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Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are conjugated polymers that are well known for their colorimetric transition from blue to red with the application of energetic stimulus. Sensing platforms based on polymerized diacetylene surfactant vesicles and other structures have been widely demonstrated for various colorimetric biosensing applications. Although less studied and utilized, the transition also results in a change from a non-fluorescent to a highly fluorescent state, making polydiacetylenes useful for both colorimetric and fluorogenic sensing applications. Here, we focus on the characterization and optimization of polydiacetylene vesicles to tune their sensitivity for fluorogenic sensing applications. Particularly, we look at how the structure of the diacetylene (DA) hydrocarbon tail and headgroup affect the self-assembled vesicle size and stability, polymerization kinetics, and the fluorogenic, blue to red phase transition. Longer DA acyl tails generally resulted in smaller and more stable vesicles. The polymerization kinetics and the blue to red transition were a function of both the DA acyl tail length and structure of the headgroup. Decreasing the acyl tail length generally led to vesicles that were more sensitive to energetic stimuli. Headgroup modifications had different effects depending on the structure of the headgroup. Ethanolamine headgroups resulted in vesicles with potentially increased stimuli responsivity. The lower energy stimulus to induce the chromatic transition was attributed to an increase in headgroup hydrogen bonding and polymer backbone strain. Boronic-acid headgroup functionalization led to vesicles that were generally unstable, only weakly polymerized, and unable to fully transform to the red phase due to strong polar, aromatic headgroup interactions. This work presents the design of PDA vesicles in the context of biosensing platforms and includes a discussion of the past, present, and future of PDA biosensing.

In this research, a type of cream was produced according to the standard method with different percentages of fat and different pressures of homogenization. Five treatments were prepared as follows: T1: 25% of fat and homogenization pressure was 100 bar, T2: 30% of fat and homogenization pressure was 100 bar, T3: 25% of fat and homogenization pressure was 200 bar, T4: 30% of fat and homogenization pressure was 200 bar and Ts as a control sample: 25% of fat and homogenization pressure was 150 bar. Completely randomized design was used as a design experiment and experiments were carried out at 3 replications. The results showed that treatments with higher fat% had higher acidity (dornic) and lower pH, and treatment with less fat and homogenization pressure had higher dry matter and treatments with higher homogenization pressure showed more syneresis%. The results obtained from rheological properties, showed that with the increase of fat percentage and decrease of homogenization pressure, the rheological indices of G'and G" increased and simultaneously with the increase of G', the viscosity also increased, and the loss tana decreased when G' increased. The colorimetric test showed that samples with more fat have more yellowness than other treatments Sensory evaluation showed that samples with higher fat and higher homogenization pressure were more accepted by panelists. According to above mentioned, T4 with 30 percentages of fat and 200 bar of homogenization pressure was the best treatments among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), a class of emerging pollutants, can accumulate in the environment and cause endocrine disruption, damage to the reproductive system, even cancer. Hence, fast monitoring of PPCPs is of significant importance for human health. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based colorimetric sensing is promising for fast, in-field analysis and has gained widespread application in PPCPs monitoring. This review aims to present the development of colorimetric sensors based on AuNPs for the detection of various PPCPs. Methodological innovations and breakthroughs in analytical performances are summarized. The different colorimetric principles of AuNPs, along with their corresponding advantages, applicability, and limitations, are discussed in detail. Additionally, a systematic overview of AuNPs-based colorimetric sensing methods for determining different types of PPCPs was provided. Finally, further prospects and challenges are highlighted to promote the advancement of PPCPs sensing technologies based on AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the constraints associated with the dilution technique in determining the optical bandgap of nanoparticle dispersion and modified nanocomposites, utilizing ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectra and Tauc plot analysis. A case study involving SnO2 dispersion and SnO2-MoS2 nanocomposite solutions, prepared through the direct solution mixing method, was conducted to assess the implications of dilution upon the absorbance spectra and bandgap estimation. The results emphasize the considerable impact of the dilution technique on the measured optical bandgap, demonstrating that higher dilution factors lead to shift in bandgap values. Furthermore, the study highlights that dilution can induce variations in the average nanoparticle sizes due to agglomeration, thereby influencing bandgap estimation. In the context of nanocomposites, the interaction between SnO2 nanoparticles and exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets diminishes with increasing dilution, leading to the estimated optical bandgap being primarily attributable to SnO2 nanoparticles alone. These observations underscore the necessity for caution when employing the dilution technique for bandgap estimation in nanoparticles dispersion and nanocomposites, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Osteoarthritis (OA) significantly impacts the elderly, leading to disability and decreased quality of life. While hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are recognized for their therapeutic potential in OA, their effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of HA and CS, individually and combined, on ECM degradation in OA and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: OA was modeled in rats through anterior cruciate ligament transection and in cells using IL-1β pretreatment. Treatments included HA and CS, alone or combined, with and without PMA (an NF-κB pathway activator). Cartilage tissue was analyzed using HE and Saffron O-fast green staining, with degradation assessed via the OARSI score. Inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA, and ECM-related proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Chondrocyte viability was assessed using CCK8. Results: HA and CS treatments significantly reduced cartilage damage, decreased inflammatory factor release, alleviated ECM degradation, and inhibited NF-κB pathway activation compared to the OA group (P < 0.05). The combination of HA and CS further enhanced these therapeutic effects (P < 0.05). However, these benefits were reversed when PMA was introduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion: HA and CS, whether used alone or in combination, mitigate ECM degradation in osteoarthritis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, offering potential therapeutic benefits for OA management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of sophisticated counterfeiting poses critical challenges to global security and commerce, with annual losses exceeding $2.2 trillion. This paper presents a novel physics-constrained deep learning framework for high-precision security ink colorimetry, integrating three key innovations: a physics-informed neural architecture achieving unprecedented color prediction accuracy (CIEDE2000 ( Δ E 00 ): 0.70 ± 0.08, p < 0.001), advanced attention mechanisms improving feature extraction efficiency by 58.3%, and a Bayesian optimization framework ensuring robust parameter tuning. Validated across 1500 industrial samples under varying conditions (±2 °C, 30–80% RH), this system demonstrates substantial improvements in production efficiency with a 50% reduction in rejections, a 35% decrease in calibration time, and 96.7% color gamut coverage. These achievements establish new benchmarks for security printing applications and provide scalable solutions for next-generation anti-counterfeiting technologies, offering a promising outlook for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) based optical thermometers have attracted lots of attention. In case of color tunable luminescence with the variation of LIR, "RGB colorimetry" based on convenient temperature sensing using a smartphone or digital camera is available. However, narrow emission bands with primary colors are needed for avoiding color crosstalk and achieving high sensitivities. In this paper, Mn4+ and Mn2+ coactivated CaAl12O19 (CAO) phosphors are reported that show a narrow red emission of Mn4+ and green one of Mn2+ with the number of the two ions controlled by lanthanide ions through manipulation of self‐reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+ in air. The self‐reduction in CAO via the addition of Ce4+ is mainly studied. First‐principles calculation shows that the self‐reduction is driven by Ca vacancies that are produced in aliovalent substitution of Ce4+ for Ca2+ and can reduce the formation energy of Mn2+. The comparative study of temperature sensing based on LIR and RG colorimetry is conducted. The relative sensitivity based on LIR is high as 4.5% K−1 at 373 K and that for RG colorimetry can reach 2% K−1 at 350 K. These findings provide a strategy for manipulation of manganese valance states and a phosphor for RG colorimetry temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p53 gene is an important tumour suppressor gene, which has an important impact on the early diagnosis of cancer. Here, inspired by the fact that single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) can be nonspecifically adsorbed on the surface of nanogold, we report on a sensitive and cost-effective new method to detect the p53 gene by combining hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with gold nanoparticles. The long double helix structure generated by HCR could not be adsorbed on the nanogold surface after the addition of the p53 gene. When an appropriate amount of Na+ is introduced into the solution, the nanogold aggregates and the color of the solution changes from red to blueviolet. The sensor has a high sensitivity with a detection limit of 2 nM visible to the naked eye and a quantitative detection limit of 0.2 nM using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Notably, by combining fluorescence spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis, the science and specificity of p53 gene-induced HCR is systematically validated. The use of an enzyme-free, label-free colorimetric method to detect the p53 gene greatly reduces the complexity and cost of the experiment. This study has a broad market application prospect and provides a new method for early mass screening of cancer genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of pesticides, particularly organophosphate pesticides (OPs), to increase agricultural productivity may give a risk to consumers if consumed as these pesticides are neurotoxic substances. To increase agricultural productivity, fruits and vegetables are frequently treated with excessive pesticides, particularly organophosphate pesticides (OPs). Several methods have been studied and developed to identify pesticide residue in crops, however the standard laboratory procedures for OPs analysis involves the use of HPLC or GC-MS. These methods are complex in sample preparation and require expert labor to operate. Paper-based biosensors are low-cost platforms for fast detection in the field, offering an easy and reusable option. In this study, a colorimetric paper-based biosensor based on immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using sol-gel silica matrices and indoxyl acetate is developed. The Response Surface Methodological (RSM) approach was used to optimize AChE concentration and sucrose as a stabilizer, allowing simultaneous optimization of multiple variables using smaller-size datasets. This study used the central composite design (CCD) fractional factorial design using Design Expert 7.0 software. A quadratic model was selected to represent both immobilization yield and relative AChE activity responses. The model was evaluated using ANOVA values and Lack of Fit test which confirmed that the quadratic models for both responses are suitable for experimental data. Validation of the model demonstrates that the predictive model accurately represents of the validation research. The Limit of Detection (LoD) of the biosensor for pure profenofos pesticide after a 20-minute incubation time is 1 ppm, as indicated by a 32.55 % decrease in color intensity. After a week of storage at 4 °C, the biosensor showed a loss of 5.92 % on immobilization yield and 2.55 % on relative activity indicating a good storage stability. The mean value of lettuce samples was 200.60 ± 1.2 a.u, with pesticide concentration of 2.57 ± 1.2 ppm (n=3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peroxidase-like properties of a graphene oxide/platinum-cobalt nanocomposite and the rapid color development mechanism of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) through the decomposition of ·OH from H2O2 were utilized to prepare a nonlabelled, simple, and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor. This sensor allows visualization of the results and instantaneous detection, enabling quantitative measurement of H2O2. The graphene oxide/platinum cobalt composite was synthesized using a two-step procedure. Its properties were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The composite was subsequently transferred onto a paper substrate to create the colorimetric sensor. The optimal catalytic conditions were a composite concentration of 201.17 µg/mL, a color development time of 3 min, a TMB concentration of 2 mmol·L−1, and a pH of 4. Using the optimal conditions, the paper-based colorimetric sensor has a linear range for H2O2 from 1.0 × 10−5 to 0.1 mol·L−1, with a limit of detection of 1.0 × 10−6 mol·L−1 which is comparable or better than comparable methods. This paper-based colorimetric sensor has potential applications for the rapid determination of hydrogen peroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the challenges of diagnosing and managing atopic dermatitis (AD) in individuals with skin of color (SOC). Topics include the utility of eczema action plans (EAPs) in managing AD, the inequities caused by visual racism in dermatological images, and the impact of the Fitzpatrick classification system on healthcare disparities for SOC patients.

A dual-signal aptamer-based assay utilizing colorimetric and fluorescence techniques was developed for the determination of zearalenone (ZEN). The CdTe quantum dots, serving as the fluorescent signal source, were surface-modified onto Fe3O4@SiO2 and subsequently functionalized with the aptamer. The COF-Au was modified with complementary chain, which possessed peroxide (POD)-like enzyme properties, and could catalyze the peroxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to ox TMB, resulting in the generation of colorimetric signals. The two parts were merged based on the principle of base complementary pairing, resulting in an assembled structure exhibiting a diminished fluorescence signal due to the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. Due to the higher affinity of the aptamer towards the target, the presence of ZEN resulted in the detachment of COF-Au, leading to an increase in supernatant concentration of COF-Au proportional to ZEN concentration. Consequently, this enhanced the catalytic ability and amplified the colorimetric signal. The fluorescence of precipitation increased simultaneously with the reduction of FRET, enabling linear detection of colorimetry in the range 0.5 ~ 10,000 μg·kg−1 and fluorescence in the range 0.1 ~ 10,000 μg·kg−1, with respective detection limits of 0.36 μg·kg−1 and 0.09 μg·kg−1. The spike recovery in wheat flour and corn ranged from 93.4 to 122.0%. This technology was simple to operate and had low cost and good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smartphone-integrated colorimetric sensor is introduced for the rapid detection of phenolic compounds, including 8-hydroquinone (HQ), p-nitrophenol (NP), and catechol (CC). This sensor relies on the peroxidase-mimicking activity of aspartate-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) such as Cu-Asp, Ce-Asp, and Cu/Ce-Asp. These MOFs facilitate the oxidation of a colorless substrate, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), by reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), resulting in the formation of blue-colored oxidized TMB (ox-TMB). Among the synthesized MOFs, Cu/Ce-Asp nanorods had the highest activity, probably due to the synergistic effect of aspartate and copper coordination, as well as their large surface area, which allows for improved electron transport. Consequently, Cu/Ce-Asp nanorods were utilized for the detection of phenolic compounds under optimized conditions. In the presence of phenolic compounds, the interaction between TMB and H2O2 is inhibited, resulting in various colorimetric responses. This method accurately determined HQ, NP, and CC in a linear range of up to 5 μM, with detection limits of 0.30 μM, 0.76 μM, and 0.50 μM, respectively. To facilitate real-time and portable analysis, smartphone technology was integrated for color detection, eliminating the need for expensive and bulky laboratory-based optical instruments. In addition, the sensor was effectively employed for real water sample analysis, yielding satisfactory recovery outcomes. The proposed sensor offers a rapid, user-friendly, and portable method for detecting phenolic compounds, even at low concentrations. This study not only advances the application of MOF-based nanozymes in environmental monitoring but also expands their potential use in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Colour overlays and lenses are used to relieve symptoms in some patients diagnosed with visual stress, but evidence to support this practice is lacking. In this small randomised crossover trial, a range of colours are beneficial and precise colour specification does not enhance this effect. Background: This randomised, double-masked crossover trial aimed to test effectiveness of precisely selected lens tints for visual stress. Methods: Twenty-nine participants aged 11 to 72 (mean 30) years diagnosed with visual stress were issued with their selected coloured overlay then with tinted lenses at two colour settings. An eye examination and coloured overlay test were followed by intuitive colorimetry to select a colour to minimise symptoms (optimal tint) and the closest setting at which the symptoms returned (sub-optimal, or placebo tint). The tints were worn for one month each in randomised order. Reading speed was measured using the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test, a subjective scale was used to gauge symptoms, and the patient was asked to indicate whether one of the tints alleviated their symptoms more than the other. Results: Reading speed was significantly higher with colour than without (p < 0.001), but was similar with the overlay and both tints (p = 1.0). Discomfort/distortion rating (1–7) was lower with colour than without (p < 0.001), but no difference was found between the overlay and both tints (p > 0.1). About half (47%) of the patients preferred/strongly preferred their optimal tint, and 39% preferred/strongly preferred their sub-optimal tint, while 14% had no preference. Conclusions: While our patients read more quickly and were more comfortable when using a tint, there was no difference in outcome between the optimal and sub-optimal tints. These results suggest that for patients diagnosed with visual stress, precision tints are no more helpful than sub-optimal, placebo tints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the dyestuff and antimicrobial properties were examined using extracts obtained from mint (Mentha spicata L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants. Cotton and woolen fabric samples were used in the dyeing process using pre-, meta-, post- mordant, and non-mordant dyeing methods. CuSO4, FeSO4, and AlK(SO4)2 mordants were used as stabilizers and color changers. The color analysis of the dyed textile samples was evaluated in terms of rubbing, washing, and light fastness values. The color codes were determined with the Pantone Color Guide, and the L*, a*, b*, C*, ho, and K/S values were detected with a color measurement spectrophotometer. The highest K/S value was measured as 23.050 for FeSO4 with meta-mordanting method for dyed wool yarn using thyme extract. The antimicrobial properties of the dyed fabrics were determined by the disk diffusion method. Among the mordants used, dyeing with CuSO4 showed better antimicrobial properties than other mordants. As the textile dyed products possess antimicrobial properties, we believe their use in health centers will make a positive contribution to hygiene. As a result, it was determined that extracts obtained from mint (Mentha spicata L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants were effective natural dye sources for textile products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively employed in colorimetric sensing, taking advantage of their optical properties to detect variables via observable color changes. These properties are primarily driven by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), particularly pronounced in AuNPs within the visible spectrum. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized via pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) with a laser pulse energy (Ep ) ranging from 25 mJ to 75 mJ. Size distributions, hydrodynamic diameters, polydispersity indices (PDI), absorbance intensity, and LSPR were characterized. Spherical AuNPs with FCC structure were synthesized, exhibiting a maximum absorption peak centered at approximately 529 nm wavelength and a size range between 50 nm and 178 nm, easily adjustable depending on the laser pulse energy used in the synthesis process. An anomalous behavior was noted at Ep = 50 mJ, exhibiting three peaks in size distribution, high PDI, low absorbance intensity, and indistinct LSPR. By extending the ablation time from 10 min to 30 min, particle size decreased alongside lower PDI. Size distributions transitioned from three to two peaks, absorbance increased, and LSPR became readily identifiable. These findings underscore the size control over AuNP characteristics achievable through PLAL synthesis parameters, promising significant implications for the optimization of colorimetric sensor design and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypericum perforatum (HP) has been widely used as an alternative medicine due to its active pharmacological properties. While the antiproliferative effects of components such as hypericin and hyperforin have been demonstrated in malignant cell lines, most studies have focused on the pharmacological properties of the HP extract itself. Recent research has indicated that HP and its active substances possess anticancer activities; however, there is a lack of studies examining its effects on osteosarcoma. In addition, HP has demonstrated the ability to mitigate the toxicity of several drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to explore the potential anticancer properties of HP in relation to osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells were cultured and treated with HP extract. Apoptotic factors were analyzed using ELISA, while cell viability was assessed using the MTT test. The results revealed a significant increase in the activities of proapoptotic proteins GRP78, Wee1, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), GADD153, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells after 48 hours of treatment with HP at a concentration of 0.8%. Conversely, the activity of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, significantly decreased. Moreover, HP extract demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability in MG-63 cells. In conclusion, HP extract induces apoptosis in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells by upregulating the expressions of proapoptotic proteins GRP78, Wee1, AIF, GADD153, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. This study will assist researchers in understanding the importance of alternative treatments using HP in the context of human osteosarcoma therapy, which many researchers are currently unaware of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of shade, thickness, and the application of an opaquer on the masking ability and translucency of direct gingiva-colored giomer. Five shades of giomer, namely Gum-Light-Pink, Gum-Dark-Pink, Gum-Brown, Gum-Violet, and Gum-Orange, were evaluated at thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm. Color measurements were obtained using a spectrophotometer against white, black, and giomer backgrounds. The results were analyzed using the CIEDE2000 color-difference formula and interpreted based on the 50:50% thresholds for excellent perceptibility (ΔE00 < 1.1) and acceptability (ΔE00 < 2.8). Measurements were repeated after applying an opaquer. Acceptable masking ability was achieved at 0.5 mm for all shades. Excellent masking ability was achieved at 1.5 mm for all shades, except Gum-Brown, which required 1.0 mm. The opaquer increased masking ability in all specimens. Translucency decreased as thickness increased (p < 0.0001). Gum-Brown and Gum-Light-Pink, as well as Gum-Orange and Gum-Dark-Pink, demonstrated similar translucency at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm (p > 0.05). After applying the opaquer, there were no statistically significant differences in translucency among shades at 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm (p > 0.05). In conclusion, increasing thickness improved masking ability but reduced translucency of gingiva-colored material. The opaquer further enhanced masking ability and reduced translucency. The clinical significance of these results are that gingiva-colored restorations mask discolored tooth defects in the pink aesthetic area with minimal 0.5 mm tooth preparation, achieving acceptable results. The addition of an opaquer enhances masking ability for excellent outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum powder, along with other powders such as steel or stainless steel, is extensively used in powder metallurgy (PM) to produce complex samples with irregular geometric shapes. PM enables the incorporation of fillers to modify the physical, mechanical, or wear properties of aluminum without melting, thereby preventing phase segregation. The novelty of this work lies in the use of inorganic natural pigments (INPs). The primary goal of this study is to produce colored aluminum samples via PM without compromising their mechanical properties. INPs are first characterized to select those with the highest heat resistance. The composites are fabricated with different pigments (10 wt%), formed through uniaxial compaction at 500 MPa, and sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere at 610 °C for 30 min. Density, color, bending strength, and wear are evaluated to identify the most suitable pigment for gas kitchen burners. Mars red, Cobalt blue, and Chrome green pigments provide the best coloration. Dimensional variation is generally less than 1%. The pigments increase the material's brittleness by 41% to 77%, resulting in a bending modulus increase of up to 160% and deformation reduction of up to 70%. In some cases, intermetallic compounds improve bending strength, as in Al–Chrome green, by 30%. Al–Chrome green exhibits wear resistance comparable to aluminum, with a 40% lower friction coefficient. X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX confirm AlCr and AlCo intermetallic particles. Thermal stability is verified after 160 heating and cooling cycles without significant material degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial and artisanal textile industries necessitate the adoption of sustainable dyeing practices. Although the natural dye derived from Dactylopius coccus presents a viable option, its traditional application requires metallic mordants that pose environmental and health risks. This study investigates the utilization of atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) technology for dyeing wool with Dactylopius coccus dye, with the objective of optimizing the process and minimizing its environmental impact. The APPJ technique was employed for wool dyed with Dactylopius coccus dye, and the textile properties, medullation, and colorimetry were evaluated using an optical fiber diameter analyzer (OFDA) and a spectrometer with an integrating sphere. The results demonstrated that the APPJ enhanced the color intensity and uniformity, facilitating improved dye penetration into the fibers. Plasma treatment darkened the fiber, generated reddish and yellowish tones, and increased the color saturation and intensity. The wool samples treated with plasma exhibited an increase in DMF and SF but a decrease in IC and greater size variability. The APPJ reduces total medullation in wool dyed with cochineal dye. In conclusion, the APPJ was demonstrated to be a promising method for dyeing wool with Dactylopius coccus dye, offering an effective and sustainable alternative to traditional methods, with enhanced color vibrancy and uniformity and reduced resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The aesthetic stability of dental resin composites is an issue. Clinicians should know that this problem also affects 3D-printed permanent resin and that repolishing systems cannot completely recover the staining color shifts. Background: 3D-printed (3DP) resins for permanent restorations are increasing in availability and gaining popularity. Aesthetic stability is an issue of dental resins that may compromise the long-term success of restorations. A staining test has been performed to evaluate gloss, roughness, and color staining of a permanent 3DP resin, and the effects of repolishing. Methods: Squared specimens of one 3DP permanent resin (Crown permanent, Formlabs) have been CAD-designed and 3D-printed. After the roughness, gloss, and color measurements, they were immersed in a coffee staining bath at 44 °C for 24 h and then measured again. Subsequently, they were repolished with three different systems: prophy cup and Nupro prophy paste, HiLuster Plus 2-step, and Opti1Step Polisher 1-step polishing systems. Results: Gloss and Roughness were not significantly affected by the staining procedure. No significant changes were observed for gloss after repolishing, while one of the tested systems (prophy cup and paste) produced a worsening effect on roughness. Color was affected by the staining procedure. After repolishing, b* changes were almost completely recovered, while L* changes were recovered only partially. Conclusions: Color stability still represents a challenge, and 3DP resins for permanent use are affected. Repolishing systems should be further developed and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum powder, along with other powders such as steel or stainless steel, is extensively used in powder metallurgy (PM) to produce complex samples with irregular geometric shapes. PM enables the incorporation of fillers to modify the physical, mechanical, or wear properties of aluminum without melting, thereby preventing phase segregation. The novelty of this work lies in the use of inorganic natural pigments (INPs). The primary goal of this study is to produce colored aluminum samples via PM without compromising their mechanical properties. INPs are first characterized to select those with the highest heat resistance. The composites are fabricated with different pigments (10 wt%), formed through uniaxial compaction at 500 MPa, and sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere at 610 °C for 30 min. Density, color, bending strength, and wear are evaluated to identify the most suitable pigment for gas kitchen burners. Mars red, Cobalt blue, and Chrome green pigments provide the best coloration. Dimensional variation is generally less than 1%. The pigments increase the material’s brittleness by 41% to 77%, resulting in a bending modulus increase of up to 160% and deformation reduction of up to 70%. In some cases, intermetallic compounds improve bending strength, as in Al–Chrome green, by 30%. Al–Chrome green exhibits wear resistance comparable to aluminum, with a 40% lower friction coefficient. X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX confirm AlCr and AlCo intermetallic particles. Thermal stability is verified after 160 heating and cooling cycles without significant material degradation.

The industrial and artisanal textile industries necessitate the adoption of sustainable dyeing practices. Although the natural dye derived from Dactylopius coccus presents a viable option, its traditional application requires metallic mordants that pose environmental and health risks. This study investigates the utilization of atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) technology for dyeing wool with Dactylopius coccus dye, with the objective of optimizing the process and minimizing its environmental impact. The APPJ technique was employed for wool dyed with Dactylopius coccus dye, and the textile properties, medullation, and colorimetry were evaluated using an optical fiber diameter analyzer (OFDA) and a spectrometer with an integrating sphere. The results demonstrated that the APPJ enhanced the color intensity and uniformity, facilitating improved dye penetration into the fibers. Plasma treatment darkened the fiber, generated reddish and yellowish tones, and increased the color saturation and intensity. The wool samples treated with plasma exhibited an increase in DMF and SF but a decrease in IC and greater size variability. The APPJ reduces total medullation in wool dyed with cochineal dye. In conclusion, the APPJ was demonstrated to be a promising method for dyeing wool with Dactylopius coccus dye, offering an effective and sustainable alternative to traditional methods, with enhanced color vibrancy and uniformity and reduced resource utilization.

Rapid and accurate detection of carbosulfan residues in vegetables is important for ensuring food safety. Herein, based on the unique hydrolysis behavior of carbosulfan, a nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing platform was proposed for detection of carbosulfan. Hollow polydopamine/MnO 2 nanoparticles (H-PDA/MnO 2 NPs) with excellent oxidase-like activity were synthesized, which can promote the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidative product (oxTMB). Under acidic conditions, carbosulfan can be decomposed and produce reductive sulfide species (-SH), which are capable to disintegrate MnO 2 NPs, resulting in decreased oxidase-like activity of H-PDA/MnO 2 NPs. Based on the inhibitory effect on oxidase activity of H-PDA/MnO 2 NPs, an acetylcholinesterase-free colorimetric assay was proposed for detection of carbosulfan with low limit of detection of 0.63 ng mL−1. Integrating test swabs with smartphone, a portable colorimetric sensor was constructed, showing great potential for on-site detection. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, carbosulfan in real vegetable samples were determined. [Display omitted] • Hollow PDA/MnO 2 NPs with excellent oxidase-like activity were synthesized. • AChE-free colorimetric assay was proposed for rapid detection of carbosulfan. • Portable test swabs were fabricated to achieve on-site detection of carbosulfan. • Carbosulfan in real vegetable samples can be detected with satisfactory result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A reaction-based colorimetric/fluorescent dual-signal probe based on 6‑methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 H -xanthene-4-carbaldehyde for the determination of hypochlorite. • The probe's fluorescence displayed a blue shift (63 nm) in the presence of HClO, and the solution's color changed from red to yellow. • The recognition mechanism was confirmed by 1H NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. • The probe was successfully utilized for paper test strips and the quantitative determination of hypochlorite in 4 real water samples. As a potent oxidizing agent, hypochlorite is pervasive across various terminal disinfection processes, including water treatment, household blenching and medical sterilization. Thus, the specific visualization identification of hypochlorite in real water samples is crucial for assessing water quality safety and pollutant toxicity. Herein, a novel turn-on colorimetric/fluorescent dual-signal probe AMXM based on 6‑methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 H -xanthene-4-carboxaldehyde scaffold has been successfully designed and synthesized for highly selective and sensitive detection of ClO− in real water sample. Upon the addition of hypochlorite, the solution's color visibly changes from red to yellow to the naked eye, and a strong yellowish green fluorescence is observed under UV light at 365 nm. AMXM demonstrates an excellent linear response (R2 = 0.9922), with a low detection limit of 56.2 nM, and is unaffected by other potential interfering substances. The mechanism of AMXM 's response to hypochlorite ions was confirmed through 1H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, AMXM was successfully applied to paper test strips and used for the quantitative determination of hypochlorite ions in four real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb2+ has numerous sources in cosmetics, industrial pollution and other environments. Therefore, sensitive and accurate detection of Pb2+ content is extremely important in food safety. In this work, bifunctional nanomaterials Ti 3 C 2 @PtPd NPs with fluorescence quenching effect and peroxidase activity were prepared by in situ growth of platinum‑palladium nanoparticles (PtPd NPs) on the surface of 2D material Ti 3 C 2. Combining the DNA enzyme recognition element with magnetic separation technology, we constructed a fluorescence/colorimetric dual-channel for the sensitive detection of Pb2+. Under the optimal conditions, the detection ranges of this fluorescence/colorimetric bimodal sensing strategy were 0.1–1000 nmol/L and 0.5–1000 nmol/L, respectively. The LOD of the fluorescence method was 23 pmol/L, and that of the colorimetric method was 74 pmol/L, and the results of the detection were visible to the naked eye. This dual-mode sensing method provides a new platform for accurate, reliable and visualized detection of Pb2+. By combining the DNAzyme recognition element with the magnetic separation technique, a novel fluorescence/colorimetric dual-mode Pb2+ sensor. The DNAzyme shearing reaction was triggered in the presence of Pb2+ and the target Pb2+ was cycled. At the end of the reaction, magnetic separation was performed and the supernatant and precipitate were used to construct fluorescence and colorimetric bimodal channels, respectively. Single-stranded S1 was added to the supernatant, followed by Ti 3 C 2 @PtPd NPs complex for fluorescence detection. Single chain S2 was added to the precipitate and the supernatant was taken after magnetic separation. Then Ti 3 C 2 @PtPd NPs, H 2 O 2 solution and TMB solution were added and the absorbance was measured by UV spectrophotometer. Under the optimal conditions, the detection ranges of this fluorescence/colorimetric bimodal sensing strategy were 0.1–1000 nmol/L and 0.5–1000 nmol/L, respectively. The LOD of the fluorescence method was 23 pmol/L, and that of the colorimetric method was 74 pmol/L, and the results of the detection were visible to the naked eye. This dual-mode sensing method provides a new platform for accurate, reliable and visualized detection of Pb2+. [Display omitted] • DNA enzyme-driven dual-mode biosensor for Pb2+ detection. • Ti 3 C 2 @PtPd NPs have excellent optical properties and peroxidase-like activity. • Fluorescence/colorimetric biosensors all have low LOD for Pb2+ detection. • Specificity and practical application ability of the sensor have been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mannitol-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MMNPs) enhanced adsorption of polar E120 dye. • Extensive characterization of MMNPs, N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs); and Density functional theory studied E120 interactions. • E120 detection in water, juice; reliable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. • Fluorometric method linear range 1–160 μg.mL−1, and low detection limits. In this study, mannitol-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MMNPs) as a unique nanosorbent and N-doped fluorescent carbon dots (N-CDs) as a cost-effective nanosensor were created and utilized, for the first time, for dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (Dµ-SPE) to determine carmine (E120) dye in water samples and juices. The modification of the magnetic nanoparticles with mannitol was designed to enhance the responsive potential for adsorption of the polar E120 dye from complex sample matrices through electrostatic interaction. The as-fabricated N-CDs fluorescent probe exhibited a high fluorescence quantum yield (Φs) of 43.1 %, allowing for accurate fluorometric detection of E120 dye. The as-synthesized MMNPs nanosorbent and fluorescent N-CDs nanoprobe were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). Density functional theory (DFT) studied the E120 dye structure using Gaussian 09 to explore the interactions between E 120 dye molecules and MMNPs/N-CDs. The impact of the critical adsorption and detection experimental factors was investigated and adjusted. A minimal amount of MMNPs nanosorbent (150 mg) is sufficient for E120 extraction in an acceptable time of 15 min. Furthermore, with a high determination coefficient, the adsorption characteristics fit with the models of Langmuir isotherm and first-order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of the as-fabricated MMNPs was 87.7 mg.g−1. After adsorption, E120 dye was fluorometrically analyzed using nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a fluorescent nanosensor via the inner filter effect (IFE) mechanism. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed fluorometric procedures showed a linear increase in the fluorescence ratio with increasing the E120 concentration in the range of 1.0 – 160.0 μg.mL−1 with detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits of 0.27 and 0.83 μg.mL−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) did not exceed 2.34 %. The proposed methodology was successfully applied to determine E120 dye in juice and environmental water samples with % recovery ranged from 89.2-106.1 % and 92.9–107.2 %, respectively offering a reliable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional detection methods with potential applications across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depicts a schematic representation detailing the synthesis and complexation process of the sensor and the Al-AHDDO complex. [Display omitted] • A novel optode was prepared and fabricated to determine Co2+ ions. • Parameters affecting the bulk optode preparation were optimized. • The optode could be regenerated by 0.1 M EDTA solution. • Application to determine Co2+ in real samples was done. A re-generable optical chemical sensing film was created using a modified chitosan film that incorporates immobilized 4-(thiazol-2-yldiazenyl) benzene-1,3-diol (TDBD) for the detection of Co2+ in acidic aqueous solutions. Upon exposure to Co2+, the film's color shifted from yellowish green to red by forming a complex between Co2+ and TDBD. The sensor's complex was measured at 574 nm, a wavelength where the sensing membrane exhibited minimal background interference. The film exhibited its highest responsiveness to cobalt ions at pH 5.0. Two sample volumes were analysed: 2.5 mL with a Co2+ concentration range of 8.0–140 ng/mL, and 250 mL with a concentration range of 2.4–15.2 ng/mL. Both sample sizes produced linear calibration curves, with detection limits of 2.5 and 0.7 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 1.35 % for six separate films in a 100 ng/mL Co2+ solution, and 0.87 % for six individual films in a 10 ng/mL solution using 2.5 and 250 ng/mL, respectively. The sensing films demonstrated good stability over 30 days and were successfully used to determine Co2+ in pharmaceutical, food, environmental, and biological samples, yielding satisfactory results compared to the ICP-AES method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A highly effective and selective sensing scheme has been developed in this study. • Biologically synthesized AgNPs from watermelon rind detect salicylic acid in milk. • This method relies on colour change which indicates presence of the harmful acid. • A detection limit of 0.55 ppm was achieved with a recovery rate of 96 %. Consumption of adulterated milk poses serious health hazards to people of all age groups. Salicylic acid, being a common milk adulterant is added at a rate of 0.04–0.05 % to prolong its shelf life yielding severe health complications. Despite a global regulatory ban, deliberate use of this adulterant remains widespread. This study addresses the problem by developing an effective sensing scheme using biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from watermelon rind extract to detect salicylic acid in raw milk. Characterizations were performed through UV–Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffractometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Zeta Sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The colorimetric sensing method indicates the presence of salicylic acid by a change in colour from bright yellow to brown/black. The limit of detection is found to be 0.55 ppm, where the dynamic range of detection was between 0.1 ppm to 15 ppm, with a recovery rate between 85-106%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fillet color of Atlantic salmon plays a large role in consumer purchasing decisions; however, color can be influenced by a variety of factors, including diet and genetics. In a breeding program, selection for color fillets relies on accurate measurements taken during harvest evaluations. The harvest of fish can take place over several days to several weeks, with a large variation in the amount of time taken to process a single fish which could impact the recorded value of fillet color, ultimately affecting estimated breeding values (EBVs) for genetic selection. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of the 1) day of harvest, 2) hour of the day, and 3) duration between entering the processing facility and having color assessed (using SalmoFan and Minolta Chroma Meter, i.e., redness or a*, yellowness or b*, and lightness or L*) on the recorded fillet color of North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and on the EBVs. A total of 10,380 animals with color measurements were included from eight year classes (2011 to 2019). The color measurements (Minolta Chroma Meter and SalmoFan) took place over an average of three days. The phenotypes of animals were fitted with linear animal mixed models in ASReml-R to determine the magnitude of time related effects on color traits, of which there was a significant impact on color depending on duration, as well as the day measurements were taken (p -value <0.05). Generally, longer harvest days, as the duration to process fish increased, the L* also increased, however, the opposite was observed for shorter harvest days. There was also a significant effect of hour of the day on SalmoFan scores in some year classes (up to a − 1.75 score difference over a 24-h period), where as the hour increased, lower SalmoFan measurements were perceived, possibly due to eye fatigue or other human-operator biases. There were moderate to high heritabilities ranging from 0.298 (L* in the 2018 year class) to 0.864 (a* in the 2014 year class). When days of harvest, hour of the day and the duration were not accounted for in the models, heritabilities for color measurements were generally lower than the models with these time effects. The L* and SalmoFan showed the largest changes in most year classes. The EBVs of color measurements for each individual changed between models where these fixed time effects were included or not, indicating that these effects have the potential to bias breeding decisions. Therefore, it will be essential to consider the duration, day, and hour of measurement when evaluating the phenotypes of individuals for unbiased breeding decisions. • Accurate phenotypic measurements are essential for selective breeding. • Fillet color was impacted by the duration of harvest after postmortem and the day of harvest from sea cages. • SalmoFan scores decreased as the hour of the day increased. • Estimated breeding values changed when timing related effects were considered. • Postmortem effects need to be considered when comparing individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A water-soluble colorimetric and turn–on fluorescence probe (PI) was developed to detect sulfite/ bisulfite. • Sulfite and bisulfite significantly enhanced the fluorescence of the weakly emissive probe PI. • The probe PI showed a nanomolar detection limit (LOD = 8.4 nM) of sulfite/ bisulfite. • The probe can rapidly detect sulfite/ bisulfite with the naked eye in less than 3 s. • The probe was employed to detect the presence of HSO 3 − in food samples, water, and cell imaging as evidence of its practical usefulness. Consuming an excessive amount of sulfites can have detrimental effects on human health. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective technique to detect the presence of HSO 3 − in food samples and live cells. Herein, we have developed a colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent probe PI capable of efficiently detecting sulfite/ bisulfite (SO 3 2− /HSO 3 −) in aqueous PBS buffer (pH 7.4). This probe PI is non-fluorescent due to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), but becomes fluorescent in the presence of HSO 3 −. The reaction between SO 3 2− /HSO 3 − and the probe disrupts π - conjugation by a nucleophilic addition mechanism, resulting in the inhibition of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). This leads to changes in both the fluorescence and absorption spectra. The color of the probe PI changed from blue to colorless, making it easier to detect HSO 3 −with the naked eye. Our probe also demonstrates excellent sensitivity, selectivity, fast (reaction completed in 300 s), and a low limit of detection (LOD = 8.4 nM). Furthermore, it is effective in detecting levels of SO 3 2− /HSO 3 − in water, sugar, and MDA-MB-231 live cancer cells. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A colorimetric-fluorimetric probe terphenyl derivative TPT for the detection of Lys and Arg was synthesized. • UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra underwent blue shifts and TPT solution color changed. • The break of TPT long-conjugated system caused by nucleophilic addition reaction of Lys/Arg and TPT lead to spectra shift. Lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) play a crucial role in the human diets, medical diagnostics, and functional biomaterial synthesis. The imbalance of intake for these two amino acids causes various diseases. Although many analytical techniques have been reported for the detection of amino acids, there are still some issues such as the need for bulky instruments, professional operators, sensitivity to be improved, and real-time detection. Here, a novel colorimetric-fluorimetric probe based on a terphenyl derivative (TPT) has been synthesized for the precise detection of Lys and Arg. In the EtOH-H 2 O solution of TPT, the NH 2 group at the chain end of Lys/Arg undergoes a nucleophilic addition reaction with C N groups of benzothiazole groups of the probe TPT, which breaks the initial long-conjugated system of the probe molecule. As a result, blue shifts can be observed for both UV–vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra, accompanying with color changes of the TPT solution. The UV–vis absorption peak of TPT solution shifts from ∼410 nm to ∼325 nm, and the solution color changes from light-yellow to colorless. The fluorescence emission shifts from ∼580 nm to ∼470 nm and the bright-yellow TPT solution changes to blue under the irradiation of 365 nm UV light. For colorimetric method, the limits of detection (LoD) are 0.82 μM and 0.90 μM for Lys and Arg, respectively. For fluorimetric method, they are 2.02 nM and 1.62 nM for Lys and Arg, respectively. In addition, TPT has good selectivity and anti-interference for Lys and Arg. The synthesized probe TPT has been successfully used for the precise detection of Lys and Arg in drugs and for fluorescence imaging of living cells. This work demonstrates that terphenyl-based derivatives are promising organic probes for the detection of Lys and Arg, providing a new way for designing other amino acids probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New pH-sensing probes utilizing CH acidity of naphthalimide dyes were developed. • Malononitrile-based NPI-N2 showed colorless to purple color change with pH increase. • Colorimetric pH-sensing by NPI-N2 was unaffected by metal ions, anions, and pepsin. • NPI-N2-impregnated test paper could easily measure pH of artificial gastric fluid. In this study, we introduce novel colorimetric pH-sensing probes based on naphthalimide malonate derivatives. These probes were synthesized by reacting 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimide with various malonates, including malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, and diethyl malonate. Each derivative exhibited distinct pH-sensing characteristics due to their differing CH acidities. The malononitrile-based probe, NPI-N2 , demonstrated pronounced chromogenic pH-signaling behavior, transitioning from colorless to red-violet, accompanied by a decrease in fluorescence intensity. Notably, NPI-N2 retained its pH-sensing capability in the presence of common metal ions, anions, and pepsin, a key component of gastric fluid. The p K a of NPI-N2 was determined to be 3.08 through pH-dependent absorbance curve fitting. To modulate the pH-sensing range, ester-nitrile (NPI-EN) and diethyl ester (NPI-E2) subunits were incorporated into the naphthalimide framework, resulting in increased p K a values of 6.73 and 10.76, respectively. The pH-signaling mechanism of NPI-N2 was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, revealing deprotonation of the malononitrile moiety and subsequent resonance extension through the naphthalimide structure. To facilitate practical pH determination, NPI-N2 was integrated into a paper-based test strip, enabling convenient and reliable pH measurement of artificial gastric fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-temperature-indicators (TTIs) combined with predictive modeling are helpful tools for avoiding the increasing amount of food waste and the associated waste of resources along the food supply chain. Successful implementation of these systems in practice is still absent due to missing digital technologies for real-time shelf life prediction. This study aimed to validate a novel app system developed for the digital read-out of OnVu™ TTIs and the shelf life prediction of perishable products along the raw pork sausage supply chain. Therefore, a kinetic shelf life model of raw pork sausage was developed based on microbial parameters. A dynamic TTI model was developed based on app-measured TTI data and validated on a laboratory scale to prepare for the pilot study. In the pilot study, the shelf life prediction of TTIs based on app measurements was validated under practical conditions. Results showed that the spoilage kinetics of raw pork sausage could, in general, be reflected by the OnVu™ TTI kinetics based on the app's color measurements. The pilot study showed that predicted and measured TTI color values by the app were in good agreement with accuracy factors of 1.02–1.03; however, slight differences in shelf lives revealed that the prediction model must be further improved by integrating more data. Although variances in the hourly range could be seen between the predicted shelf life based on TTI app measurements and the real shelf life of raw pork sausage, the study serves as a proof of concept for the general useability of the app for shelf life prediction because it showed that TTI and product kinetics were highly comparable. Further technical adjustments to the app and the adaptation of the charging time may further improve the shelf life prediction by the app along the raw pork sausage supply chain. • App-based TTI read-out was validated in a pilot study in a raw pork sausage supply chain. • In general, product and TTI growth kinetics based on app measurements were compliant. • Predicted and measured TTI color values during the pilot study were in good agreement. • Predicted TTI shelf life and actual product shelf life showed variances. • The study provides a general proof of concept for an app-based shelf life prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used but easily persist in the environment, which can impact ecological and biological health. In this paper, the nanoparticles supported by FeCoCu flower-like structure (FeCoCu-FN) was successfully synthesized when the molar ratio of Fe:Co:Cu is 0.6:0.4:0.6, which exhibits strong peroxidase-like activity at high V m (266.7×10−8 M/s). Combined with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), two types of colorimetric sensors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) method and choline oxidase (ChOx) method, were firstly proposed in the same reaction system for detection of OPs based on FeCoCu-FN. The comparisons of both the two assays were conducted in details, such as cost, sensitivity, speed and stability. Moreover, the inhibition effects between parathion methyl (PM) and the two enzymes (AChE and ChOx) were predicted and contrasted using the molecular docking method. It can be found that the free binding energy of AChE with PM is smaller than that of ChOx with PM, which indicates that PM is more easily bound to AChE. On the other hand, the inhibition constant of AChE with PM is smaller than that of ChOx with PM, which illustrates the stronger inhibition effect of PM on AChE. The AChE single-enzyme method has higher sensitivity (LOD=0.011 ng/mL), which was consistent with the result of molecular docking. Two analysis methods were used to detect PM in real samples, and the detection results were validated using t -test and F -test. The results showed that there was no significant difference in accuracy and mean between the two methods, and both methods were reliable. [Display omitted] • Controllable nanoparticles supported by FeCoCu flower-like structure were prepared. • When the molar ratio of Fe:Co:Cu is 0.6:0.4:0.6, the catalytic ability is the best. • Two types of sensors (AChE method and ChOx method) were firstly proposed. • Two assays are conducted in the same reaction system for detection of OPs. • The inhibition effects were predicted and contrasted by the molecular docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel aqueous processing method was applied on canola defatted meal to produce a protein concentrate (>76 % crude protein, dry matter basis). This aqueous-processed canola protein concentrate (ACPC) was evaluated in three experiments with Atlantic salmon. The objectives were to (1) estimate the nutrient digestibility of ACPC in juvenile fish, (2) appraise its nutrient digestibility in post-smolt salmon, and (3) evaluate the long-term effect of ACPC on growth, survival, nutrient utilization, body composition, fillet pigmentation and gut histology of post-smolt salmon. In the first study, one Reference and one test diet, which was a blend of 70 % Reference and 30 % ACPC (70:30 ratio), were fed to juvenile salmon (57 ± 7 g) and feces were collected using settling columns. In the second study, post-smolt salmon (228 ± 4 g) were fed one Reference and three test diets, which consisted of three Reference to ACPC ratios: 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30. Feces were collected by manual stripping. The long-term study (168 days) was designed as a 2 × 4 full factorial analysis with two types of formula (Americas, with processed animal proteins (PAPs), and Europe, without PAPs) and four inclusion levels of ACPC (0, 10, 15, 20 %) fed to post-smolt Atlantic salmon (228 ± 5 g). Fish were bulk weighed every 28 or 56 days. Distal intestine and fillet were sampled (10 fish/tank) at the end for histological examination and color measurement, respectively. All diets (43–49 % crude protein, 18–25 % crude lipid depending on studies) were extruded and fed to apparent satiation. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of ACPC protein in juvenile and post-smolt salmon were 89 % and ≥ 94 %, respectively. The essential amino acids ADCs in juvenile and post-smolt salmon were 83–99 % and 91–99 %, respectively. ACPC protein digestibility was not significantly affected by its inclusion level (P = 0.470). In the third experiment, growth (TGC: 0.143–0.160) and feed intake (668–780 g/fish) were not significantly affected by ACPC inclusion (P ≥ 0.10). Feed conversion ratios varied between 1.04 and 1.08. An unexpected occurrence of disease caused 1.6 % mortality over three weeks during the 24-week long-term study and survival was significantly higher in salmon fed ACPC-containing diets (P < 0.001). ACPC inclusion significantly increased fillet redness (P < 0.001) and increased villus length of distal intestine (P < 0.001). In conclusion, ACPC was a safe and nutritive protein alternative in salmon diets, regardless of inclusion level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lantana camara L. is a species known for its broad spectrum of bioactivities and is commonly used in folk therapy to address inflammatory, dermatological, gastrointestinal, intestinal worms and protozoan diseases. It boasts a diverse array of secondary metabolites such as terpenes, flavonoids, and saponins. However, despite its rich chemical profile, there remains a scarcity of studies investigating its antileishmanial properties. This research aims to explore the antileishmanial potential of L. camara , focusing also on its mechanism of action against Leishmania amazonensis. The ethanolic extract of L. camara leaves (LCE) was obtained through static maceration, and its phytoconstituents were identified using UFLC-QTOF-MS. The colorimetric MTT method was conducted to determine the effect of LCE on promastigotes of L. amazonensis and murine macrophages. The anti-amastigote activity was evaluated by counting intracellular parasites in macrophages after Giemsa staining. Additionally, investigations into the mechanisms underlying its action were conducted using cellular and biochemical approaches. LCE exhibited significant activity against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis , with IC 50 values of 12.20 μg/mL ± 0.12 and 7.09 μg/mL ± 1.24, respectively. These IC 50 values indicate very promising antileishmanial activity, comparable to those found for the positive control miltefosine (5.10 μg/mL ± 1.79 and 8.96 μg/mL ± 0.50, respectively). Notably, LCE exhibited negligible cytotoxicity on macrophages (IC 50 = 223.40 μg/mL ± 47.02), demonstrating selectivity towards host cells (SI = 31.50). The antileishmanial activity of LCE involved a multi-targeted cell death process, characterized by morphological and ultrastructural alterations observed through SEM and TEM analyses, as well as oxidative effects evidenced by the inhibition of trypanothione reductase, elevation of ROS and lipid levels, and mitochondrial dysfunction evaluated using DTNB, H 2 DCFDA, Nile red, and JC-1 assays. Additionally, extraction of ergosterol and double labeling with annexin V and PI revealed modifications to the organization and permeability of the treated parasite's plasma membrane. LCE was found to consist predominantly of terpenes, with lantadenes A, B, and C being among the eleven compounds identified through UFLC-QTOF-MS analysis. The extract of L. camara presents a diverse array of chemical constituents, prominently featuring high terpene content, which may underlie its antileishmanial properties through a combination of apoptotic and non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death induced by LCE. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of L. camara as a candidate for antileishmanial treatment, pending further validation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]