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Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute disorder of the peripheral nervous system, causing flaccid paralysis, areflexia, and variable sensory involvement. Proximal as well distal muscles of the limbs can be involved, and in most severe and advanced cases progresses to respiratory failure and death. GBS is considered an autoimmune disease, and at the basis of the attack at the peripheral nervous system different mechanisms have been recognized, in particular viral infections or other immune stimulations. Cranial nerve involvement in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary central nervous system lymphoma are rare conditions that could present with similar clinical features. Here we present a case of a 36‐year‐old man hospitalized for acute polyradiculoneuritis of the cranial nerves and lumbar roots that arose a 14 days after severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID‐19 2 (Sars‐CoV‐2) vaccination. Most of the main criteria for the diagnosis of GBS were met, including clinical and electrophysiological criteria. Albuminocytologic dissociation and high protein level in cerebrospinal fluid were also found. Therefore, the patient was treated with a cycle of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with notable improvement of symptoms and gradual recovery of motility. A five months later, following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the patient presented with worsening of neurological symptoms and was readmitted to the hospital. He underwent instrumental tests again and was treated with repeated cycles of IVIG and then with a cycle of plasmapheresis without any improvement. In the following 10 days he developed very serious conditions; he was transferred to intensive care unit and deceased after 6 days. The cause of the neurological syndrome was determined only after autoptic analysis, which revealed the presence of primary peripheral nervous system (PNS) DLBCL. The reported case highlights that GBS‐like presentation always requires a careful differential diagnosis, and physicians should also consider the possibility of an occult cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to several cancers, including anal and oral cancers. The incidence of anal cancer is particularly high among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). DNA methylation markers have shown promise as biomarkers for identifying precancerous lesions and cancer in HPV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of DNA methylation with HPV infection in oral samples and the correlation of DNA methylation with lesion degree in the anal samples of HIV-positive MSM. Methods: This study investigated DNA methylation in oral and anal samples from HIV-positive MSM at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) in Rome, Italy. Exfoliated oral epithelial cells and anal samples were collected and analyzed for 28 HPV genotypes using the Allplex 28 HPV assay. DNA methylation was assessed with the PrecursorM+ kit for oral samples and the AnoGyn kit for anal samples, focusing on the promoter regions of specific genes. Results: The study included 63 participants, with a median age of 49 and a median CD4+ count of 705 cells/µL. The oral samples showed HPV16 as the most common type, with 22% testing positive for DNA methylation. The anal samples exhibited HPV-related methylation changes linked to cytological lesions, with a 30% increase in the observed ddCt ratio. Significant differences were found in both ASCL1 and ZNF582 genes, particularly for HSILvsNILM and HSILvsLSIL lesions. Of the samples with an increased ddCt ratio, 80% were from patients over 35 years old, and multiple HPV infections were common. Conclusions: DNA methylation markers could be valuable in identifying high-risk HPV infections in oral samples and detecting potential precancerous lesions in anal samples. These markers may enhance the early detection and prevention strategies for HPV-related cancers in high-risk populations, with follow-up data indicating potential for monitoring lesion progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full waveform inversion for land seismic data requires the development of specific strategies for modelling the complex response associated to the near surface. Seismic wave propagation is distorted by several effects, such as topographic relief, wavefield scattering, attenuation (often frequency‐dependent) and anisotropy. The modelling of such shallow complexities is often unmanageable by parametric inversions such that data preconditioning and surface‐related corrections are required before tackling the full waveform inversion velocity modelling problem. We developed a unified framework addressing both surface‐consistent corrections and full waveform inversion by using the transmitted portion of the wavefield. The problem of surface‐consistent decomposition is recast in terms of the transmitted wavefield leading to kinematic and dynamic corrections to account for sub‐resolution wave propagation distortions occurring in the near surface weathering layer. Seismic data are deconvolved from the effects of the near surface to better represent the deeper subsurface wavefield propagation. Signal‐to‐noise enhancement is obtained after the surface‐consistent transmission preconditioning by the generation of virtual super gathers reconstructed in the midpoint‐offset sorting domain. An original scheme of 1.5D Laplace–Fourier full waveform inversion, involving 3D radiation and 1D velocity inversion, is then applied for the velocity reconstruction where the amplitude information of the seismic data is fully preserved and utilized. The unified approach of surface‐consistent transmission preconditioning and velocity modelling is demonstrated on the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Advanced Modelling arid model dataset as well as on two complex field datasets containing near surface complexities typical of arid regions. The approach provides the solution of the near surface distortions by performing data preconditioning and velocity inversions in a unified scheme. The surface‐consistent full waveform inversion approach has been utilized for large land seismic projects and represents a robust tool for supporting land seismic imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of targeted therapies offers new hope for patients affected by incurable cancer. However, multiple challenges persist, notably in controlling tumor cell plasticity in patients with refractory and metastatic illness. Neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive pediatric malignancy originating from defective differentiation of neural crest-derived progenitors with oncogenic activity due to genetic and epigenetic alterations and remains a clinical challenge for high-risk patients. To identify critical genes driving NB aggressiveness, we performed combined chromatin and transcriptome analyses on matched patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), spheroids, and differentiated adherent cultures derived from metastatic MYCN nonamplified tumors. Bone marrow kinase on chromosome X (BMX) was identified among the most differentially regulated genes in PDXs and spheroids versus adherent models. BMX expression correlated with high tumor stage and poor patient survival and was crucial to the maintenance of the self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of NB spheroids. Moreover, BMX expression positively correlated with the mesenchymal NB cell phenotype, previously associated with increased chemoresistance. Finally, BMX inhibitors readily reversed this cellular state, increased the sensitivity of NB spheroids toward chemotherapy, and partially reduced tumor growth in a preclinical NB model. Altogether, our study identifies BMX as a promising innovative therapeutic target for patients with high-risk MYCN nonamplified NB.