Article 635 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) within a certain period of time (at a certain time). Preliminary contracts should be distinguished from contracts of intent, since in the latter only the intention of the parties to enter into contractual relations in the future is established, without the obligation to conclude a contract in the future. However, the practice of applying previous contracts indicates insufficient regulation of the scope of conclusion and application of the previous contract in practice. At the same time, the conclusion of a preliminary agreement is common in the field of real estate acquisition, in particular, the certification of a preliminary agreement with the participation of a notary. The possibility and procedure of concluding preliminary contracts are regulated by the Civil Code of Ukraine. The contract is the main basis for the emergence of civil legal obligations. It should be noted that a civil law contract is the main basis for the emergence of binding legal relations (obligations), which establishes certain subjective rights and subjective duties for the parties who concluded it. A contract can be defined as an agreement between two or more persons aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil legal relations. The subject of the contract is always a certain action, but this action can only be lawful. If the subject of the contract is an unlawful act, i.e. illegal, then such a contract is recognized as invalid. The contract is considered valid if the following conditions are met: legality of the action; manifestation of will of the parties; compliance with the form of the contract established by law; legal capacity and legal capacity of the parties. The main element of every contract is the will of the parties, aimed at achieving a certain goal that does not contradict the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to consideration and proposals regarding the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions in civil law. The deed in civil law is considered as the main element of annulment, change, or termination of civil legal relations between their participants. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of the conclusion of deeds, and also considers the difficulties that arise in judicial practice in distinguishing the concept of “deeds” from related concepts. At the same time, this article analyzes some aspects of judicial practice arising from the problem of understanding and defining unilateral transactions, where it is noted that they include: issuance and cancellation of a power of attorney; acceptance or preservation of the done thing; notification by one co-owner to other co-owners about the sale of their share in joint ownership; property sale proposal; a public promise of a reward for finding a lost thing; drawing up, changing and revoking a will; acceptance of inheritance and rejection of it, etc. Also, this article takes into account the fact that when considering disputes about the invalidity of transactions, courts need to distinguish between invalid and unconcluded transactions, that is, those that do not have the necessary conditions for their conclusion established by law (for example, there is no agreement on all the essential conditions provided for by law. In the conclusions, the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions are proposed, which include the following: economic - the conclusion of transactions is carried out in order to ensure and improve the state of the general economy of the country; political - the conclusion of transactions in civil law between participants in civil legal relations ensures the general well-being of the state and the well-being of society in general; social – the conclusion of transactions between participants in civil legal relations is determined by the social policy of the state, where the legal status of a person and a citizen plays a significant role; legal - the conclusion of transactions in civil law is determined by legal aspects, where transactions are concluded between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the current provisions of normative legal acts; cultural - it is planned to carry out cultural and educational work, which will involve the implementation of certain measures that will have a positive effect on the improvement of the procedure for concluding transactions between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the requirements of current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notaries who are not careful in carrying out their position in making authentic deeds often cause legal problems to arise because the documents or information provided by the court turn out to be fake, and it often happens that notaries actually know that the information or documents provided are not true, or the deed was made by The notary did not comply with the regulations. The problem in this thesis is regarding the position of the rental agreement deed made by a Notary who does not apply the precautionary principle (Prudentiality Principle) and the legal consequences for the Notary regarding the rental agreement deed not applying the prudential principle (Prudentiality Principle). This thesis uses normative legal research methods (library) with qualitative analysis to obtain conclusions regarding the position of the rental agreement deed made by a Notary who does not apply the prudential principle and is null and void and not binding on the parties to the rental agreement. renting because previously the rental object had been transferred through sale and purchase, so that the party renting out did not have the right to lease to another person. The legal consequences for the Notary regarding the rental agreement deed not applying the principle of prudence (Prudentiality Principle), namely that the Notary can be held liable according to civil law and UUJN as well as the code of ethics because in making the rental deed he received proof of ownership of the certificate in the form of a photocopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Indonesian legal system, the use of foreign languages in making notarial deeds is a complex and significant issue. Notaries, as authorized public officials, are required to draw up deeds in Indonesian in accordance with Law on Notary Positions No. 2 of 2014 Article 43 and Law Number 24 of 2009 concerning the National Flag, Language and Emblem, as well as the National Anthem. This research aims to analyze the legal recognition of the use of foreign languages in notarial deeds and its implications for the validity of the deed. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and case studies. The research results show that although there are provisions requiring the use of Indonesian, there is still freedom in using foreign languages provided that the deed is translated by a sworn translator and included with the original deed. The conclusion of this research is that legal recognition of the use of foreign languages in notarial acts in Indonesia is strictly regulated to ensure clarity and validity of legal documents, as well as to protect the rights of the parties involved. The practical implication of these findings is the need for notaries to ensure compliance with language regulations to avoid potential legal disputes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notary makes a deed in the form of a PPJB deed based on a power of attorney agreement, which means that a legal relationship exists between the giver and the recipient of the power of attorney based on an agreement. The authority of a Notary to make an Authentic Deed comes from the provisions of Article 15 paragraph (1) UUJN. In order to avoid violations that could lead to Notarial actions that could be charged by criminal articles, Notaries in making Authentic Deeds, especially PPJB deeds, must always pay attention to the applicable legal rules. The formulation of the problem in this research is that regarding the position of the PPJB deed, it is known that the object is still in dispute in court and the legal consequences of the PPJB. This thesis uses normative legal research methods (library) with qualitative analysis of secondary data to obtain conclusions about the position of the PPJB deed, it is known that the object is still in dispute in court and is invalid because the legal act of buying and selling through the PPJB does not meet the requirements. the validity of the agreement regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the material requirements in making a PPJB deed. As a legal consequence of the PPJB deed, it is known that its objec still under dispute in court, namely that it is null and void and is not binding on the parties who made it. So, the achievements that have been made will return to normal. Apart from that, this results in the Notary being asked to take responsibility under UUJN and the code of ethics in making PPJB deeds where it is known that the object is still in dispute in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the basis of the conducted research, the author has proved that the specific feature of electronic contracts on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program is that: it is exclusively signed through the electronic health care system, is considered an electronic document, must meet all the requirements established for a civil contract. The author has identified the principles of electronic medical deeds: information exchange takes place exclusively in electronic form; the legislation establishes the security of exchange and preservation of medical information, in particular medical confidentiality; modern access to medical care and resources is provided due to their assistance; these electronic contracts are aimed at improving the quality of service and meeting patients needs, transparency of the health care system; they are signed considering technological neutrality and independence from decisions developers; while signing such contracts, the information is recorded in the e-health system without the possibility of deleting or correcting the entered data; electronic identification and authentication of participants in medical relations with a high level of trust is used while they are being signed. It has been established that signing a contract on medical care of the population under medical guarantees program includes the following stages: 1) the National Health Service of Ukraine publishes an announcement on the official website about the intention to sign such a contract under certain conditions; 2) a business entity that wishes to sign a contract with the National Health Service of Ukraine on the terms specified in the announcement must ensure that up-to-date information about its business activity, the possibility of medical practice, is entered into the system before submitting a proposal; 3) the National Health Service of Ukraine considers the received proposals within the definite term; 4) signing a draft contract by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine, which is a proposal to sign a contract (offer) with a validity period of ten calendar days from the date of its signing by an authorized person of the National Health Service of Ukraine.

The notary emeritus is a member of the Notary Commission on Discipline, Protection of the Constitution, and the Ministry of Public Works and Public Works. This study aims to examine the legal principles and written legal sources. The study contributes to the understanding of the continuity of notarial duties and the potential legal ramifications for such activities. In this study, it will be systematically explained about the regulations that regulate certain legal categories, analyze the relationship between these regulations, and correlate them with existing problems. In addition, this study discusses the validity of deeds made by or before his term of office ends and the responsibility of the notary for the deedas he makes after his terms of office end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imam Serahsi's work, Al-Mabsut examines the relationship between faith and action from the Hanafi-Maturidi perspective, at the intersection of Islamic law and theology. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental issues of Islamic thought, exploring the relationship between belief and behavior that has persisted since the early days of Islam. Serahsi meticulously addresses the rulings related to apostasy, the deeds of infidels and polytheists, and the views of the sect leaders on these matters. The emphasis placed on combating disbelief and preserving faith within the work is critical for understanding Islamic law and the belief system. Disbelief is defined as the opposite of faith, and in this context, the struggle against disbelief is fundamental to the preservation of faith. Serahsi's in-depth analyses aid in understanding the core principles and beliefs of Islam, helping Muslims to maintain their faith and avoid the negative impacts of disbelief. This study significantly contributes to understanding the complex structure of Islamic law and theology in terms of the relationship between faith and action, guiding solutions to contemporary issues related to this relationship. Additionally, the examination of the behaviors of different faith groups, such as believers, infidels, and polytheists, within the boundaries of faith and disbelief, facilitates a deeper understanding of Islamic creed and belief principles. Thus, al-Mabsut highlights the close relationship between Islamic law and theology while illuminating complex issues related to religion and faith, serving as a significant academic resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of the market relations in Ukraine had caused radical changes in socioeconomic life, which led to the introduction of new categories in business turnover. The main foundations of the legal solution of these issues have been reflected in the Civil code of Ukraine, which, however, is currently in the stage of permanent renewal. The practice of law enforcement confirms that, in connection with the significant renewal of the system of private legislation, there is an objective need for theoretical analysis and scientific generalization of the existing realities. In the context of the above, it is worth emphasizing the great importance that the legal actions play at the present time, in connection with which it is advisable to also take into account their place in the system of legal facts. A legal action is an action of a person aimed at acquiring, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations. They are divided into unilateral, bilateral and multilateral. A unilateral legal action is the deed of one party, which may be represented by one or more persons. A bilateral or multilateral legal action is an agreed deed of two or more parties. The general provisions on obligations and contracts shall apply to legal relations arising from unilateral legal actions, if this does not contradict the acts of civil legislation or the essence of the unilateral legal acton. At the same time, in judicial practice, sometimes there are difficulties associated with the qualification of certain deeds as legal actions. Legal actions, of course, will continue to be one of the most common grounds for the emergence, change and termination of civil legal relations, and the correct definition of the legal nature of a person’s deeds as a legal action is extremely important for the correct resolution of disputes between participants in civil transactions, compliance with the principles of legality, reasonableness, good faith and justice. In the conditions of the development of economic processes and modern technologies, the methods of performing legal actions, the requirements for their form, will be improved, and therefore it seems important in the future to update the approaches to the methods of protecting the rights and interests of their participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive food and feed production in sole-cropped, large fields with high fertilizer and pesticide inputs to achieve high yields, has contributed to detrimental environmental impacts. To move towards more sustainable agricultural landscapes, cropping system diversification has been suggested as a promising practice for which the use of digital technologies could be potentially beneficial. Understanding the impact of diversified, newly arranged cropping systems and their management requires long-term experimental data at the landscape scale and practical experiences in using digital technologies which are hardly available. Experimental platforms in an agricultural landscape setup with farmers' involvement could meet such demands but have not been set up in many regions nor has the process of designing such platforms been described systematically. The overall objective of this study was to describe how an experimental platform can be co-designed jointly by researchers and practitioners to study and understand the impact of diversification practices compared to current cropping systems in Eastern Brandenburg, Germany. Specifically, we aimed to re-design an intensively managed field into smaller field segments that we called patches and to assess the potential of a co-created landscape experiment for sustainable agricultural production focussing on both, the practitioners´ and scientists´ perspective. We used the DEED research cycle (Describe, Explain, Explore and Design) as a conceptual framework to co-design the landscape experiment called patchCROP within a commercial farm. Patches were implemented as 0.5 ha fields within the original field based on yield and soil maps using advanced cluster analysis which considered soil heterogeneity. The original narrow crop sequence was diversified by integrating new crops, cover crops and flower strips for a five-year crop rotation. To cultivate the patches, large machinery was used during the first years but will be replaced over time with autonomous field robots. Workshops and various methods such as a SWOT analysis were used to adjust the management practices towards pesticide reduction. The SWOT analysis revealed opportunities and drawbacks to develop such a research platform in a participative manner from both the scientific and practical farming perspective. We found that the farmer-centric position focused mainly on the economic return and feasibility of future field operations in the diversified field. The scientific perspective on the other hand described needs and potentials about the research process for evaluating dynamic, interdependent or opposing natural processes and their interactions like productivity, biodiversity and ecosystem service changes in an agricultural landscape context. Co-designed landscape experiments have the potential to simultaneously assess the impact of newly developed cropping systems on biodiversity and ecosystem services beyond the field level, crop performance and soil quality at multiple scales, and the implications for multiple actors. This is a step forward to extend systems-based research from single plot to landscape research in an on-farm environment, allowing the exploration of diversification measures with new digital technologies in the long run. [Display omitted] • Impacts of crop diversification are studied in a landscape experiment. • Farmer's perspective was successfully included in the design of a complex experiment. • Landscape experiments generate systemic agroecosystem knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]