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Wind is a critical driving force in hydrodynamic and water quality modeling of large shallow lakes, and is characterized by the wind drag coefficient Cd, representing the momentum transfer at the air‐water interface. Contemporary empirical formulae for Cdestimation were derived over oceans and some of which are solely wind velocity U10dependent. These formulae were previously found to be inadequate in inland lake models often resulting in the water velocity underestimation. To address this problem, a physical scale experiment was designed, in which Cdwas measured using a wind profile and eddy covariance methodology. A new wind‐induced wave‐dependent Cdparameterization was also established and validated in two lake studies. The driving force was modified by the wave‐dependent Cdformula in a hydrodynamic model of the shallow Upper Klamath Lake (UKL), OR, USA. The experimental Cdwas negatively correlated to the wind velocity up until the critical U10= 1.6 m s−1which was 1.0~3.1 times previous empirical extrapolations at light winds. The variation partitioning results showed that wave parameters contributed to more than 30% of Cdvariation combined with wind parameters. The modified wind stress field was spatially heterogeneous and the modeled water velocity was closer to the observations at two sites. Significant main circulation and outer bank circulation were modeled accompanied by higher surface vorticity, compared to the original UKL model. Overall, the wave‐dependent Cdformula provided an improvement of the surface flow field in the UKL model and will improve the management of the lake ecosystems. As a critical driving force in large shallow lakes, wind parameterization is of great importance for accurate hydrodynamic modeling. Previous wind‐dependent wind drag formulae over oceans usually generate large underestimates of water velocity in lakes. We thus propose a new wave‐dependent Cdparameterization based on an experimental study to improve the Cdparameterization in lakes. The Cdmeasurements were compared and confirmed by two typical methodologies of wind profile and eddy covariance. The newly derived wave‐dependent Cdparameterization was validated in two lake studies and adapted to a hydrodynamic model of the Upper Klamath Lake, OR, USA. Results showed an improved representation of the wind stress field, surface water velocity, and surface circulation. Our work should therefore be useful when using mechanistic models to manage hydrodynamics and water quality in large shallow lakes. A wave‐dependent Cdformula was developed based on an experimental study, indicating a negative correlation of Cdwith U10at light windsSpatial heterogeneity of the wind stress field and surface circulation was identified in lake hydrodynamic modelingThe adaptation of Cdparameterization in a hydrodynamic model was improved through the wave‐dependent Cdformula A wave‐dependent Cdformula was developed based on an experimental study, indicating a negative correlation of Cdwith U10at light winds Spatial heterogeneity of the wind stress field and surface circulation was identified in lake hydrodynamic modeling The adaptation of Cdparameterization in a hydrodynamic model was improved through the wave‐dependent Cdformula

The article bids a fond farewell to Michael Brett, the Group Manager of GCN, as he reflects on his time there and urges support for queer media. Topics discussed include the vibrant workplace atmosphere, the importance of community support, and the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ media in the face of external attacks.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are a complex assembly of disparate materials, each with a precise function within the device. Typically, the electrodes are flat, and the device is fabricated through a layering approach of the interfacial layers and photoactive materials. This work explores the integration of high surface area transparent electrodes to investigate the possible role(s) a three-dimensional electrode could take within an OSC, with a BHJ composed of a donor–acceptor combination with a high degree of electron and hole mobility mismatch. Nanotree indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were prepared via glancing angle deposition, structures that were previously demonstrated to be single-crystalline. A thin layer of zinc oxide was deposited on the ITO nanotrees via atomic layer deposition, followed by a self-assembled monolayer of C60-based molecules that was bound to the zinc oxide surface through a carboxylic acid group. Infiltration of these functionalized ITO nanotrees with the photoactive layer, the bulk heterojunction comprising PC71BM and a high hole mobility low band gap polymer (PDPPTT-T-TT), led to families of devices that were analyzed for the effect of nanotree height. When the height was varied from 0 to 50, 75, 100, and 120 nm, statistically significant differences in device performance were noted with the maximum device efficiencies observed with a nanotree height of 75 nm. From analysis of these results, it was found that the intrinsic mobility mismatch between the donor and acceptor phases could be compensated for when the electron collection length was reduced relative to the hole collection length, resulting in more balanced charge extraction and reduced recombination, leading to improved efficiencies. However, as the ITO nanotrees increased in height and branching, the decrease in electron collection length was offset by an increase in hole collection length and potential deleterious electric field redistribution effects, resulting in decreased efficiency.