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24. Application of foam assisted water-alternating-gas flooding and quantification of resistivity and water saturation by experiment and simulation to determine foam propagation in sandstone

Author

Khan, Javed A., Kim, Jong, Irawan, Sonny, Permatasar, Karina A., Verdin, Patrick G., Cai, Baoping, Yekeen, Nurudeen, Khan, Javed A., Kim, Jong, Irawan, Sonny, Permatasar, Karina A., Verdin, Patrick G., Cai, Baoping, and Yekeen, Nurudeen

Abstract

Foam flooding by Foam Assisted Water-Alternating-Gas (FAWAG) is an important enhanced oil recovery method that has proven successful in experimental and pilot studies. The present study is carried out to monitor the movement of the foam front once injected into the porous medium. This study aims to investigate applications of resistivity waves to monitor foam propagation in a sandstone formation. In the present lab-scale experiments and simulations, resistivity measurements were carried out to monitor the progression of foam in a sand pack, and the relationships between foam injection time and resistivity, as well as brine saturation, were studied. The brine saturation from foam simulation using CMG STAR is exported to COMSOL and calculated true formation resistivity. A diagram was produced summarizing the progression of foam through the sand pack in the function of time, which enabled us to establish how foam progressed through a porous medium. A surfactant and brine mixture was injected into the sand pack, followed by nitrogen gas to generate the foam in situ. As foam progressed through the sand pack, resistance measurements were taken in three zones of the sand pack. The resistance was then converted into resistivity and finally into brine saturation. As foam travels through the sand pack, it is predicted to displace the brine initially in place. This gradually increases each zone's resistivity (decreases the brine saturation) by displacing the brine. Also, an increase in the surfactant concentration results in higher resistivity. Finally, a comparison of three different surfactant concentrations was evaluated in terms of resistivity results, water saturation, and foam propagation monitoring to obtain the optimum surfactant concentration involved in foam flooding.

Published
2024

25. Life Cycle Structural Integrity Design Approach for the Components of Subsea Production System: SCSSV as a Case Study

Author

Gao, Chuntan, Cai, Baoping, Sheng, Chaoyang, Liu, Yonghong, Liu, Keyang, Khan, Javed Akbar, Shi, Mingwei, Liu, Zengkai, and Ji, Renjie

Abstract

Large-scale production systems such as offshore oil platform and subsea production system (SPS) usually have the characteristics of long service life, high economic value, high risk, and difficult to maintain. Existing reliability-based design methods are difficult to meet the requirements of high reliability, risk control, and maintenance economy in their full life cycle. In order to solve this problem, a life cycle structural integrity design method integrating operational reliability, risk controllability, and maintenance economy is proposed. Based on the existing reliability design theory, risk and maintenance are added, and the time dimension is extended to the full life cycle of structures. The interactions between the system, the subsystem, and the components are considered. Prediction of component degradation using existing mature theoretical methods or experimental studies is adopted. The advanced first-order second moment method is applied to calculate the structural reliability. Risk assessment and maintenance are based on the results of the reliability analysis. The SPS of an oilfield in the South China Sea is the application scenario and data is collected, and a surface-controlled subsurface safety valve is designed using the proposed method.

Published
2024
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