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For the issue of carbon emission mitigation within the automotive supply chain, the cooperation between the vehicle manufacturers and the retailers has been proved to be an efficient measure to enhance emission reduction endeavors. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the cooperations between a vehicle manufacturer and multiple retailers based on the differential game method. By utilizing the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, the equilibrium strategies of the participants under two different cooperation models, i.e., the decentralized model and the Stackelberg leader–follower cooperation model, are analyzed. To be specific, in the decentralized model, each participant independently decides its strategies, whereas the manufacturer cooperates with retailers by offering subsidies in the Stackelberg leader–follower model. Unlike previous studies that solely focused on participants’ decision-making in carbon emission reduction efforts, this paper also examines the retail pricing decisions of the retailers. Additionally, carbon trading is introduced to enhance the realism of our model. Through the theoretical analysis and the numerical experiments on the carbon emission reduction efforts of manufacturers and retailers, as well as the low-carbon reputation of vehicles and the overall system profit under both models, we conclude that the cooperative Stackelberg model outperforms the decentralized model in providing benefits to both parties. Furthermore, such a cooperative approach can foster the long-term development of the automotive supply chain, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable low-carbon future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As outlined in the National Tourism Development Strategy until 2030, Croatia aims to provide higher value, innovative, sustainable, and authentic tourist experiences. There is a need to examine how the main tourism stakeholders can contribute to the transformation of traditional and commodified tourism products into premium-class offerings that add value throughout the entire value chain. It is important for premium-class hotels to take additional steps in improving their offerings to positively impact the entire destination and enhance service quality. This paper aims to: explore initiatives for promoting innovation in premium-class experiences within destinations focusing the cooperation between on hotel companies and DMOs; identify anticipated trends influencing the future of the tourism industry, and assess the future prospects of premium-class hotels in Croatia.

In this paper, we propose a size-stage-structured cooperation model which has two distinct life stages in facultative cooperator. The primary feature of this model is to consider size structure, stage structure and obligate and facultative symbiosis at the same time in a cooperation system. We use the method of characteristic to show that this new model can be reduced to a threshold delay equations (TDEs) model, which can be further transformed into a functional differential equations (FDEs) model by a simple change of variables. Such simplification allows us to apply the classical theory of FDEs and establish a set of sufficient conditions to investigate the qualitative analysis of solutions of the FDEs model, including the global existence and uniqueness, positivity and boundedness. What's more, we use the geometric criteria to get the conclusions about stability and Hopf bifurcation of positive equilibrium because the coefficients of the characteristic equation depend on the bifurcation parameter. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out as supporting evidences of our analytical results. Our results show that the presence of size structure and stage structure plays an important role in the dynamic behavior of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]