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This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of test protocols used to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in adults with Down syndrome (DS) and to determine how generalisable the outcomes are for the entire population of adults with DS by describing the sample characteristics of these studies and their impact on VO2peak. A literature search (PROSPERO CRD42022309560) was performed (18 July 2023) using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase and SPORTDiscus. For articles to be included, they had to be peer‐reviewed pubications, reporting VO2peak or VO2max for individuals with DS separately, with a sample of n ≥ 5 and a mean age ≥18 years. Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses were excluded but their reference lists were searched for additional papers to include. Studies were evaluated for risk of bias following the guidelines of Kmet et al. The results were summarised with frequency statistics. Forty‐three studies were included in this systematic review. Sample sizes of included adults with DS ranged from n = 4–226, with a total of n = 1498 adults with DS being included. Most studies (29/43) used the same standardised maximal exercise treadmill protocol to measure VO2peak in adults with DS, and 33 out of 43 studies used at least one objective criterion to determine a valid maximal effort. Participants were predominantly male, under 40 years old, and overweight or obese. Additionally, the diversity of study samples was lacking or not reported. The most widely used, standardised, maximal exercise test treadmill protocol is recommended for future use in research and practice, including objective criteria to determine valid maximal effort. The current study samples are not representative of the population of adults with DS in terms of sex, age and diverse backgrounds and therefore likely overestimate VO2peak of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop health promotion (HP) in sports clubs (SCs), stakeholders need to know the HP expectations of sports participants. However, the literature does not provide information on these aspects, which exacerbates the difficulty for SCs to provide an environment, activities and organization that promote health and to play the role entrusted to them in the integration of vulnerable populations. To fill this gap, this study explores the HP expectations and perceptions of sports participants, with a particular focus on ethnocultural characteristics, and documents participants' understanding of HP. A descriptive qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews was carried out with 22 French and Quebec sports participants. Because they have little experience with HP in their SC, participants do not seem to have many expectations of their SC in terms of HP. Nevertheless, they felt that SCs can play an important role in health and suggested several themes and types of action, such as seminars on nutrition, activities outside the SC to develop cohesion or health monitoring. Sports participants from ethnocultural minorities seem to appreciate the programs designed to integrate them. There is a predominantly physical conception of health and the contribution of SCs to health, and the relationship between the types of health determinants (economic, environmental, organizational and social) and health is not clear. This study shows that the idea of a health-promoting SC appeals to SC participants, but this approach has not yet taken root in this setting or in society as a whole., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)