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STUDY QUESTION Are 24-h movement composition and time reallocations between the movement behaviours (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep) differentially associated with cardiometabolic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) relative to women without PCOS? SUMMARY ANSWER There was no difference in 24-h movement composition between the groups, although among women without PCOS, reducing SB time while increasing either MVPA or LPA time was associated with beneficial differences in cardiometabolic markers, whereas in women with PCOS beneficial differences were observed only when SB time was replaced with MVPA. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Women with PCOS display lower levels of physical activity, higher sedentary time, and less total sleep than women without the syndrome. Exercise interventions among women with PCOS have shown improvements in body composition and insulin sensitivity, while the findings regarding blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles are contradictory. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study was part of a prospective, general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (n = 5889 women). At the 31-year and 46-year follow-up, data collection was performed through postal and clinical examinations, including fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements. Accelerometer data collection of 14 days (n = 2602 women) and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (n = 2780 women) were performed at the 46-year follow-up. Participants were identified as women with or without PCOS at age 31 (n = 1883), and the final study population included those who provided valid accelerometer data at age 46 (n = 857). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women with PCOS (n = 192) were identified based on the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline, while those who exhibited no PCOS features were considered women without PCOS (controls; n = 665). Accelerometer-measured MVPA, LPA, and SB were combined with self-reported sleep to obtain 24-h compositions. Multivariable regression analysis based on compositional data analysis and isotemporal reallocations were performed to investigate the associations between 24-h movement composition and cardiometabolic markers. Isotemporal reallocations were expressed as differences (%Δ) from the sample's mean. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was no difference in overall 24-h movement composition between women with PCOS and controls in midlife. The 24-h movement composition was associated with waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in both controls and women with PCOS. Reallocating 15 min from SB to MVPA was associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers in both controls (%Δ range from −1.7 to −4.9) and women with PCOS (%Δ range from −1.9 to −8.6). Reallocating 15 min from SB to LPA was also associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers among controls (%Δ range from −0.5 to −1.6) but not among women with PCOS. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The substitution technique used in this study is theoretical, which can be considered as a limitation. Other limitations of this study are the use of self-reported sleeping time and the difference in the group sample sizes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings suggest that women with PCOS should be targeted with interventions involving physical activity of at least moderate intensity to improve their cardiometabolic health and underline the importance of developing tailored activity guidelines for women with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Novo Nordisk (NNF21OC0070372), Research Council of Finland (315921/2018, 321763/2019, 6GESS 336449), Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (OKM/54/626/2019, OKM/85/626/2019, OKM/1096/626/2020, OKM/20/626/2022, OKM/76/626/2022, and OKM/68/626/2023), and Roche Diagnostics International Ltd. L.J.M. is supported by a Veski Fellowship. M.Nu. has received funding from Fibrobesity-project, a strategic profiling project at the University of Oulu, which is supported by Research Council of Finland (Profi6 336449). NFBC1966 follow-ups received financial support from University of Oulu (Grant no. 65354, 24000692), Oulu University Hospital (Grant no. 2/97, 8/97, 24301140), Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Grant no. 23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki (Grant no. 54121), Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland (Grant no. 50621, 54231), and ERDF European Regional Development Fund (Grant no. 539/2010 A31592). T.T.P. declares consulting fees from Gedeon Richter, Organon, Astellas, Roche; speaker's fees from Gedeon Richter, Exeltis, Roche, Stragen, Merck, Organon; and travel support from Gedeon Richter. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the associations between the composition of movement-related behaviours (sedentary behaviour, sleep, standing, and stepping) and functional outcomes post-stroke. Methods: This study included 34 adults with stroke (mean age: 64.6 ± 12.5 years; time since stroke: 3.5 ± 1.1 months) who underwent an 8-week sedentary behaviour intervention. Functional outcomes were assessed using the timed up and go (TUG) and gait speed tests. Compositional data analysis was used to investigate the relationships between movement-related behaviours and functional outcomes. Results: The baseline composition of movement-related behaviours showed significant associations with changes in TUG (F = 4.28, p = 0.01) and gait speed (F = 4.63, p = 0.01) after the 8-week reducing sedentary behaviour intervention. Reallocating ≥ 30 min/day to stepping, while proportionally decreasing other movement-related behaviours, was associated with a significant change in TUG. Similarly, a relative reallocation of ≥ 40 min/day to stepping was associated with a clinically meaningful change in gait speed. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering movement-related behaviours in relation to functional outcomes post-stroke. Reallocating at least 30 min per day to stepping, relative to a reduction in other movement-related behaviours, is associated with significant and meaningful change in functional outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Reallocating at least 30 minutes/day to stepping, relative to a decrease in other movement-related behaviours, is associated with a positive change in functional mobility after an 8-week post-stroke sedentary behaviour intervention. Relative to a decrease in other movement-behaviours, reallocating ≥ 40 minutes/day to stepping is associated with a meaningful change in gait speed. Reallocating time to standing or sleep at the expense of other movement behaviours is not associated with better functional mobility or gait speed. Finding the optimal balance in movement-related behaviours that favours more stepping may lead to improvements in both functional mobility and gait speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional models of opinion dynamics provide a simplified approach to understanding human behavior in basic social scenarios. However, when it comes to issues such as polarization and extremism, a more nuanced understanding of human biases and cognitive tendencies are required. This paper proposes an approach to modeling opinion dynamics by integrating mental models and assumptions of individuals agents using Bayesian-inspired methods. By exploring the relationship between human rationality and Bayesian theory, this paper demonstrates the usefulness of these methods in describing how opinions evolve. The analysis here builds upon the basic idea in the Continuous Opinions and Discrete Actions (CODA) model, by applying Bayesian-inspired rules to account for key human behaviors such as confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, and human reluctance to change opinions. Through this, This paper updates rules that are compatible with known human biases. The current work sheds light on the role of human biases in shaping opinion dynamics. I hope that by making the model more realistic this might lead to more accurate predictions of real-world scenarios.

This paper proposes a new model of closure for Beethoven's sonata-rondo finales that describes the wide variety of ways in which sonata and rondo elements can interact to create unexpected harmonic and formal possibilities after the recapitulation. The paper first considers what models of sonata form can and cannot tell us about sonata-rondo closure and develops a typology of constituent formal functions for sonata-rondo post-recapitulatory space. It then outlines how these formal functions combine to create a variety of post-recapitulatory prototypes in Beethoven's early-period sonata rondos. Finally, it considers the analytical benefits of distinguishing between sonata and sonata-rondo modes of closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional models of opinion dynamics provide a simplified approach to understanding human behavior in basic social scenarios. However, when it comes to issues such as polarization and extremism, a more nuanced understanding of human biases and cognitive tendencies are required. This paper proposes an approach to modeling opinion dynamics by integrating mental models and assumptions of individuals agents using Bayesian-inspired methods. By exploring the relationship between human rationality and Bayesian theory, this paper demonstrates the usefulness of these methods in describing how opinions evolve. The analysis here builds upon the basic idea in the Continuous Opinions and Discrete Actions (CODA) model, by applying Bayesian-inspired rules to account for key human behaviors such as confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, and human reluctance to change opinions. Through this, This paper updates rules that are compatible with known human biases. The current work sheds light on the role of human biases in shaping opinion dynamics. I hope that by making the model more realistic this might lead to more accurate predictions of real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to show that the methodology of classifying firms of the same sector according to the similarity of their classical financial ratios results in serious problems of incoherence and, consequently, it is necessary to find a viable alternative. With this objective in mind, simple examples are used to show that the appearance of multiple unsolvable problems make it impossible to accept the validity of grouping firms according to homogeneous groups based on these ratios using the usual clustering techniques. Once this fundamental fact has been verified, the proposal of classifying firms based on the ratios created in compositional data methodology and fuzzy clustering is shown to offer a viable alternative for this purpose. The paper ends with a complete analysis using real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although inadequate sleep increases the risk of obesity in children, the mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were to assess how sleep loss influenced dietary intake in children while accounting for corresponding changes in sedentary time and physical activity; and to investigate how changes in time use related to dietary intake. Methods A randomized crossover trial in 105 healthy children (8–12 years) with normal sleep (~ 8–11 h/night) compared sleep extension (asked to turn lights off one hour earlier than usual for one week) and sleep restriction (turn lights off one hour later) conditions, separated by a washout week. 24-h time-use behaviors (sleep, wake after sleep onset, physical activity, sedentary time) were assessed using waist-worn actigraphy and dietary intake using two multiple-pass diet recalls during each intervention week. Longitudinal compositional analysis was undertaken with mixed effects regression models using isometric log ratios of time use variables as exposures and dietary variables as outcomes, and participant as a random effect. Results Eighty three children (10.2 years, 53% female, 62% healthy weight) had 47.9 (SD 30.1) minutes less sleep during the restriction week but were also awake for 8.5 (21.4) minutes less at night. They spent this extra time awake in the day being more sedentary (+ 31 min) and more active (+ 21 min light physical activity, + 4 min MVPA). After adjusting for all changes in 24-h time use, losing 48 min of sleep was associated with consuming significantly more energy (262 kJ, 95% CI:55,470), all of which was from non-core foods (314 kJ; 43, 638). Increases in sedentary time were related to increased energy intake from non-core foods (177 kJ; 25, 329) whereas increases in MVPA were associated with higher intake from core foods (72 kJ; 7,136). Changes in diet were greater in female participants. Conclusion Loss of sleep was associated with increased energy intake, especially of non-core foods, independent of changes in sedentary time and physical activity. Interventions focusing on improving sleep may be beneficial for improving dietary intake and weight status in children. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTR ACTRN12618001671257, Registered 10th Oct 2018, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367587&isReview=true

Background: Although inadequate sleep increases the risk of obesity in children, the mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were to assess how sleep loss influenced dietary intake in children while accounting for corresponding changes in sedentary time and physical activity; and to investigate how changes in time use related to dietary intake. Methods: A randomized crossover trial in 105 healthy children (8–12 years) with normal sleep (~ 8–11 h/night) compared sleep extension (asked to turn lights off one hour earlier than usual for one week) and sleep restriction (turn lights off one hour later) conditions, separated by a washout week. 24-h time-use behaviors (sleep, wake after sleep onset, physical activity, sedentary time) were assessed using waist-worn actigraphy and dietary intake using two multiple-pass diet recalls during each intervention week. Longitudinal compositional analysis was undertaken with mixed effects regression models using isometric log ratios of time use variables as exposures and dietary variables as outcomes, and participant as a random effect. Results: Eighty three children (10.2 years, 53% female, 62% healthy weight) had 47.9 (SD 30.1) minutes less sleep during the restriction week but were also awake for 8.5 (21.4) minutes less at night. They spent this extra time awake in the day being more sedentary (+ 31 min) and more active (+ 21 min light physical activity, + 4 min MVPA). After adjusting for all changes in 24-h time use, losing 48 min of sleep was associated with consuming significantly more energy (262 kJ, 95% CI:55,470), all of which was from non-core foods (314 kJ; 43, 638). Increases in sedentary time were related to increased energy intake from non-core foods (177 kJ; 25, 329) whereas increases in MVPA were associated with higher intake from core foods (72 kJ; 7,136). Changes in diet were greater in female participants. Conclusion: Loss of sleep was associated with increased energy intake, especially of non-core foods, independent of changes in sedentary time and physical activity. Interventions focusing on improving sleep may be beneficial for improving dietary intake and weight status in children. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTR ACTRN12618001671257, Registered 10th Oct 2018, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367587&isReview=true [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compositional Data Analysis (CoDa) has gained popularity in recent years. This type of data consists of values from disjoint categories that sum up to a constant. Both Dirichlet regression and logistic-normal regression have become popular as CoDa analysis methods. However, fitting this kind of multivariate models presents challenges, especially when structured random effects are included in the model, such as temporal or spatial effects. To overcome these challenges, we propose the logistic-normal Dirichlet Model (LNDM). We seamlessly incorporate this approach into the R-INLA package, facilitating model fitting and model prediction within the framework of Latent Gaussian Models. Moreover, we explore metrics like Deviance Information Criteria, Watanabe Akaike information criterion, and cross-validation measure conditional predictive ordinate for model selection in R-INLA for CoDa. Illustrating LNDM through two simulated examples and with an ecological case study on Arabidopsis thaliana in the Iberian Peninsula, we underscore its potential as an effective tool for managing CoDa and large CoDa databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are born storytellers as they use oral narratives as a vehicle to share their experiences. This study aimed to study how female Egyptian speakers formulate their personal experiences in oral narratives in the English Language. A need of this study was felt because not much is known how Arab EFL speakers build their oral narratives when its structure is talked about. The sample of this study comprised 24 female students from an Egyptian university pursuing a program in English language and literature, divided equally into two groups of intermediate and advanced levels. By using a non-experimental mixed model research design, the data was collected through semi structured interviews. The quantitative results were based on Mann-Whitney Test, which compared two unpaired groups to investigate the differences between the frequencies of the moves in the oral narratives as well as their use of structural tools; while the qualitative results were obtained from the participants' responses in the interview, which gave insight into how the participants formulated their narratives. Results show variations in the moves of narratives in both groups; however, there was no significant difference in the overall structure of each narrative. The study also attempted to compare the narrative structure of the female Egyptian EFL learners with that of their peers. It was found that there was no relationship between EFL proficiency and the structure of the narratives of female Egyptian at both advanced and intermediate levels. These findings will provide useful insights about the structural aspects of the oral narratives of Arab EFL learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer that can develop from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a microscopic lesion in the pancreatic ductal system. PanIN and PDAC are conventionally studied in 2D via histological tissue sections. As such, their true structure is poorly understood due to the inability to image them in 3D. CODA, a recently developed technique for reconstruction of tissues at cellular resolution, is used to study the 3D morphology of the pancreas. Here, CODA is extended through 3D printing of normal pancreatic ducts, PanIN, and PDAC at cm‐scale and µm resolution. A methodology is presented to create 3D printable files from anatomical maps generated from serial histological images and to show detailed validation of the accuracy of this method. Existing 3D printing workflows utilizing medical images derived from computerized tomography (CT), X‐ray, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are scientifically proven to be useful in printing whole organ‐scale structures with sub‐mm resolution. Here, using serial histological sections, it is demonstrated that 3D printing of higher‐resolution structures is also possible. Finally, with the 3D models of normal ducts, PanIN, and PDAC, marked changes to the structure of the human pancreas during tumorigenesis are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pointing plays a significant role in communication and language development. However, in spoken languages pointing has been viewed as a non-verbal gesture, whereas in sign languages, pointing is regarded to represent a linguistic unit of language. This study compared the use of pointing between seven bilingual hearing children of deaf parents (Kids of Deaf Adults [KODAs]) interacting with their deaf parents and five hearing children interacting with their hearing parents. Data were collected in 6-month intervals from the age of 1;0 to 3;0. Pointing frequency among the deaf parents and KODAs was significantly higher than among the hearing parents and their children. In signing dyads pointing frequency remained stable, whereas in spoken dyads it decreased during the follow-up. These findings suggested that pointing is a fundamental element of parent-child interaction, regardless of the language, but is guided by the modality, gestural and linguistic features of the language in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various multivariate control charts (CCs) are applied to monitor compositional data (CoDa) processes post an isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformation aimed at assessing in-control or out-of-control (OOC) conditions. While optimal multivariate CCs effectively detect shifts in the overall mean vector, challenges arise when shifts occur in specific variables rather than the overall mean vector. This complexity in signal interpretation using traditional multivariate CCs prompts the need for improved approaches. To address this issue, this study introduces the application of a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) with back-propagation (BP) learning to interpret OOC signals in Hotelling's T 2 CC for CoDa. The proposed model aids practitioners in identifying atypical variables responsible for OOC situations instead of focusing solely on mean shifts. This capability to detect atypical variables enhances process control strategies, leading to more efficient industrial operations. The model's performance is assessed through two cases: one involving p = 3 -part CoDa and another with p = 5 -part CoDa. Shifts are introduced by altering variable means using various combinations. For comparison, the study also presents results obtained from multivariate data analysis using MLPNN with BP. The results demonstrate that the MLPNN consistently provides more accurate outcomes in the case of CoDa than multivariate data. Applying the ilr transformation improves the MLPNN's efficacy in accurately interpreting OOC signals within the CoDa domain. An application is reported to interpret the OOC signal during the working hours of machine operators in an industry. • The Hotelling T C 2 CC to CoDa using ilr transformation. • Analysis of OOC signal in T C 2 CC for CoDa using the BP technique in an MLPNN. • Identification of atypical variables responsible for OOC situations. • The performance assessment in diverse scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]