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Background: The long-term outcomes (≥ 2 years of follow-up) of volar locked plate (VLP) fixation versus closed reduction and casting (CRC) for the treatment of displaced distal radial fractures (DRFs) remain unclear. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis comparing the long-term clinical outcomes of VLP and CRC in elderly patients (aged ≥ 60 years). Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was performed to identify studies comparing the long-term outcomes of VLP and CRC for DRFs. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a mean follow-up duration of at least 2 years and participants aged 60 years or older were included. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed. The primary outcome measure was the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE). Secondary outcomes included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, EuroQol 5 Dimension 5-level score (EQ-5D-5 L), grip strength, and incidence of reoperation. Results: Four RCTs, comprising 423 patients, were included. The meta-analysis revealed that VLP fixation was associated with significantly improved outcomes compared to CRC in terms of PRWE score (pooled mean difference: -6.21; 95% CI: -10.28 to -2.15; p = 0.003), DASH score (pooled mean difference: -8.18; 95% CI: -13.35 to -3.01; p = 0.002), and grip strength (pooled mean difference: -6.63; 95% CI: 0.25 to 13.01; p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in EQ-5D-5 L score (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.05; p = 0.74) or incidence of reoperation (RR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.22 to 1.42; p = 0.22). Conclusions: A two-year follow-up of displaced DRFs in elderly patients showed no significant long-term clinical advantage of VLP fixation over CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an increasing demand for the treatment of problematic cannabis use (PCU) in low-income and middle-income countries. Jamaica's historical inclination towards cannabis use underscores the need for research in addressing this issue. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use and assess the sociodemographic factors, psychosocial correlates, knowledge and perceptions associated with severe PCU among Jamaicans using nationally representative data. Methods: This study involved a secondary data analysis of the last Jamaica National Drug Prevalence Survey. It included 786 participants who used cannabis in the past year and completed the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). The CAST has been validated against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), with a score ≥ 7 meeting the criteria for severe PCU. CAST scores were dichotomized utilizing these thresholds, and data generated were analyzed with SPSS version 25 using Pearson's χ2 test and logistic regression. Results: In the past year, 53.3% of Jamaicans who smoked cannabis had a score of 7 or higher on the CAST and smoked an average of 62.21 joints per month. Male respondents were twice as likely to have severe PCU as females. Additionally, young, middle, and older adults were respectively 3, 5 and 3 times more likely to report severe PCU compared to adolescent respondents. Participants who started cannabis use at 11 years and under, 12-17 years, and 18-25 years were respectively 5, 7 and 7 times more likely to report severe PCU than those at 26 years and older. Moreover, easy access to cannabis, a high perceived need for treatment, belief in increased national drug use prevalence, and awareness of the National Drug Control and Prevention Agency were associated with increased odds of reporting severe PCU. Conclusion: One out of every two Jamaicans who used cannabis in the past year reported severe PCU and smoked an average of two cannabis joints per day. Early initiation increases the risk of severe PCU. Accordingly, a public health approach involving multiple sectors is needed to provide treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Nickel‐aluminum bronze (NAB) is extensively utilized across various industries, particularly marine applications due to its exceptional corrosion resistance. The mechanical properties of NAB are highly dynamic, and influenced by factors such as manufacturing processes, operating environments, and microstructure. This variability introduces complexities and challenges in addressing fatigue, the most common failure mode in metals. This review offers a thorough examination of the fatigue properties of NAB in both their conventionally fabricated and additively manufactured (AM) forms. This review explains the mechanisms that modulate fatigue in NAB by analyzing the existing literature and identifying critical factors such as microstructure, defects, and processing parameters. The goal is to improve the comprehension and dependability of NAB by contrasting the fatigue resistance of cast and AM NAB. The ultimate objective of this comprehensive examination is to predict and reduce component failures, thereby extending the service life and performance of NAB components in demanding environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PLACK syndrome (OMIM 616295) is a rare genodermatosis associated with peeling skin, leukonychia, acral punctate keratosis, cheilitis, and knuckle pads and is caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the CAST gene, which encodes calpastatin, a calcium‐dependent protease. This case report highlights a case of PLACK syndrome presenting with the unique findings of striate hyperkeratosis on the palms as well as life‐threatening cardiomyopathy. We review why CAST mutations might impact cardiac function and raise awareness of the potential association between PLACK syndrome and cardiac manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coastal Creole pigs in Argentina are predominantly found in the wild and can trace their lineage directly back to the Iberian breeds introduced by Spanish colonizers. They currently stand as the sole Creole breed in the country recognized by the FAO. However, there exists a dearth of studies assessing their genetic potential within the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to genetically characterize the meat quality of Coastal Creole pigs based on seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the Ryr1, PRKAG3, MC4R, H-FABP, and CAST genes. A total of N = 158 samples were collected from specimens distributed along the coastal region. Our findings revealed all loci to exhibit polymorphism, underscoring the population's remarkable genetic diversity. Furthermore, a higher frequency of alleles favorable for the PRKAG3191I>V/200R>Q, MC4R1426A>G, CAST76872G>A, and Ryr11843C>T genes was observed, while alleles unfavorable predominated for H-FABP1811G>C and CAST638Ser>Arg. The results obtained in this research are highly encouraging, reflecting the genetic potential of these pigs to be utilized in swine production programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various treatment approaches for individuals with ankle sprains can reduce treatment costs and enhance recovery. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of spring ankle braces with splints and casts in treating ankle sprains. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study involved 60 patients diagnosed with ankle sprains at the orthopedic clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Jiroft in 2022. Following diagnosis confirmation through additional examinations and imaging, patients with ankle sprains not requiring surgery were selected and placed in two groups: one treated with spring ankle braces and the other with splints or casts. Both groups underwent a 4-week treatment regimen, comprising 30 individuals each. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: The average age of patients was 32.5 ± 13.4 years. Of the ankle sprain patients, 56.7% were male. Patients reported the highest satisfaction levels with the plaster cast treatment method. A statistically significant relationship was found between patient satisfaction and the treatment methods of spring ankle braces and plaster casting (P < 0.05). Patients treated with plaster casts reported the lowest pain levels, with a significant relationship between pain levels and the two treatment methods (P < 0.05). Range of motion results were similar for both treatment methods, while the cast treatment showed the highest incidence of skin complications. A significant relationship was observed between spring ankle braces and plaster casts regarding skin complications (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Treating ankle sprains with plaster casts leads to higher satisfaction and lower pain levels compared to using spring ankle braces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An esthetic peri‐implant soft tissue contour is a critical element of the success of implant restorations in the esthetic zone. Once the optimal transmucosal soft tissue profile is formed, it needs to be accurately replicated on the master cast. This clinical technique involves the utilization of a silicone putty positioning index placed in the patient's mouth to accurately duplicate the external contour of teeth and soft tissue. By combining this positioning index with the implant‐supported interim crown, the 3D‐printed initial cast, which was used to fabricate the interim crown, can be conveniently and efficiently transformed into a definitive master cast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The long-term outcomes (≥ 2 years of follow-up) of volar locked plate (VLP) fixation versus closed reduction and casting (CRC) for the treatment of displaced distal radial fractures (DRFs) remain unclear. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis comparing the long-term clinical outcomes of VLP and CRC in elderly patients (aged ≥ 60 years). Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was performed to identify studies comparing the long-term outcomes of VLP and CRC for DRFs. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a mean follow-up duration of at least 2 years and participants aged 60 years or older were included. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed. The primary outcome measure was the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE). Secondary outcomes included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, EuroQol 5 Dimension 5-level score (EQ-5D-5 L), grip strength, and incidence of reoperation. Results Four RCTs, comprising 423 patients, were included. The meta-analysis revealed that VLP fixation was associated with significantly improved outcomes compared to CRC in terms of PRWE score (pooled mean difference: -6.21; 95% CI: -10.28 to -2.15; p = 0.003), DASH score (pooled mean difference: -8.18; 95% CI: -13.35 to -3.01; p = 0.002), and grip strength (pooled mean difference: -6.63; 95% CI: 0.25 to 13.01; p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in EQ-5D-5 L score (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.05; p = 0.74) or incidence of reoperation (RR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.22 to 1.42; p = 0.22). Conclusions A two-year follow-up of displaced DRFs in elderly patients showed no significant long-term clinical advantage of VLP fixation over CRC.

Aims: The primary aim of this study is to quantify and compare outcomes following a dorsally displaced fracture of the distal radius in elderly patients (aged ≥ 65 years) who are managed conservatively versus with surgical fixation (open reduction and internal fixation). Secondary aims are to assess and compare upper limb-specific function, health-related quality of life, wrist pain, complications, grip strength, range of motion, radiological parameters, healthcare resource use, and cost-effectiveness between the groups. Methods: A prospectively registered (ISRCTN95922938) randomized parallel group trial will be conducted. Elderly patients meeting the inclusion criteria with a dorsally displaced distal radius facture will be randomized (1:1 ratio) to either conservative management (cast without further manipulation) or surgery. Patients will be assessed at six, 12, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks post intervention. The primary outcome measure and endpoint will be the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) at 52 weeks. In addition, the abbreviated version of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH), EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire, pain score (visual analogue scale 1 to 10), complications, grip strength (dynamometer), range of motion (goniometer), and radiological assessments will be undertaken. A cost-utility analysis will be performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of surgery. We aim to recruit 89 subjects per arm (total sample size 178). Discussion: The results of this study will help guide treatment of dorsally displaced distal radial fractures in the elderly and assess whether surgery offers functional benefit to patients. This is an important finding, as the number of elderly distal radial fractures is estimated to increase in the future due to the ageing population. Evidence-based management strategies are therefore required to ensure the best outcome for the patient and to optimize the use of increasingly scarce healthcare resources. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):920–928.

Abstract Background Various treatment approaches for individuals with ankle sprains can reduce treatment costs and enhance recovery. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of spring ankle braces with splints and casts in treating ankle sprains. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study involved 60 patients diagnosed with ankle sprains at the orthopedic clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Jiroft in 2022. Following diagnosis confirmation through additional examinations and imaging, patients with ankle sprains not requiring surgery were selected and placed in two groups: one treated with spring ankle braces and the other with splints or casts. Both groups underwent a 4-week treatment regimen, comprising 30 individuals each. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results The average age of patients was 32.5 ± 13.4 years. Of the ankle sprain patients, 56.7% were male. Patients reported the highest satisfaction levels with the plaster cast treatment method. A statistically significant relationship was found between patient satisfaction and the treatment methods of spring ankle braces and plaster casting (P

Abstract A meta-analysis including all relevant randomized controlled trials was conducted to compare soft bandage, splint and cast as the treatment of torus fracture. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched in January 2023. Two comparisons were made: (1) splint versus cast, and (2) bandage versus rigid immobilization (i.e. splint or cast). Main outcomes were pain, clinical healing of the fracture and return to activities. Secondary outcomes were adverse events (skin issues, problems with cast/splint/bandage) and patient/parental satisfaction. Seven studies with 1550 patients were included. Splint was associated with higher pain scores at 3 days compared to cast (Mean difference [MD] 1.00, CI 0.06–1.94) and at 1 week (MD 1.46, CI 0.84–2.08, moderate-certainty evidence), but faster return to activities (at 3 weeks RR 1.77, CI 1.09–2.88, at 4 weeks RR 1.44, CI 1.11–1.82, moderate-certainty evidence). All torus fractures heal clinically within 3–4 weeks (low-certainty evidence). Bandage may lead to slightly higher pain score (MD 0.35, CI 0.04–0.66, moderate-certainty evidence) at first day after treatment compared to rigid immobilization, but no evidence of a difference was found in later time points. In conclusion, soft bandage or removable wrist splint seem to be optimal first-line treatment of distal forearm torus fracture.

The prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy, caused by disease and aging, is rising as life expectancy increases. Exercise is the most effective treatment option; however, it is often impractical for individuals suffering from disease or bedridden. The formulation of non-exercise-based interventions is necessary. This study assessed the impact of acupuncture (AC), electro-acupuncture (EA), and electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle mass and contractile properties in a model of casting-induced muscle atrophy. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were assigned to five groups: control (CON), cast (CT), cast receiving AC (CT-AC), cast receiving EA (CT-EA), and cast receiving ES (CT-ES) (n = 8 each). Treatments were 15 min and three times/week for 14 days. Contractile properties and protein markers of atrophy and inflammation were measured. Casting decreased muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area, but AC, EA, and ES attenuated cast-induced muscle atrophy. All treatments increased peak twitch tension compared to CT. CT increased the protein levels of MAFbx and MuRF1, while AC, EA, and ES mitigated the elevation of these proteins. Our results indicate that acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, and electrical stimulation show promise as therapeutic strategies to counteract skeletal muscle loss and dysfunction resulting from disuse atrophy caused by injury, disease, and aging.

A meta-analysis including all relevant randomized controlled trials was conducted to compare soft bandage, splint and cast as the treatment of torus fracture. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched in January 2023. Two comparisons were made: (1) splint versus cast, and (2) bandage versus rigid immobilization (i.e. splint or cast). Main outcomes were pain, clinical healing of the fracture and return to activities. Secondary outcomes were adverse events (skin issues, problems with cast/splint/bandage) and patient/parental satisfaction. Seven studies with 1550 patients were included. Splint was associated with higher pain scores at 3 days compared to cast (Mean difference [MD] 1.00, CI 0.06–1.94) and at 1 week (MD 1.46, CI 0.84–2.08, moderate-certainty evidence), but faster return to activities (at 3 weeks RR 1.77, CI 1.09–2.88, at 4 weeks RR 1.44, CI 1.11–1.82, moderate-certainty evidence). All torus fractures heal clinically within 3–4 weeks (low-certainty evidence). Bandage may lead to slightly higher pain score (MD 0.35, CI 0.04–0.66, moderate-certainty evidence) at first day after treatment compared to rigid immobilization, but no evidence of a difference was found in later time points. In conclusion, soft bandage or removable wrist splint seem to be optimal first-line treatment of distal forearm torus fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy, caused by disease and aging, is rising as life expectancy increases. Exercise is the most effective treatment option; however, it is often impractical for individuals suffering from disease or bedridden. The formulation of non-exercise-based interventions is necessary. This study assessed the impact of acupuncture (AC), electro-acupuncture (EA), and electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle mass and contractile properties in a model of casting-induced muscle atrophy. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were assigned to five groups: control (CON), cast (CT), cast receiving AC (CT-AC), cast receiving EA (CT-EA), and cast receiving ES (CT-ES) (n = 8 each). Treatments were 15 min and three times/week for 14 days. Contractile properties and protein markers of atrophy and inflammation were measured. Casting decreased muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area, but AC, EA, and ES attenuated cast-induced muscle atrophy. All treatments increased peak twitch tension compared to CT. CT increased the protein levels of MAFbx and MuRF1, while AC, EA, and ES mitigated the elevation of these proteins. Our results indicate that acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, and electrical stimulation show promise as therapeutic strategies to counteract skeletal muscle loss and dysfunction resulting from disuse atrophy caused by injury, disease, and aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome editing in non-model bacteria is important to understand gene-to-function links that may differ from those of model microorganisms. Although species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) have great biotechnological capacities, the limited genetic tools available to understand and mitigate their pathogenic potential hamper their utilization in industrial applications. To broaden the genetic tools available for Bcc species, we developed RhaCAST, a targeted DNA insertion platform based on a CRISPR-associated transposase driven by a rhamnose-inducible promoter. We demonstrated the utility of the system for targeted insertional mutagenesis in the Bcc strains B. cenocepacia K56-2 and Burkholderia multivorans ATCC17616. We showed that the RhaCAST system can be used for loss- and gain-of-function applications. Importantly, the selection marker could be excised and reused to allow iterative genetic manipulation. The RhaCAST system is faster, easier, and more adaptable than previous insertional mutagenesis tools available for Bcc species and may be used to disrupt pathogenicity elements and insert relevant genetic modules, enabling Bcc biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere is an increasing demand for the treatment of problematic cannabis use (PCU) in low-income and middle-income countries. Jamaica’s historical inclination towards cannabis use underscores the need for research in addressing this issue.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use and assess the sociodemographic factors, psychosocial correlates, knowledge and perceptions associated with severe PCU among Jamaicans using nationally representative data.MethodsThis study involved a secondary data analysis of the last Jamaica National Drug Prevalence Survey. It included 786 participants who used cannabis in the past year and completed the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). The CAST has been validated against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), with a score ≥ 7 meeting the criteria for severe PCU. CAST scores were dichotomized utilizing these thresholds, and data generated were analyzed with SPSS version 25 using Pearson’s χ2 test and logistic regression.ResultsIn the past year, 53.3% of Jamaicans who smoked cannabis had a score of 7 or higher on the CAST and smoked an average of 62.21 joints per month. Male respondents were twice as likely to have severe PCU as females. Additionally, young, middle, and older adults were respectively 3, 5 and 3 times more likely to report severe PCU compared to adolescent respondents. Participants who started cannabis use at 11 years and under, 12-17 years, and 18-25 years were respectively 5, 7 and 7 times more likely to report severe PCU than those at 26 years and older. Moreover, easy access to cannabis, a high perceived need for treatment, belief in increased national drug use prevalence, and awareness of the National Drug Control and Prevention Agency were associated with increased odds of reporting severe PCU.ConclusionOne out of every two Jamaicans who used cannabis in the past year reported severe PCU and smoked an average of two cannabis joints per day. Early initiation increases the risk of severe PCU. Accordingly, a public health approach involving multiple sectors is needed to provide treatment options.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four different immobilization methods [single sugar tong splint (SSTS), double sugar tong splint (DSTS), short arm cast (SAC), and long arm cast (LAC)] commonly used for restricting forearm rotation in the upper extremity. Methods Forty healthy volunteers were included in the study. Dominant extremities were used for measurements. Basal pronation and supination of the forearm were measured with a custom-made goniometer, and the total rotation arc was calculated without any immobilization. Next, the measurements were repeated with the SAC, LAC, SSTS and DSTS. Each measurement was compared to the baseline value, and the percentage of rotation restriction was calculated. Results The most superior restriction rates were observed for the LAC (p = 0.00). No statistically significant difference was detected between the SSTS and DSTS in terms of the restriction of supination, pronation or the rotation arc (p values, 1.00, 0.18, and 0.50, respectively). Statistically significant differences were not detected between the SAC and the SSTS in any of the three parameters (p values, 0.25; 1.00; 1.00, respectively). When the SAC and DSTS were compared, while there was no significant difference between the two methods in pronation (p = 0.50), a statistically significant difference was detected in supination (p = 0.01) and in the total rotation arc (p = 0.03). Conclusion The LAC provides superior results in restricting forearm rotation. The SAC and SSTS had similar effects on forearm rotation. The DSTS, which contains, in addition to the SSTS, a sugar tong portion above the elbow, does not provide additional rotational stability.

Abstract Background The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) is a widely used screening tool for identifying patterns of cannabis use that have negative health or social consequences for both the user and others involved. This brief screening instrument has been translated into multiple languages, and several studies examining its psychometric properties have been published. However, studies on the factorial validity and psychometric properties of a Moroccan version of the CAST are not yet available. The objective of this study is to validate the CAST, translated, and adapted to the Moroccan Arabic dialect among persons with cannabis use. Methods A total of 370 participants from an addictology center in Fez City, were selected over two phases to form the study sample. First, in phase I, exploratory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the factor structure in the pilot sample (n1 = 150). Subsequently, in the second phase (Phase II), confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to confirm this structure in the validation sample (n2 = 220). All statistical analyses were carried out using the R program. Results The CFA unveiled a three-factor structure that showed a good overall fit (χ2/df = 2.23, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.02, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98) and satisfactory local parameters (standardized factor loadings between 0.72 and 0.88). The model demonstrates satisfactory reliability and convergent validity, as evidenced by the acceptable values of composite reliability (CR) (0.76–0.88) and average variance extracted (AVE) (0.62–0.78), respectively. The square roots of the AVE exceeded the correlations of the factor pairs, and the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of the correlation values was below 0.85, indicating acceptable discriminant validity. Conclusion The reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity tests all demonstrated that the Moroccan version of the CAST performed well and can be considered a valid tool for screening of problematic cannabis use.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four different immobilization methods [single sugar tong splint (SSTS), double sugar tong splint (DSTS), short arm cast (SAC), and long arm cast (LAC)] commonly used for restricting forearm rotation in the upper extremity. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were included in the study. Dominant extremities were used for measurements. Basal pronation and supination of the forearm were measured with a custom-made goniometer, and the total rotation arc was calculated without any immobilization. Next, the measurements were repeated with the SAC, LAC, SSTS and DSTS. Each measurement was compared to the baseline value, and the percentage of rotation restriction was calculated. Results: The most superior restriction rates were observed for the LAC (p = 0.00). No statistically significant difference was detected between the SSTS and DSTS in terms of the restriction of supination, pronation or the rotation arc (p values, 1.00, 0.18, and 0.50, respectively). Statistically significant differences were not detected between the SAC and the SSTS in any of the three parameters (p values, 0.25; 1.00; 1.00, respectively). When the SAC and DSTS were compared, while there was no significant difference between the two methods in pronation (p = 0.50), a statistically significant difference was detected in supination (p = 0.01) and in the total rotation arc (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The LAC provides superior results in restricting forearm rotation. The SAC and SSTS had similar effects on forearm rotation. The DSTS, which contains, in addition to the SSTS, a sugar tong portion above the elbow, does not provide additional rotational stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Dislocations of the trapeziometacarpal joint (TMC) are uncommon in children and adolescents. Only a few isolated cases are reported in the literature. Therapeutic guidance is minimal and inconclusive. (2) Methods: The authors present four patients treated for this unusual lesion. We evaluated the evolution according to treatment, age, patient activity, and quickDASH. Despite the clear limitation of the small number of patients, it is relevant to try to better understand this lesion and its evolution. A systematic review of the literature was also conducted. (3) Results: This is the largest published series of TMC dislocations in children and adolescents. Patients included a 12-year-old girl treated conservatively with a poor quickDASH; a 9-year-old girl treated surgically with the Eaton–Littler technique for a new dislocation with a partially modified quickDASH; a 13-year-old boy with two necessary closed reductions for a new dislocation and a very good final quickDASH; and a 12-year-old boy treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with excellent final results with quickDASH. (4) Conclusions: In the absence of scientific evidence, conservative treatment and ligament reconstruction did not provide good functionality. In contrast, closed reduction with percutaneous fixation provided excellent results. Therefore, the authors would recommend closed reduction and percutaneous needle fixation as an elective method to treat TMC dislocations in pediatric and adolescent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) is a widely used screening tool for identifying patterns of cannabis use that have negative health or social consequences for both the user and others involved. This brief screening instrument has been translated into multiple languages, and several studies examining its psychometric properties have been published. However, studies on the factorial validity and psychometric properties of a Moroccan version of the CAST are not yet available. The objective of this study is to validate the CAST, translated, and adapted to the Moroccan Arabic dialect among persons with cannabis use. Methods: A total of 370 participants from an addictology center in Fez City, were selected over two phases to form the study sample. First, in phase I, exploratory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the factor structure in the pilot sample (n1 = 150). Subsequently, in the second phase (Phase II), confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to confirm this structure in the validation sample (n2 = 220). All statistical analyses were carried out using the R program. Results: The CFA unveiled a three-factor structure that showed a good overall fit (χ2/df = 2.23, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.02, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98) and satisfactory local parameters (standardized factor loadings between 0.72 and 0.88). The model demonstrates satisfactory reliability and convergent validity, as evidenced by the acceptable values of composite reliability (CR) (0.76–0.88) and average variance extracted (AVE) (0.62–0.78), respectively. The square roots of the AVE exceeded the correlations of the factor pairs, and the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of the correlation values was below 0.85, indicating acceptable discriminant validity. Conclusion: The reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity tests all demonstrated that the Moroccan version of the CAST performed well and can be considered a valid tool for screening of problematic cannabis use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized FLUENT dynamic mesh simulation technology to simulate the temperature field distribution characteristics during the continuous casting (CC) process of 5 mm thick Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 (Vit1) bulk metallic glass (BMG), analyzed and discussed the amorphous forming ability of the Vit1 BMG plate prepared through CC. The results indicate that during the CC process, the temperature gradient and cooling rate of Vit1 BMG plate decrease with increasing distance from the cooling copper block surface and prolonged solidification time. Even at the lowest cooling rate, it still remains significantly higher than the critical cooling rate (Rc) of Vit1 bulk amorphous alloy. The temperature variations recorded by the thermocouple during the alloy melt solidification process are in basic agreement with the simulation data. The experimental test and simulation results show that 5 mm thick Vit1 BMG slab can be prepared theoretically by continuous casting technology. Finally, XRD, DSC and TEM were used to analyze the amorphous formation ability and microstructure of the Vit1 BMG slab.

Background. Distal radius fractures (DRF) are one of the most common injuries in the elderly population. Their incidence increases steadily, with epidemiologists predicting further growth. Despite its growing prevalence, the efficacy of surgical treatment for this pathology in elderly patients remains debatable. Aim — to determine the optimal method for treating distal radius fractures in the elderly population basing on a comparative analysis of the literature data on various treatment methods, including conservative and surgical ones. Methods. A search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY databases according to the following keywords, their derivatives and combinations in the titles and abstracts: treatment, distal radius fracture, elderly. Initial analysis for meeting the inclusion criteria was performed on the article titles and abstracts, followed by analysis of the full-text articles. The sources with unavailable full-text versions were excluded from the analysis. Results. Current epidemiological data were studied, specific aspects of physical examination of elderly patients with distal radius fractures were described, the main treatment methods were determined. The main treatment method remains the conservative one: closed reduction and immobilisation. Open reduction and internal fixation with a volar locking plate has become the leading surgical treatment method in recent decades, replacing such methods as closed reduction and fixation with wires or external fixation. At early follow-up, elderly patients operated on with volar locking plate show better functional results than those who received conservative treatment. However, at long-term follow-up, most studies show no significant differences in functional outcomes after surgical and conservative treatment, despite the differences in radiological data in favour of surgical treatment. Conclusion. For the majority of elderly patients, conservative treatment may be the optimal treatment option. Surgical intervention using a volar locking plate may be justified for certain groups of elderly patients, as this method may accelerate rehabilitation after injury.

Transposons are mobile genetic elements that have invaded all domains of life by moving between and within their host genomes. Due to their mobility (or transposition), transposons facilitate horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and foster the evolution of new molecular functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As transposition can lead to detrimental genomic rearrangements, organisms have evolved a multitude of molecular strategies to control transposons, including genome defense mechanisms provided by CRISPR‐Cas systems. Apart from their biological impacts on genomes, DNA transposons have been leveraged as efficient gene insertion vectors in basic research, transgenesis and gene therapy. However, the close to random insertion profile of transposon‐based tools limits their programmability and safety. Despite recent advances brought by the development of CRISPR‐associated genome editing nucleases, a strategy for efficient insertion of large, multi‐kilobase transgenes at user‐defined genomic sites is currently challenging. The discovery and experimental characterization of bacterial CRISPR‐associated transposons (CASTs) led to the attractive hypothesis that these systems could be repurposed as programmable, site‐specific gene integration technologies. Here, we provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underpinning DNA transposition and of its biological and technological impact. The second focus of the article is to describe recent mechanistic and functional analyses of CAST transposition. Finally, current challenges and desired future advances of CAST‐based genome engineering applications are briefly discussed.

Aims: Offloading mechanical tissue stress is arguably the most important of multiple interventions needed to heal diabetes‐related foot ulcers. This is the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) evidence‐based guideline on offloading interventions to promote healing of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. It serves as an update of the 2019 IWGDF guideline. Materials and Methods: We followed the GRADE approach by devising clinical questions and important outcomes in the PICO (Patient‐Intervention‐Control‐Outcome) format, undertaking a systematic review and meta‐analyses, developing summary of judgement tables and writing recommendations and rationales for each question. Each recommendation is based on the evidence found in the systematic review, expert opinion where evidence was not available, and a careful weighing of GRADE summary of judgement items including desirable and undesirable effects, certainty of evidence, patient values, resources required, cost effectiveness, equity, feasibility, and acceptability. Results: For healing a neuropathic plantar forefoot or midfoot ulcer in a person with diabetes, use a non‐removable knee‐high offloading device as the first‐choice offloading intervention. If contraindications or patient intolerance to non‐removable offloading exist, consider using a removable knee‐high or ankle‐high offloading device as the second‐choice offloading intervention. If no offloading devices are available, consider using appropriately fitting footwear combined with felted foam as the third‐choice offloading intervention. If such a non‐surgical offloading treatment fails to heal a plantar forefoot ulcer, consider an Achilles tendon lengthening, metatarsal head resection, joint arthroplasty, or metatarsal osteotomy. For healing a neuropathic plantar or apex lesser digit ulcer secondary to flexibile toe deformity, use digital flexor tendon tenotomy. For healing rearfoot, non‐plantar or ulcers complicated with infection or ischaemia, further recommendations have been outlined. All recommendations have been summarised in an offloading clinical pathway to help facilitate the implementation of this guideline into clinical practice. Conclusion: These offloading guideline recommendations should help healthcare professionals provide the best care and outcomes for persons with diabetes‐related foot ulcers and reduce the person's risk of infection, hospitalisation and amputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the healthcare system, lower leg fractures remain relevant, incurring costs related to surgical treatment, hospitalization, and rehabilitation. The duration of treatment may vary depending on the individual case and its severity. Casting as a post-surgical fracture treatment is a common method in human and experimental veterinary medicine. Despite the high importance of sheep in preclinical testing materials for osteosynthesis, there is no standardised cast system ensuring proper stabilisation and functionality of hind limbs during the healing of tibia fractures or defects. Existing treatment approaches for tibial osteosynthesis in laboratory animal science include sling hanging, external fixators, or former Achilles tendon incision. These methods restrict animal movement for 4–6 weeks, limit species-typical behaviour, and impact social interactions. Our pilot study introduces a Standardised Walking Cast (SWC) for sheep, enabling immediate physiological movement post surgery. Seven Rhone sheep (female, 63.5 kg ± 6.45 kg) each with a single tibia defect (6 mm mechanical drilled defect) underwent SWC application for 4 weeks after plate osteosynthesis. The animals bore weight on their operated leg from day one, exhibiting slight lameness (grade 1–2 out of 5). Individual step lengths showed good uniformity (average deviation: 0.89 cm). Group housing successfully started on day three after surgery. Weekly X-rays and cast changes ensured proper placement, depicting the healing process. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an SWC for up to 72 kg of body weight without sling hanging via ceiling mounting or external fixation techniques. Allowing species-typical movement and social behaviour can significantly improve the physiological behaviour of sheep in experiments, contributing to refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Different studies have shown that weightbearing is safe in stable transsyndesmotic, isolated lateral simple ankle fractures. Despite this evidence, AO guidelines still recommend immobilization with above-the-knee cast for 4–6 weeks for these fractures. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of mobilization and weightbearing to those of immobilization and non-weightbearing in patients with stable transsyndesmotic, lateral isolated simple ankle fractures. Methods: Fifty patients were randomly assigned to permissive weightbearing in a walking boot or non-weightbearing immobilization using a below-the-knee cast. Primary outcome was ankle functionality as scored by the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS). Secondary outcomes were radiological displacement of fracture, range of motion (ROM), calf circumference, and RAND 36-item health survey. Patients were in follow-up for 24 months. Results: Ankle functionality after six and twelve weeks was significantly higher for the intervention group, with respectively 30 points (p = 0.001) and 10 points (p = 0.015) of difference. ROM improved significantly in the intervention group after six weeks. All fractures showed radiological progression of fracture healing. RAND 36-item showed differences in both physical (60.3 vs. 46.3, p = 0.017) and mental (78.5 vs. 58.2, p = 0.034) components in favor of the intervention group. In 16% of patients who initially showed stable fractures on radiographic imaging, joint dislocation was identified on weightbearing radiographs prior to randomization, leading to exclusion. Conclusion: Weightbearing and mobilization using a walking boot may be a safe treatment for patients with stable Weber B fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study the director's technique of destroying the stereotypical perception of a comic actor in a dramatic role and to prove that this is a way to create a counterpoint in the acting ensemble. Research methodology. The following scientific research methods were used: analysis (to process films, theoretical works, articles by film critics and journalists), comparison (to identify the features of stylistic decisions in films), induction (to derive general principles from specific examples in the work of Jim Carey), generalisation (to write conclusions). Scientific novelty. For the first time, the possibilities of using a comedic actor in film dramas are analysed, the semantic and stylistic effect arising from such a directorial decision is investigated. The emotional impact on the viewer's perception is determined, the principles of casting for supporting roles to create a counterpoint in the acting ensemble are derived. Conclusions. A comic actor in a dramatic role has a significant impact on the style of the film. Such a directorial decision can lead to a duality of perception of the character; the author, imposing tragic elements of the newly created image on the previous experience of contemplating the performer's comic roles, creates a problem of "trust" in the actor for the audience. The introduction of the factor of unrealism allows for a natural combination of stylised and realistic acting. This combination creates a counterpoint in the acting ensemble and charges the conflict with the very coexistence of the actors. The combination of the comic and the acutely dramatic works to increase tension and create additional conflicts. This can be used as the following directorial tools: creating emotional amplification and empathy; softening the perception of a complex topic; creating a sense of background for a character; recognising another layer of meaning in a familiar style of acting. The author concludes that further research into the diverse range of effects of using comedic actors in dramatic films is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transposons are mobile genetic elements that have invaded all domains of life by moving between and within their host genomes. Due to their mobility (or transposition), transposons facilitate horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and foster the evolution of new molecular functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As transposition can lead to detrimental genomic rearrangements, organisms have evolved a multitude of molecular strategies to control transposons, including genome defense mechanisms provided by CRISPR‐Cas systems. Apart from their biological impacts on genomes, DNA transposons have been leveraged as efficient gene insertion vectors in basic research, transgenesis and gene therapy. However, the close to random insertion profile of transposon‐based tools limits their programmability and safety. Despite recent advances brought by the development of CRISPR‐associated genome editing nucleases, a strategy for efficient insertion of large, multi‐kilobase transgenes at user‐defined genomic sites is currently challenging. The discovery and experimental characterization of bacterial CRISPR‐associated transposons (CASTs) led to the attractive hypothesis that these systems could be repurposed as programmable, site‐specific gene integration technologies. Here, we provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underpinning DNA transposition and of its biological and technological impact. The second focus of the article is to describe recent mechanistic and functional analyses of CAST transposition. Finally, current challenges and desired future advances of CAST‐based genome engineering applications are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As a thin-walled complex structure, the manufacturing of Al-based diesel engine diaphragms involves casting and heat treatment. Residual stress is introduced during the uneven temperature field in casting and heat treatment, as well as the plastic deformation and cutting heat during mechanical processing. This research investigates the evolution and accumulation models of residual stress in casting and heat treatment for Al-based diesel engine diaphragms using ProCAST and ABAQUS software, combining with the experimental tests. To mitigate residual stress, the optimal parameter combination for casting temperature, knockout temperature, and mold preheating temperature in casting process is explored. The results indicate that the knockout temperature has the most significant influence on casting residual stress, and mold preheating is beneficial for reducing residual stress. Despite improvements, some internal stress concentration areas persist on the knockout casting surface. Furthermore, T6 heat treatment proves to be effective in eliminating more than 50% of the residual stress.

Introduction: Distal radius fractures make up around 20% of adult fractures, varying in type and severity, thus requiring different treatments. Cast immobilization is effective in indicated fractures, but is associated with several disadvantages such that 3D-printed orthoses (3D-Braces) have been introduced as a potentially advantageous alternative. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that short-arm 3D-printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) orthoses would provide superior biomechanical properties when compared to plaster of Paris short-arm casts for immobilization of distal radial fractures. Methods: Modified mannequin forearms were utilized as human models for the creation of both the circular casts and the 3D Braces. A total of five plaster cast prototypes were produced, based on a standard cylindrical plaster cast application technique used in the treatment of distal radius fractures, and another five samples were 3D printed braces. Each sample was then subjected to a three-point bend load test, using an Instron 68SC2 testing machine, and the data was collected and exported to an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Results: The 3D-Braces can withstand significantly higher forces at yield and maximum force, implying they may offer superior mechanical stability. Moreover, our findings indicated a higher strain at yield for the 3D-Braces compared to conventional plaster casts. Conclusions: 3D-printed Polylactic Acid short-arm orthoses demonstrated superior biomechanical properties when compared to plaster of Paris short-arm casts designed for immobilization of distal radial fractures. Taken together with data from previous studies, preclinical evidence suggests that PLA 3D-Braces can effectively maintain distal radius fracture alignment and stability with potential advantages over traditional casts with respect to biomechanical properties as well as post-fabrication adjustment, patient hygiene, comfort, and daily activities.

The article presents the results of testing the flow curves of cast magnesium alloy MgAl9Zn1. Experimental tests were carried out on a deformation dilatometer in a compression test of cylindrical specimens heated to 380 °C, 400 oC, 420 °C at strain rates of 0,1 s-1, 1 s-1, 10 s-1. The experimental curves were described by functions used in programs for simulating metal forming processes based on the finite element method. The Generalized Reduced Gradient optimization method (GRDM) implemented in Microsoft Excel was used to determine the function coefficients. Based on the results obtained, the best functions characterizing the flow curves were selected for use in describing the material models used in numerical simulations of cast magnesium alloy MgAl9Zn1.

The article presents the results of testing the flow curves of cast magnesium alloy MgAl9Zn1. Experimental tests were carried out on a deformation dilatometer in a compression test of cylindrical specimens heated to 380 °C, 400 °C, 420 °C at strain rates of 0,1 s-1, 1 s-1, 10 s-1. The experimental curves were described by functions used in programs for simulating metal forming processes based on the finite element method. The Generalized Reduced Gradient optimization method (GRDM) implemented in Microsoft Excel was used to determine the function coefficients. Based on the results obtained, the best functions characterizing the flow curves were selected for use in describing the material models used in numerical simulations of cast magnesium alloy MgAl9Zn1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Risk stratification is important in patients with post–cardiac arrest syndrome. The Post‐Cardiac Arrest Syndrome for Therapeutic Hypothermia (CAST) and revised CAST (rCAST) scores have been well validated for predicting neurological outcomes, particularly for conventionally resuscitated patients with post–cardiac arrest syndrome. However, no studies have evaluated patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods and Results Adult patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation were analyzed in this retrospective observational multicenter cohort study. We validated the accuracy of the CAST/rCAST scores for predicting neurological outcomes at 30 days. Moreover, we compared the predictive performance of these scores with the TiPS65 risk score derived from patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest who were resuscitated using extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A total of 1135 patients were analyzed. The proportion of patients with favorable neurological outcomes was 16.6%. In the external validation, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the CAST score was significantly higher than that of the rCAST score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.677 versus 0.603; P

The editorial discusses recent developments in the search for axions and axion-like particles, which are proposed candidates for cold dark matter. Various experimental techniques, such as axion haloscopes and the development of new detectors, are being explored to increase sensitivity in detecting axions. The article also highlights the challenges faced in reducing electronic noise to enhance the sensitivity of axion searches. Overall, the research aims to advance our understanding of axions and their potential role in the universe. [Extracted from the article]

In the healthcare system, lower leg fractures remain relevant, incurring costs related to surgical treatment, hospitalization, and rehabilitation. The duration of treatment may vary depending on the individual case and its severity. Casting as a post-surgical fracture treatment is a common method in human and experimental veterinary medicine. Despite the high importance of sheep in preclinical testing materials for osteosynthesis, there is no standardised cast system ensuring proper stabilisation and functionality of hind limbs during the healing of tibia fractures or defects. Existing treatment approaches for tibial osteosynthesis in laboratory animal science include sling hanging, external fixators, or former Achilles tendon incision. These methods restrict animal movement for 4–6 weeks, limit species-typical behaviour, and impact social interactions. Our pilot study introduces a Standardised Walking Cast (SWC) for sheep, enabling immediate physiological movement post surgery. Seven Rhone sheep (female, 63.5 kg ± 6.45 kg) each with a single tibia defect (6 mm mechanical drilled defect) underwent SWC application for 4 weeks after plate osteosynthesis. The animals bore weight on their operated leg from day one, exhibiting slight lameness (grade 1–2 out of 5). Individual step lengths showed good uniformity (average deviation: 0.89 cm). Group housing successfully started on day three after surgery. Weekly X-rays and cast changes ensured proper placement, depicting the healing process. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an SWC for up to 72 kg of body weight without sling hanging via ceiling mounting or external fixation techniques. Allowing species-typical movement and social behaviour can significantly improve the physiological behaviour of sheep in experiments, contributing to refinement.

Introduction: Computed tomography can be used to screen and diagnose the presence of drug-filled packets in the body. We present an unusual computed tomography finding in a suspected body packer. Case summary: A traveller suspected of being a body packer was brought to the emergency department complaining of low back pain. On examination, there was an abdominal cast circumferentially encasing his abdomen, which he alleged was part of the management of his lower back pain in his own country. Images: A plain computed tomogram of the abdomen and pelvis revealed that the cast was made of materials with a nodular appearance and heterogeneous density, which was different from that of a plaster of Paris cast. An investigation later confirmed the cast contained cocaine. Conclusion: Our case demonstrates how a body packer can traffic drugs outside their body for an alleged medical reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Anatomical 3D-printed nasal casts are valuable models to investigate intranasal drug deposition, providing preclinical data that cannot be obtained in animal models. However, these models are limited since they are often derived from a single patient or represent a mean of several groups. The present study aimed to better characterize the anatomical differences of the nasal cavity in a European sub-population and to assess the potential impact of anatomical variations on intranasal deposition by medical devices. Ninety-eight cranial computed tomography scans of patients were selected and analyzed in 2D and 3D conformations. They showed symmetry of cavities and a high level of heterogeneity of measurements, especially volume and area, in the population. Three anatomical groups with distinct nasal geometry were identified and 3D nasal casts of the most representative patient of each group were printed. Fluorescein was administered using three medical devices: a nasal spray, a sonic jet nebulizer and a prototype mesh-nebulizer. The deposition profiles were compared with the Aeronose® as a reference. Our results show that anatomical variations influenced the deposition profiles depending on the device, with a higher variation with spray and the mesh-nebulizer. This work emphasises the importance of anatomical parameters on drug intranasal deposition and the need to evaluate inhaled drugs on different 3D nasal casts reflecting the target population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms are pivotal in shaping soil ecological processes through their bioturbation activity and organic matter consumption. Earthworm species are known to have different impacts on soil structure, but only a small number of species have been studied so far, and few studies have examined how earthworms simultaneously affect soil functions. Here, we measured the impact of different earthworm species on soil structure (bioturbation function), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics and the microbial community (organic matter transformation function), while exploring the links between these functions, across distinct soil compartments (surface casts, below-ground drilosphere, and bulk soil). Six earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris , Allolobophora chlorotica , Octolasion cyaneum, Octodrilus complanatus , Aporrectodea caliginosa meridionalis and Microscolex dubius) of different ecological categories and functional groups were incubated in soil cores with soil and alfalfa litter for 6 weeks. Our results on the bioturbation function illustrated a great diversity of behaviors and confirmed the relevance of a functional classification based on bioturbation metrics. The main microbial hotspots were surface casts, whose characteristics allowed to distinguish two groups of species. Octod. complanatus, L. terrestris and M. dubius induced high humidity (respectively, +57, +48, +74%), high C (respectively, 19.9, 24.8, 33.2 g kg⁻1 dry soil) and N (respectively, 2, 2.3, 3.2 g kg⁻1 dry soil) content and microbial community selection, promoting C and N mineralization. The three other species had a lower impact. The below-ground drilosphere only showed specific characteristics in the case of L. terrestris. The effects of the studied species on the organic matter transformation function did not align with their bioturbation activities nor with their ecological category. These findings show that the contribution of earthworms to C and N turnover is only partially dependent on their bioturbation effects and suggest the usefulness of developing distinct functional groups based on the specific soil functions under consideration. [Display omitted] • Earthworm effects on organic matter and bioturbation functions did not align. • Surface casts were the main microbial hotspots compared to below-ground drilosphere. • Microscolex dubius showed weak bioturbation but strong effects on C and N. • Only Lumbricus terrestris modified its below-ground drilosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are lots of gene editing tools for targeting genome sequences. Some are almost known, and most are a complete mystery and undiscovered. CRISPR/Cas editing tools have brought about a major revolution in medicine. Researchers have shown that CRISPR can modify DNA much more accurately, economically and easily than previous methods. CRISPR has proven itself effective for the deletion, replacement and insertion of DNA fragments into cell types, tissues and organisms. Recently, combining CRISPR/Cas with factors (transcription factors/repressors, exonucleases, endonucleases, transposons, caspase, fluorescent proteins, oxidoreductive enzymes, DNA/RNA polymerases), and elements (aptamers, barcodes, fluorescent probes, Trigger) have provided genome, transcriptome, proteome and epigenome modification. These modules are being investigated for cancer prevention and therapy and this review focuses on such innovative combinations that hopefully will become a clinical reality in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous W-steel joining components will produce brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and significant residual stress in the interface. Adding a Cu interlayer serves as an effective solution. Nevertheless, the strengthening of W-Cu-steel joints is restricted because W-Cu and Cu-steel are members of binary immiscible and finite solid solution systems. Thus, accomplishing interface alloying by overcoming the positive generating energy of insoluble systems and opening up interatomic diffusion channels is a crucial issue to be addressed. In this work, casting and brazing technologies were incorporated into bonding W-Cu-steel to provide a high temperature field, as well as the dissolving and wetting of Cu-based liquid phase to refractory W. It is shown that the superior tensile strength of the W/Cu castings-steel brazed joints (∼264 MPa) was achieved, and the joint survived 1000 cycles of thermal fatigue under 1 MW/m2. To assess the effects of brazing and casting on the W-Cu-steel joint, a detailed analysis was conducted on the mechanism of atomic diffusion in the joint interface. It is considered that in W-Cu joining, casting provided a higher thermodynamic driving force than brazing, thus achieving better interatomic diffusion and a wider microalloying region. Cu-steel joining achieved good alloying and forming dendritic extensions by intergranular diffusion. Based on the process optimization results, the feasibility of preparing the U-shaped first wall (FW) mock-up with W armor using brazing technology was verified. This study provides a new technological path, offering a major design and manufacturing guide for plasma facing components (PFCs). [Display omitted] • The novel W/Cu castings-steel and W-Cu interlayer-steel brazed joints are devised by Cu-Ge fillers. • Interdiffusion and microalloying at the W-Cu interface achieved via high temperature induced interface alloying. • Intergranular diffusion and the ferrite phase zone of low deformation were produced in the Cu-steel interface. • The joint exhibited superior tensile performance (264 MPa) and successfully withstood 1000 high heat flux tests of 1 MW/m2. • Validating the feasibility of U-shaped W-coated First Walls with R-angles through brazing first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of earthworms for soil functioning is widely accepted and is mainly linked to their burrowing, feeding and casting behaviours. However, our knowledge of earthworm behavior is still limited by the lack of efficient and easy-to-use methods. In this work, we describe and test a new marker of earthworm bioturbation. Dense particles of tungsten, visible in X-ray images, were located at a certain depth in repacked soil cores inoculated by either Lumbricus terrestris or Aporrectodea caliginosa , alone or in combination. This marker was compared to the classical luminophore method (i.e. colored sand particles) generally used in aquatic ecology. The dynamics of both the burrow systems and the casting activities was followed using X-ray tomography every two weeks for a period of 10 weeks. Below ground casting activities could be assessed since parts of the casts excreted by the earthworms were marked by tungsten and appeared white in the images. The time dynamics of both burrow and cast productions were almost linear and significantly influenced by the earthworm species and the presence of litter. As expected, L. terrestris created larger (up to 50 cm3) and deeper burrow systems and made fewer macropores compared to A. caliginosa. Surprisingly, both species were equally influenced by the presence of litter, and this highlighted their behavioral plasticity. For example, A. caliginosa decreased by 32 % the volume of burrows in the presence of litter and the resulting burrow system was significantly shallower which showed that this endogeic species is indeed able to partly feed on surface litter. The use of tungsten particles is a promising new tool to accurately characterize the casting activities of earthworms in the soil and to study behavioral plasticity under the influence of environmental factors. • Tungsten (W) particles were tested s a new bioturbation marker visible in X-ray. • When W mixed with soil is egested by earthworms, casts appeared white in X-ray images. • W had no short-term toxicity for Lumbricus terrestris or Aporrectodea caliginosa. • Litter presence at the soil surface influences bioturbation dynamics for both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of TiC nanoparticles induced a refined basket-weave structure, replacing coarse α colonies in cast Ti-2.5Al. Thus, the yield strength and elongation of Ti-2.5Al+TiC are increased by 46.3 % and 57.6 %, respectively. The effect of TiC nanoparticles on the grain refinement and tensile properties is more pronounced than the addition of elemental C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmortem evaluation of the human vascular system has a long history, with advancements ranging from dissections to modern imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT scan). This study designs a novel combination of Angiofil, a liquid radiopaque polymer, and latex, a flexible cast material, for cadaveric vascular analysis. The aim was to synergize the advantages of both components, providing accurate radiological images and optimal dissection conditions. Three arterial territories (lateral circumflex femoral artery, profunda brachii artery, and radial artery) were injected and assessed through CT scans and dissections. The Angiofil-latex mixture allowed successful visualization of the vascular networks, offering a simple, reproducible, and non-toxic approach. Quantitative assessments of the three territories, including diameters and lengths, showed comparable results between CT scan and dissection. The technique precision and versatility make it an accessible and valuable tool for anatomical studies, potentially extending its application to MRI analyses. Overall, the Angiofil-latex combination presents a cost-effective solution for researchers, offering enhanced visibility and detailed anatomical insights for various applications, including anatomical variation studies. [Display omitted] • Combination of Angiofil, a radiopaque polymer, and latex, a flexible cast material. • Angiofil-latex mixture provides accurate radiological images. • Angiofil-latex mixture provides optimal dissection conditions. • Angiofil-latex mixture enhances visibility and detailed anatomical insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalbavancin is a relatively new long-acting anti-Gram positive antimicrobial approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structures infections. An increasing number of observational studies and case series were published on its off-label uses. Great interest is emerging about complicated cases where antibiotic treatment cannot be discontinued, and a chronic suppressive therapy is needed. We described a case series of 6 patients treated or ongoing on treatment with dalbavancin as chronic suppressive therapy (CAST) administered with the following regimen: dalbavancin 1500 mg on day 1 and 8 and then every 4 weeks. CAST median duration was 27 weeks. Five out of 6 patients reached a good clinical control of the infection (one of them completely resolved) while in one case we observed a recurrence of the infection. No adverse events were detected. Larger studies are needed to better clarify dalbavancin off-label uses and the most appropriate dose regimen.