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The absorption of the solution during drilling of oil and gas wells is one of the most common complications that arise in the process, which can cause a significant increase in time spent. The purpose of this work was to create conditions for reducing the rate of absorption of drilling mud during drilling of oil and gas wells. A lightweight drilling and washing liquid was obtained by adding polymer reagents modified with saponified tar from vacuum distillation of fatty acids of cottonseed oil to the clay solution formulation. The results of structural studies of a polymer reagent, polyacrylamide modified with cotton tar, based on IR spectroscopy data are presented. Based on the results of the obtained spectral characteristics of polymer compositions, an assumption is made about the structure of the formed complex, which has swelling properties, which reduces the rate of penetration into the pores of empty rocks, and thereby contributes to the ”withdrawal” of the solution into the annulus of the well. The authors concluded that saponified cotton tar is a valuable raw material for the production of a modified polymer reagent, polyacrylamide. Based on the spectral characteristics, an assumption is made about the structure of the formed complex, which has a strong swelling during penetration into empty rocks. It is assumed that the resulting composite polymer clay solution can be used to reduce the absorption rate of drilling mud during drilling of oil and gas wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The possibility of pain occurring in animals is often accepted if various criteria are fulfilled. These criteria include prolonged grooming or rubbing at the site of a wound or tissue damage, or other behaviour involving the site of damage. We also expect to see a reduction in such activities if a local anaesthetic is applied. Here, we report on an experiment that applied caustic soda, a known irritant in humans, to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused immediate escape responses and then nipping and picking at the treated eyestalk rather than at the untreated eyestalk. Prior application of a local anaesthetic reduced the amount of directed behaviour. However, the local anaesthetic also appeared to be an irritant as it too caused immediate escape responses and directed behaviour to the eyestalk. The results provide further support to the idea that these animals can experience pain. Acceptance of the possibility of pain in animals usually requires that various criteria are fulfilled. One such criterion is that a noxious stimulus or wound would elicit directed rubbing or grooming at the site of the stimulus. There is also an expectation that local anaesthetics would reduce these responses to damage. These expectations have been fulfilled in decapod crustaceans but there has been criticism of a lack of replication. Here, we report an experiment on the effects of a noxious chemical, sodium hydroxide, applied to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused an immediate escape tail-flick response. It then caused nipping and picking with the chelipeds at the treated eyestalk but much less so at the alternative eyestalk. Prior treatment with benzocaine also caused an immediate tail-flick and directed behaviour, suggesting that this agent is aversive. Subsequently, however, it reduced the directed behaviour caused by caustic soda. We thus demonstrated responses that are consistent with the idea of pain in decapod crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Waste sulfuric acid is generated in many chemical and petrochemical production processes, and its quantities are quite significant. For the further development of modern chemical and petrochemical production, a detailed study of its characteristics is required. Purpose; The purpose of this work is a detailed study of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of waste sulfuric acid from the production of caustic soda. Methodology; To study the phase composition, the occurring compositional and structural changes and the identification of initial samples and solid products, physicochemical research methods were used, such as: spectrometer (ICP), thermography (DCK), IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and others. Originally; For the first time, the chemical and physico-chemical properties of waste sulfuric acid from caustic soda production were studied depending on technological parameters. Findings;.The chemical composition of spent sulfuric acid was studied, which showed that it is contaminated with chlorine and diluted with water, and chlorine can be in absorbed or chemically bound form. The rheological properties of this acid depending on temperature were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance of the possibility of pain in animals usually requires that various criteria are fulfilled. One such criterion is that a noxious stimulus or wound would elicit directed rubbing or grooming at the site of the stimulus. There is also an expectation that local anaesthetics would reduce these responses to damage. These expectations have been fulfilled in decapod crustaceans but there has been criticism of a lack of replication. Here, we report an experiment on the effects of a noxious chemical, sodium hydroxide, applied to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused an immediate escape tail-flick response. It then caused nipping and picking with the chelipeds at the treated eyestalk but much less so at the alternative eyestalk. Prior treatment with benzocaine also caused an immediate tail-flick and directed behaviour, suggesting that this agent is aversive. Subsequently, however, it reduced the directed behaviour caused by caustic soda. We thus demonstrated responses that are consistent with the idea of pain in decapod crustaceans.