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The Louvre Museum recently placed online Mariette's notebooks from the mid 19th century which include information on the find-spots of stelae from the Lesser Vaults of the Memphis Serapeum, the underground tomb complex of the Apis bulls at Saqqara. Some of these stelae name the reigning pharaoh and/or give dates for the bulls. The tombs had been ransacked but it seems that enough stelae remained close to their original positions to help determine the approximate location of each bull burial, a subject which has long been debated. Analysis of Mariette's documents suggests a greater overlap between Dynasties 22 and 25 than is generally accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genetic test for Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) is one of the newest technologies to reduce uncertainty in calf production. It provides information about the genetic composition of a bull, which relates to its propensity to produce offspring with specific growth and quality characteristics. Objective: To evaluate the influence of EPDs reports on the variation of Nellore bull semen prices for artificial insemination in the Brazilian beef cattle industry. Methods: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions were estimated. The study utilized genetic data provided by GENEPLUS as well as market prices of semen and physical measurements of the bulls collected from the Alta Genetics Insemination Agency. Results: Genetic results, except for age at first calving, weaning weight, and weight at 120 days EPDs, have little influence on semen prices. For each additional day expected for the first calving of the progeny average price of semen decreases by 0.66%. For each additional kg expected in weaning weight, the semen price was 1.73% higher. Furthermore, for each additional kg expected in the progeny at 120 days, semen price increased by 2.46%. Conclusion: Joint analyses of genetic reports and physical characteristics of bulls may provide a better explanatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of prey sociality reflects trade-offs between predation risk, and competition for mates and resources. Consequently, the degree of sociality is predicted to differ spatiotemporally. Variations in nychthemeral sociality are, however, understudied. We assessed the activity of solitary, territorial black wildebeest bulls (Connochaetes gnou) over rutting and non-rutting seasons. We predicted that solitary bulls would reduce their nocturnal use of territorial stands and join herds to reduce predation risk from nocturnally hunting lions (Panthera leo), but that these responses would differ across rutting and non-rutting seasons. We used camera trap data and modelled solitary bull and herd activity over 24-hour daily cycles, across rutting and non-rutting seasons. We calculated the proportion of images with solitary bulls and herds across nocturnal and diurnal periods, across both seasons. We show that solitary bulls are predominantly diurnal across both seasons, but the probability of nocturnal detection is higher in the rutting than in the non-rutting season. Furthermore, we recorded a lower proportion of solitary bulls to herds at night in the non-rutting relative to the rutting season. Thus, wildebeest bulls may trade-off predation risk for mate acquisition during the rutting season but reduce risky solitary behaviour during the non-rutting season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare the plasma (PL) and seminal plasma (SP) pharmacokinetic profile of ceftiofur (CEFT) and desuroylceftiofur acetamide (DFCA) after administration of CEFT crystalline-free acid (CCFA) by SC route in two sites of the ear in beef bulls. Four clinically healthy Hereford bulls received a comprehensive physical exam and subsequently a breeding-soundness examination, CBC, and chemistry profile panel. All bulls were diagnosed healthy and satisfactory potential breeders. In one group (n = 2), a single dose of CCFA was administered SC route at the base of the ear (BOE) at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight. The second group (n = 2) was also administered by SC route in the middle third of the posterior aspect of the ear (MTE). The concentrations of CEFT and DFCA in PL and SP were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Blood and semen samples were collected before the administration of CCFA and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. No levels of CEFT were detected in PL and only in 20 of the 40 SP samples (P = 0.0001). The mean level of CEFT in SP was 0.11 % in comparison with the DFCA level. DFCA was found in all PL and SP samples. Therefore, DFCA was chosen to be utilized in the study of the pharmacokinetics parameters both in PL and SP. There were no differences in the mean PL levels of DFCA for the two sites of SC administration between the BOE (102.9 ± 78.9 ng/mL; X ± SD) and to MTE (116.1 ± 70.2 ng/mL; P = 0.58). The mean SP levels of DFCA after administration in the BOE was 857 ± 747 ng/mL, and for the MTE was 549 ± 488 ng/mL without differences between both sites (P = 0.15). The mean level of DFCA in PL was 109.5 ± 74.0 ng/mL, which was lower than the mean SP levels of 695 ± 103 ng/mL (P = 0.001). Moreover, the PL peak DFCA concentration (C max) was 229 ± 46 ng/mL at 36.0 ± 29.4 h (T max) post-administration. The SP C max was 1851 ± 533 ng/mL at 30.0 ± 28.6 h (T max) post-administration. The C max between PL and SP were distinctive (P = 0.004) without any differences in T max between PL and SP (P = 0.60). The terminal half-life for PL DFCA (47.4 ± 29.3 h) was not different than in SP (53.1 ± 23.6 h; P = 0.77). The PL area under the curve concentration time from the first to the last sample (AUC 0–last) was 18,984 ± 4841 ng/mL/h, which was significatively smaller compared with 125,677 ± 59,445 ng/mL/h for SP AUC 0–last (P = 0.04). The PL mean residence time from the first to the last sample (MRT 0–last) was 69.7 ± 15.1 h, and it was similar than for SP of 66.5 ± 7.7 h (P = 0.69). From the present investigation, based in its pharmacokinetic features, it was concluded that CCFA should be an appropriate antibiotic that could be used for the treatment of bull genital infections when its indication is properly outlined. To study the pharmacokinetics of CCFA in SP, DFCA metabolite was appropriated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) is the best methodology to estimate the fertility potential of future bulls and performing indirect selection for their fertility. However, the outcome of the BSE is influenced by several factors, including genetics, environment, and BSE guidelines. Herein, in this retrospective study, our first aim was to characterize the reasons for failure in 46,566 BSE from 2-year-old beef Bos indicus bulls (Nellore) born from 1997 to 2018. Our second aim was to determine whether or not BSE was associated with reproductive potential improvement of the bulls over the years. Due to changes in the BSE criteria, we used the same dataset, but only bulls born from 2002 to 2018 were included resulting in 35,856 BSE. For the second aim, the effect of the year and farm were included in the model of the multivariate logistic regression. We also determined if the main reasons for BSE failure decreased over time. Bulls were classified as approved (satisfactory potential breeders and qualified for natural breeding service) and not approved (deferred and unsatisfactory potential breeders). The reasons for BSE failure in Nellore bulls were poor semen quality (53.1 %) and physical defects (46.9 %), with the main physical defect being testis abnormalities (19.7 %). The overall percentage of bulls approved each year was 87.1 %, with no improvement over the years of study. However, the percentage of approved bulls at the first BSE increased over the years (P < 0.05). This increase was evident by a reduction in the difference between the overall percentage of the bulls approved vs the percentage of bulls approved at the first BSE. Furthermore, there was an increase in the percentage of bulls classified as satisfactory potential breeders in the BSE and an evident decrease in the percentage of bulls qualified only for natural breeding service (P < 0.05). In addition, an increase of the scrotal circumference (SC) of the herd was found (P < 0.05). These results indicate the overall quality of the bulls improved over the years. To associate and identify the main sperm abnormalities, 3461 not approved bulls were clustered. The most frequent defects were strongly coiled tail spermatozoa, proximal droplets, and acrosomal defects. Overall, there was no change in the frequency of bulls not approved by the sperm morphology nor the frequency of the main sperm abnormalities over the years. Nevertheless, the frequency of the defects remained very low, implying they were controlled. Additionally, abnormalities in the testis decreased over the years and was associated with the increase in the SC of the herd and a decrease of culled bulls due to low SC. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that there is an association between implementation and use of BSE with improvements in the reproductive quality of future generation bulls. • Records of 20 years and 46,566 BSE from a seedstock herd in Brazil were investigated. • About 14 % of the bulls fail to be approved in the BSE at two years of age. • Semen quality (53 %) & physical defects (47 %) were the most common causes of failure. • Testicular abnormalities decreased, & scrotal circumference increased over the years. • BSE was associated with increased percentage of bulls approved at first BSE over years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: Before fertilization, spermatozoa undergo a crucial maturation step called capacitation, which is a unique event regulates the sperm's ability for successful fertilization. The capacitation process takes place as the spermatozoa pass through the female reproductive tract (FRT). Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) protein is a post-pyruvate metabolic enzyme, exhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which causes capacitation. Additionally, other vital functions of DLD in buffalo spermatozoa are hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. DLD produces the optimum amount of ROS required to induce capacitation process in FRT. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLD can either enhance or attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in the production of ROS in sperm cells can impact their ability to fertilize by triggering the capacitation and acrosome reaction. Results: In this study, abundance of DLD protein was quantified between high (n = 5) and low fertile bull (n = 5) spermatozoa. It was found that compared to high-fertile (HF) bulls, low-fertile (LF) bulls exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher DLD abundances. Herein, we optimised the MICA concentration to inhibit DLD function, spermatozoa were treated with MICA in time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h) and concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L) dependent manner. Maximum DLD inhibition was found to be at 4 h in 10 mmol/L MICA concentration, which was used for further experimentation in HF and LF. Based on DLD inhibition it was seen that LF bull spermatozoa exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher ROS production and acrosome reaction in comparison to the HF bull spermatozoa. The kinematic parameters of the spermatozoa such as percent total motility, velocity parameters (VCL, VSL, and VAP) and other parameters (BCF, STR, and LIN) were also decreased in MICA treated spermatozoa in comparison to the control (capacitated) spermatozoa. Conclusions: The present study provides an initial evidence explaining the buffalo bull spermatozoa with higher DLD abundance undergo early capacitation, which subsequently reduces their capacity to fertilize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the 136th Rural Exhibition of Palermo, the Bovine Reproduction Day was held, where the possibility of classifying bulls based on seminal quality was discussed. It was highlighted that the seminal quality of a bull can vary up to 20% between fertile bulls, and that there are also differences in seminal quality between ejaculates from the same bull. Other factors that influence bull fertility are the age of the breeder and environmental conditions. However, it is noted that the evaluation of seminal quality does not allow for certain prediction of which bull will impregnate more in the field. [Extracted from the article]

In this note, we prove a family of sharp weighed inequalities which involve weighted k-th mean curvature integral and two distinct quermassintegrals for closed hypersurfaces in \mathbb {R}^n. This inequality generalizes the corresponding result of Wei and Zhou [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 55 (2023), pp. 263–281] where their proof is based on earlier results of Kwong-Miao [Pacific J. Math. 267 (2014), pp. 417–422; Commun. Contemp. Math. 17 (2015), p. 1550014]. Here we present a proof which does not rely on Kwong-Miao's results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the uniqueness problems of fn(z)L(g) and gn(z)L(f) when they share a non-zero small function α(z) with finite weights, where L(h) represents any one of h(k)(z), h(z + c), h(z + c) - h(z) and h(k)(z + c), k ≥ 1 and c is a non-zero constant. Here f(z) and g(z) are transcendental meromorphic (or entire) functions and α(z) is a small function with respect to both f(z) and g(z). Our results improve and supplement the recent results due to Gao and Liu [Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 59 (2022), 155-166]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Industrial hemp by-products have yet to be approved by the organizations governing what can be considered an animal feed ingredient, highlighting the importance of determining the safety and efficacy of hempseed meal as a potential feed ingredient for ruminants. In this study, hempseed meal, a by-product of hemp oil production, was offered to yearling rough-stock bulls at 10% of the diet. No effects on weight, interim intake, or efficiency were observed, suggesting that the overall performance of animals offered the hempseed meal versus a control supplement was not different. Bulls offered the hempseed meal supplement were also observed to maintain an elevated dry matter intake per day compared to bulls offered the control supplement. Furthermore, elevated plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were observed in the bulls offered the hempseed meal. Bulls offered the hempseed meal performed similarly to those fed the same nutrient profile of standard, commercially available feed ingredients, indicating comparable nutrient availability. This demonstrates the potential of hempseed meal to effectively compete against readily available feed ingredients. Yearling rough-stock bulls (n = 38) were utilized in a randomized complete block design to evaluate dietary hempseed meal (HSM) inclusion on growth (ADG), intake (DMI), and efficiency (F:G). Bulls were blocked by body weight (BW), grouped into 10 pens (n = 3–4 bulls/pen), and randomly assigned to an HSM or control supplement treatment (CON; 72.5% cottonseed meal, 14.5% soy hulls, 13% fat). Treatments were offered at 10%, while 90% was fed as a mixed ration [50% Bermuda grass hay, 40% textured commercial feed (10% CP)]. Diet samples were dried and DMI was calculated. F:G was evaluated using DMI and ADG. Blood for plasma analysis and BW were obtained on sample days, prior to feed delivery. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS version 9.4. The results were considered significant when p ≤ 0.050. There was no treatment × time interaction, or treatment effect for interim BW, ADG, or F:G (p ≥ 0.100). A treatment × time interaction occurred for DMI (p < 0.01), and BW (p = 0.01) increased in all bulls over time, while ADG decreased (p = 0.005), suggesting that interim live performance was not affected by HSM. Plasma urea nitrogen increased over time (p < 0.001) in all bulls, with greater concentrations observed in HSM bulls (p = 0.043). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized indicators of α- and β-diversity (𝒚′𝒌𝒎) calculated by DNA microsatellites (STR) in samples of bulls of Red Scandinavian (RED, n = 29) and Holstein (HOL, n = 45) breeds (each with three sub-samples) were analyzed using one-two- and multivariate statistics methods. The data represented two 11×7 matrices: objects – 11 STR loci (Eth3, Inra23, Tgla227, Tgla126, Tgla122, Sps115, Eth225, Tgla53, Bm2113, Bm1824, Eth10; No.1-11), variables – three indicators of α-diversity (number of alleles and effective alleles per locus, heterozygosity) and four – β-diversity (indices: fixation by Nei, differentiation by Meirmans-Hedrick, Jost and Shannon-Sherwin). ANOVA, using a fixed-type model, revealed a statistically significant (pvalue< 0.02) effect on the variability of 𝒚′𝒌𝒎 factors «breed» (2 %), «locus» (36.7 %) and their interaction (15.6 %). According to the mixed-type model (the «locus» factor as random), only the interaction effect was statistically significant (25.8 %, pvalue< 0.0001). The probability of a noncoincidence between the numbers of a randomly selected pair of loci from the RED and HOL samples was 31 %. The average Euclidean distance between the two samples, calculated by analogical loci, was 37.8±5.35 %. The Mantel correlation between the matrices of paired interlocus distances in RED and in HOL samples was 0.257±0.130 (pvalue = 0.056). The ordinations of loci and their grouping (structuring) in the space of the two main components of the REL sample and the HOL sample differed (Procrust test: m2 = 0.994, m12 = 0.747, pperm = 0.164, 𝒓𝟐𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄 = 0.253). Estimates of the distance between samples based on the profiles of the α- and β-diversity of loci did not contradict, in general, the genetic distances calculated by allelic frequencies (29–37 %). To analyze the covariance (commonality) of multivariate RED and HOL sample data, a two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) method was used. The integrated latent variables (LV) maximized the total square of covariance («squared covar» = 14.3 %), in which 83 % accounted for the first LV with max «weights» in terms of α-diversity (aLV). The second LV accounted for 16.7 % with max «weights» in terms of β-diversity (βLV). The linear relationship between RED and HOL samples for aLV was 0.717 (pvalue = 0.013), for βLV – 0.395 (pvalue = 0.229), averaged – 0.56 (pvalue = 0.025). The commonality (co-dispersion) of the two samples for aLV and βLV was estimated at 25,0–32.5 %. 2B-PLS analysis based on reduced data (only for α-diversity) showed a max «squared covar» of 0.393, in which 99.9 % accounted for the first LV (LV1). According to LV1, the linear relationship between RED and HOL samples was estimated at 0.659 (pvalue = 0.0253), the co-dispersion was 43.4 % (according to aLV it was 51.4 %). The ordinations of loci in the coordinate space of the RED and HOL samples for the complete (αLV) and reduced (LV1) datasets had a good match (Procrust test: m2 = 0.0742, m12 = 0.0728, pperm = 0.001, 𝒓𝟐𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄 = 0.927). In the structure of the inter-sample covariance, «clumps» of loci with a bootstrap probability of [grouping] 50, 75 and 100 % were distinguished. It can be assumed that the RED and HOL samples had some consistency (congruence) in terms of the α-diversity of the loci of the same name. The extension of the «multivariate» approach to descriptive statistics of α-diversity of 7 breeds of dairy cattle and 11 breeds of pigs showed a fairly good correspondence of the results (differentiation index, PCA-ordination) with those obtained using «traditional» methods (pperm of matching ordinations 0.054 and 0.004). The approaches and methods considered expand the possibilities of population-genetic [and breeding-zootechnical] studies in which multidimensional data sets are the norm, not the exception.

Introduction: Fermented jujube powder (FJP) promotes a balance between the intestinal microflora and immune factors in animals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of FJP on the production performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and antioxidant properties of bulls. Methods: Forty Simmental bulls were randomly divided into four groups based on body weight and fed a basal diet with [5, 7.5, or 10% dry matter (DM)] or without FJP. The experimental period was 20 d for adaptation and 60 d for the feeding trial. Results: Dietary FJP supplementation did not affect DM intake (P > 0.05) but increased the average daily gain quadratically (P = 0.049) and decreased the feed conversion ratio linearly (P = 0.042). FJP quadratically enhanced DM and crude protein digestibility (P = 0.026 and P = 0.041, respectively) and linearly enhanced acid detergent fiber digestibility (P = 0.048). It also increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration quadratically (P = 0.037), acetate molar percentage, and acetate-to-propionate ratio linearly (P = 0.002 and 0.001), and reduced the ammonia nitrogen concentration linearly (P = 0.003). Additionally, xylanase and protease activities and Ruminococcus flavefaciens abundance increased linearly (P = 0.006, 0.018, and 0.009, respectively), and total bacteria, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminobacter amylophilus abundance increased quadratically (P = 0.047, 0.011, and 0.021, respectively). FJP linearly increased serum total protein concentration and antioxidant capacity (P = 0.003 and 0.018, respectively) and decreased malonaldehyde content (P = 0.006). Discussion: FJP supplementation (7.5%) enhanced production performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and serum antioxidant capacity in bulls. The improved nutrient digestion may be due to an increase in ruminal microorganisms and total volatile fatty acids from the FJP. High blood antioxidant levels indicate that FJP may preserve proteins, thereby boosting the production performance of bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two different grasses offered to weaned beef breed bulls until slaughter. Three cuts of tall fescue (TF) and meadow fescue (MF) were harvested with as similar chemical composition as possible, pre-wilted and ensiled separately in bales. Forty newly weaned intact bulls of Continental beef breeds were kept indoors and randomized to one of the two silages, complemented with 2.5–3.0 kg grain/day, and followed until slaughter. The two silages were offered simultaneously from the same cut during most of the finishing period. Bulls receiving TF had a higher silage dry matter intake than bulls offered MF (7.69 vs. 7.04 kg-d; P = 0.0026) but had lower carcass weight (370 vs. 380 kg; P = 0.0357). From this limited study it was concluded that replacing traditional MF silage with TF silage might compromise the carcass performance of finishing beef bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between peripheral and seminal hormones and biochemical parameters with sperm kinematics across seasons in buffalo bulls were studied. Semen from buffalo bulls (n = 13) during different seasons viz. summer, comfort (spring and autumn) and winter was collected. Sperm kinematics of ejaculates (n = 39) (three ejaculates per bull) were carried out during each season and simultaneously blood (10 mL) was collected and serum was separated for hormones (leptin, testosterone and kisspeptin) and biochemical [heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), ascorbic acid and total antioxidant capacity] estimation. Total motility (TM, %), progressive motility (PM, %) and rapid motility (RM, %) showed significant differences across seasons with the highest TM, PM and RM during winter. HSP70 was higher in seminal plasma levels during summer and TAC was higher in serum than seminal plasma during all seasons. In conclusion, seminal leptin and ascorbic acid showed an association with sperm kinematics across seasons in buffalo bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In [V. M. Abramov, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc., 104, 108 (2021)], the fixed-point equation was studied for an infinite nonnegative particular Toeplitz matrix. In the present work, we provide an alternative proof of the existence of a positive solution in the general case. This proof is based on the application of a version of the M. A. Krasnosel'skii fixed-point theorem. The results are then extended to the equations with infinite matrices of the general type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using seven indicator traits, we investigated the genetic basis of bull fertility and predicted gene interactions from SNP associations. We used percent normal sperm as the key phenotype for the association weight matrix–partial correlation information theory (AWM‐PCIT) approach. Beyond a simple list of candidate genes, AWM‐PCIT predicts significant gene interactions and associations for the selected traits. These interactions formed a network of 537 genes: 38 genes were transcription cofactors, and 41 genes were transcription factors. The network displayed two distinct clusters, one with 294 genes and another with 243 genes. The network is enriched in fertility‐associated pathways: steroid biosynthesis, p53 signalling, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Enrichment analysis also highlighted gene ontology terms associated with 'regulation of neurotransmitter secretion' and 'chromatin formation'. Our network recapitulates some genes previously implicated in another network built with lower‐density genotypes. Sequence‐level data also highlights additional candidate genes relevant to bull fertility, such as FOXO4, FOXP3, GATA1, CYP27B1, and EBP. A trio of regulatory genes—KDM5C, LRRK2, and PME—was deemed core to the network because of their overarching connections. This trio probably influences bull fertility through their interaction with genes, both known and unknown as to their role in male fertility. Future studies may target the trio and their target genes to enrich our understanding of male fertility further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focused on a one-dimensional elastic system with a double porosity structure and frictional damping acting on both porous equations. We introduce two stability numbers χ 0 {\chi_{0}} and χ 1 {\chi_{1}} and prove that the solution of the system decays exponentially provided that χ 0 = 0 {\chi_{0}=0} and χ 1 ≠ 0 {\chi_{1}\neq 0} . Otherwise, we prove the absence of exponential decay. Our results improve the results of [N. Bazarra, J. R. Fernández, M. C. Leseduarte, A. Magaña and R. Quintanilla, On the thermoelasticity with two porosities: Asymptotic behaviour, Math. Mech. Solids 24 2019, 9, 2713–2725] and [A. Nemsi and A. Fareh, Exponential decay of the solution of a double porous elastic system, Politehn. Univ. Bucharest Sci. Bull. Ser. A Appl. Math. Phys. 83 2021, 1, 41–50]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the ornamentation of the Lascaux cave seems relatively homogeneous in style, the analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of 32 microsamples from the figures of the Hall of the Bulls (Bull Rotunda) and one desquamated sample from the soil highlighted different paint pots. The black and red paint matters with their associated mineralogical phases were extensively characterized. Considering previous stylistic and superimposition studies, we were eventually able to confirm five creation steps of monothematic figures ('assemblages') based on the chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Further interpretations in terms of the rhythm and temporal framework of the Hall of the Bulls (Bull Rotunda) of the Lascaux cave could be reinforced. Some particular representations such as the black cave bear and one of the cross‐shaped signs were shown to be likely added at later moments by different hands because their paint pots were different from those of the Bull Rotunda and similar to that of other representations in deeper rooms of the Lascaux cave. We also found that the paint matter of the Bull Rotunda was different than those of other Palaeolithic cave sites on a more regional scale indicating a very local sourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper ideal I of a commutative ring R is said to be a strongly quasi-primary ideal if, whenever a , b ∈ R with a b ∈ I , then a 2 ∈ I or b ∈ I (see [S. Koc, U. Tekir and G. Ulucak, On strongly quasi primary ideals, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 56(3) (2019) 729–743]). This paper studies the class of strongly quasi-primary ideals with a radical equal to the nil-radical of R , called the class of quasi- n -ideals. Among other results, this new class of ideals is used to characterize when the nil-radical of R is a maximal or a minimal ideal of R. Many examples are given to illustrate the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the efficacy of computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and smartphone‐applied sperm analysis (SASA) in assessing the quality of frozen–thawed bull semen. A total of 75 straws (n = 75) semen samples were used from different production batches of five Holstein bulls. The semen analyses were conducted in three groups: Group I (CASA‐37°C), semen samples were evaluated using the CASA system at 37°C (n = 25); Group II (SASA‐25°C), semen samples were assessed using the SASA system at a temperature of room heat (25°C) (n = 25); and Group III (SASA‐37°C), semen samples were evaluated using the SASA system at 37°C (n = 25). The frozen–thawed bull semen samples were analysed in terms of total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), immotile, velocity average path (VAP), velocity curve linear (VCL), velocity straight line (VSL) and sperm concentration. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of spermatozoa concentration (p >.05). However, significant differences among the groups were observed for total motile spermatozoa values (p <.001). Values of progressive motile spermatozoa were lower in Group I and Group II compared to Group III (p <.001). The immotile spermatozoa values were significant between the groups (p <.001) and were found to be proportional to total motile spermatozoa values. Additionally, the VAP, VCL and VSL values were comparable between Group II and Group III, but lower when compared to Group I. In conclusion, the results of the study demonstrate that the Sperm Cell™ system can accurately analyse the concentration of frozen–thawed bull semen. The analyses performed at room temperature indicate a parallelism between the PM value and CASA results. However, it is thought that SASA devices require a series of standardization studies in different semen extenders, different sample concentrations and different animal species, analogous to the standardization evolution process of CASA devices in semen analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of high-quality and safe food products in areas contaminated by radiation due to the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident remains a pressing issue. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and transfer factors of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in bull products when including various high-protein feeds, such as narrow-leaved lupin and genetically modified soybean, in their diets. The study employed zootechnical methods (design and conduct of a scientific-economic experiment on animals), radiological and spectrometric methods (determination of the concentration of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in feeds, longissimus dorsi muscle, liver, kidneys, and testes of bulls), and statistical methods. It was established that when using GM soybean in the grain mixture, the concentration of 137Cs in the muscle tissue of animals in Group II (experimental) decreased relative to the control by 2.57 Bq/kg, or by 40.5% with a statistically significant difference between groups (P > 0.99). Furthermore, the transfer factor of the radionuclide into the muscle tissue of animals in Group II compared to Group I also had 2.15% abs. lower. The content of Pb in the muscle tissue of bulls in both experimental groups exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 2.52-2.78 times, while the concentration of Cd in the longissimus dorsi muscle and Cu in the liver of animals in Group II also exceeded sanitary-hygienic requirements by 10.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The introduction of 40% (by mass) of maize grain and 30% of GM soybean into the grain mixture instead of the same amount of wheat and lupin chop during the fattening of animals in the third zone of radioactive contamination contributed to significantly higher content and transfer of heavy metals into muscle tissue: Pb - by 10.3% and 0.10% abs., Cd - 10.0 and 0.03, Cu - 17.2 and 0.53, and Zn - by 17.2% and 2.40% abs. The results of the research can be used in agricultural enterprises and private households that produce livestock products in areas with a high anthropogenic load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 may have different effects on animal growth and health due to unique metabolism in vivo. This study was investigated to explore the different effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on growth performance, lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, cecal microbiota, and inflammation in fattening bulls. Thirty finishing Angus bulls (626 ± 69 kg, 21 ± 0.5 months) were divided into 3 treatments according to the randomized block design: (1) control diet without additional fat (CON), (2) CON + 2.5% palmitic acid calcium salt (PA, 90% C16:0), and (3) CON + 2.5% mixed fatty acid calcium salt (MA, 60% C16:0 + 30% cis-9 C18:1). The experiment lasted for 104 d, after which all the bulls were slaughtered and sampled for analysis. Results: MA tended to reduce 0–52 d dry matter intake compared to PA (DMI, P = 0.052). Compared with CON and MA, PA significantly increased 0–52 d average daily gain (ADG, P = 0.027). PA tended to improve the 0–52 d feed conversion rate compared with CON (FCR, P = 0.088). Both PA and MA had no significant effect on 52–104 days of DMI, ADG and FCR (P > 0.05). PA tended to improve plasma triglycerides compared with MA (P = 0.077), significantly increased plasma cholesterol (P = 0.002) and tended to improve subcutaneous adipose weight (P = 0.066) when compared with CON and MA. Both PA and MA increased visceral adipose weight compared with CON (P = 0.021). Only PA increased the colonization of Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcus and Proteobacteria in the cecum, and MA increased Akkermansia abundance (P < 0.05). Compared with CON, both PA and MA down-regulated the mRNA expression of Claudin-1 in the jejunum (P < 0.001), increased plasma diamine oxidase (DAO, P < 0.001) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, P = 0.045). Compared with CON and MA, PA down-regulated the ZO-1 in the jejunum (P < 0.001) and increased plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP, P < 0.001). Compared with CON, only PA down-regulated the Occludin in the jejunum (P = 0.013). Compared with CON, PA and MA significantly up-regulated the expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB in the visceral adipose (P < 0.001) and increased plasma IL-6 (P < 0.001). Compared with CON, only PA up-regulated the TNF-α in the visceral adipose (P = 0.01). Compared with CON and MA, PA up-regulated IL-6 in the visceral adipose (P < 0.001), increased plasma TNF-α (P < 0.001), and reduced the IgG content in plasma (P = 0.035). Compared with CON, PA and MA increased C16:0 in subcutaneous fat and longissimus dorsi muscle (P < 0.05), while more C16:0 was also deposited by extension and desaturation into C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1. However, neither PA nor MA affected the content of cis-9 C18:1 in longissimus dorsi muscle compared with CON (P > 0.05). Conclusions: MA containing 30% cis-9 C18:1 reduced the risk of high C16:0 dietary fat induced subcutaneous fat obesity, adipose tissue and systemic low-grade inflammation by accelerating fatty acid oxidative utilization, improving colonization of Akkermansia, reducing intestinal barrier damage, and down-regulating NF-κB activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of season, age and period on semen traits in buffalo bulls. Data collected during the year 2010–2021 for seven semen traits viz. ejaculate volume (VOL), sperm concentration (SPC), mass activity (MA), initial motility (BFM), post-thaw motility (PTM), number of sperms per ejaculate (NSP) and number of motile sperm (NMSP) from Murrah buffalo bulls (n = 45; aged: 24–75 months). A general mixed model was applied to obtain the R2 value which was the proportion of variation in semen variable. With study period, the highest SPC was obtained during 2012; with the season, the highest VOL (ml) in hot humid and the highest SPC during the hot-dry season and with age, higher VOL, SPC, NSP and NMSP was obtained in older bulls. This study showed that factors i.e. period, season and age had a significant effect on semen traits viz. VOL, MA, SPC, BFM, PTM, NSP and NMSP in buffalo bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine pain assessment relies on validated behavioral scales related to normal and pain-related behaviors. This study investigated the reliability and applicability of real-time and video-recorded pain assessment, and their agreement, in young, adult bulls undergoing surgical castration. Ten Nelore and nine Angus bulls underwent general anesthesia and surgical castration. Three-minute real-time observations and simultaneous videos were recorded at − 48 h (M0), before sedation, under fasting (M1), after surgery, 3 h after sternal recumbency (M2), after rescue analgesia (M3) and at 24 h (M4). Animals received morphine (after M2), dipyrone (after M3), and flunixin meglumine after surgical castration (M4). Two trained evaluators assessed real-time (n = 95) and video-recorded time-points (n = 95) using the Unesp-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale (UCAPS). Both assessment methods inferred 'very good' reliability (≥ 0.81) with minimal bias, however, video-recorded assessment (4.33 ± 2.84) demonstrated slightly higher scores compared to real-time (3.08 ± 2.84). The results from this study suggest that UCAPS can be used in real-time or video-recorded to assess pain and guide analgesic therapy in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrotal circumference (SC) is the main indicator of sperm production potential, this dimension is used to increase the reproductive capacity of bulls. SC can be used as a criterion for fertility selection in cattle farms. The objective of the research is to review the importance of reproductive evaluation of the bull and the correlation of scrotal circumference with semen quality. A bibliographic review was carried out to demonstrate the main advantages of testicular size and weight in young bulls since it is highly correlated with scrotal circumference, which is the main indicator of sperm production potential. It was concluded that selecting young bulls with a good scrotal circumference has benefits, since they produce more semen of higher quality compared to bulls of the same age, but with smaller testicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viscoelastic properties of the female reproductive tract influence sperm swimming behavior, but the exact role of these rheological changes in regulating sperm energetics remains unknown. Using high‐speed dark‐field microscopy, the flagellar dynamics of free‐swimming sperm across a physiologically relevant range of viscosities is resolved. A transition from 3D to 2D slither swimming under an increased viscous loading is revealed, in the absence of any geometrical or chemical stimuli. This transition is species‐specific, aligning with viscosity variations within each species' reproductive tract. Despite substantial drag increase, 2D slithering sperm maintain a steady swimming speed across a wide viscosity range (20–250 and 75–1000 mPa s for bull and human sperm) by dissipating over sixfold more energy into the fluid without elevating metabolic activity, potentially by altering the mechanisms of dynein motor activity. This energy‐efficient motility mode is ideally suited for the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy cattle industry has witnessed significant advancements in production traits, including milk yield, reproduction, and health, through decades of breeding efforts. Despite these improvements, cow health and milk hygiene remain essential. High immune response (HIR) technology identifies cattle with optimized immune responses, enabling the selection of bulls with high immune responses for breeding. Studies indicate that HIR-based breeding improves animal health without compromising production traits. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of bulls with a high immune response in improving milk yield, milk contents, and somatic cell count in the milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. A total of 11,509 cows of the Polish Holstein-Friesian breed were used. Among those, 1,773 animals were the offspring of HIR bulls, including 926 first-generation offspring (called I50 group) and 847 second-generation offspring (I25 group). There were 9,736 animals unrelated to HIR bulls (I0 group). Selected production and functional traits were analyzed. The results show that cows with higher kinship to HIR bulls showed increased milk yield. However, their milk exhibited lower fat, protein, and casein content. A favorable impact of HIR bulls was demonstrated by the decrease in somatic cell count in their offspring's milk compared to the milk of cows from the I0 group. This research contributes valuable insights into the potential benefits of using HIR bulls in dairy cattle breeding programs, emphasizing the importance of balancing production traits with health considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If p(z) = Xn ν=0 aνz ν is a polynomial of degree n having all its zeros in |z| ≤ k, k ≥ 1, Jain [Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumania Tome, 59(2016), 339-347] proved max |z|=1 |p′ (z)| ≥ nAk max |z|=1 |p(z)|, where Ak = ( |a0| + |an|k n+1/ |ao|(1 + k n+1) + |an|(k n+1 + k 2n) ) . In this paper, we initially derive a generalized form that not only encompasses but also enhances the aforementioned inequality. Additionally, we extend this formulation to a more comprehensive result, thereby producing an improved outcome for certain established inequalities as a specific instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The choice of superior herd sires is essential for genetic improvement in dairy cattle, with sperm quality serving as a key factor. Bull semen’s superior qualities are essential for accelerating genetic improvement through AI. These characteristics are affected by several factors, including the environment, management techniques, physiological condition and hereditary factors. This study involved in evaluating genetic and non-genetic factors influencing seminal attributes. Methods: Data on 1,85,413 ejaculates from nine genetic groups viz. Jersey, Holstein Friesian, crossbred Jersey, crossbred Holstein Friesian, Bargur, Kangayam, Pulikulam, Umblachery and Red Sindhi were collected from four frozen semen stations of Tamil Nadu State. Semen production data viz. ejaculate volume (mL), spermatozoa concentration (million per mL), initial motility (percentage), post-thaw motility (percentage), total initial motile spermatozoa and total post-thaw motile spermatozoa were also examined for various genetic and non-genetic factors affecting them using linear mixed model with repeated measures. Result: The overall estimated marginal means for Volume of ejaculate, Concentration of spermatozoa, Initial motility, Total initial motile spermatozoa per ejaculate, Total doses per ejaculate, Post-thaw motility and Total post-thaw motile spermatozoa per ejaculate were 3.11±0.11 (mL), 963±30.60 (106 /mL), 79.50±1.29 (per cent), 1847±118 (106 ), 151.00±7.20, 51.00±0.42 (per cent) and 1535±80.20 (106 ) respectively. The effect of all genetic and non-genetic factors (farms, ejaculates, period, seasons, age) were observed to be significantly influencing the seminal traits considered in the study. However, the estimated marginal means of each trait displayed varied ranges of mean against non-genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bachaur is a mediumized draft purpose breed which has been recognized by ICAR‐National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) Karnal, India, and presently is on the verge of extinction. Since there are no data regarding the seminal parameters of this breed, this work was performed to evaluate seminal parameters of freshly ejaculated semen. A total of three healthy breeding Bachaur bulls aged 2.5–5 years were selected for the study which were maintained under identical managemental conditions. Semen parameters of these bulls were studied across 10 ejaculates. The average scrotal circumference and testicular weight of the three bulls were 27.78 ± 1.2 cm and 400.67 ± 26.6 g, respectively. The average overall volume (mL), pH, concentration (million/mL), liveability (%), abnormality (%), HOST (%) and acrosome integrity (%) were 2.20 ± 0.19, 6.86 ± 0.06, 1245.60 ± 23.49, 85.09 ± 0.91, 4.13 ± 0.06, 81.16 ± 1.18 and 83.54 ± 1.32, respectively. The average overall mass motility of three Bachaur bulls was 3.57 ± 0.06 in 0–5 scale and individual motility averaged 84.78 ± 1.70 per cent. The volume of ejaculates in Bachaur bull seemed to be lower as compared to other exotic and Indian breeds. However, the semen parameters with regard to mass motility, liveability, abnormalities, hypo‐osmotic swelling test (HOST) and acrosomal integrity seemed similar to other exotic and Indian breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift is the property of Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sperm rheotaxis is a sperm guidance mechanism that helps to guide and select high-quality sperm cells within the female reproductive tract. Semen is usually evaluated using either the traditional subjective method of evaluation or computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). These methods provide information about sperm concentration, viability and motility parameters and ignoring sperm ability to travel inside the female reproductive tract. Our goal was to detect the individual variations between different sires through evaluation of post thawed frozen semen using sperm rheotaxis. We studied sperm rheotaxis and sperm kinematics inside microfluidic platforms together with subjective semen analysis (motility, viability, and sperm morphology) in post-thawed bull frozen semen in different sires. The results showed that the positive rheotaxis (PR) was higher in the postthawed frozen semen of some bulls (P < 0.05) than in others. Our results also revealed that the bulls with the higher PR% have significantly higher straight-line velocity (VSL) and subjective analysis parameters (motility and viability) (P < 0.05) than bull with the lower PR. Furthermore, PR was positively correlated with VSL (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and with subjective motility and viability (r =0.57, P = 0.007 and r = 0.49; P= 0.02, respectively). Thus, we concluded that sperm rheotaxis should be used as a new parameter in evaluation of post-thawed frozen semen quality in bull. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the freezing process of semen, due to the generating of significant amounts of free radicals, the quality of sperm changes. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a green tea catechin, which in this study was applied to investigate its effect on the quality of bulls' sperm. We collected semen samples with an artificial vagina from 12 Simmental bulls to evaluate the effect of EGCG (10.00 and 20.00 µmol) in two cryopreserving methods on the quality parameters of semen. We designed six groups including two control groups (method one and two) and four treatments (EGCG 10.00 µmol + method one; EGCG 20.00 µmol + method one; EGCG 10.00 µmol + method two; EGCG 20.00 µmol + method two). The 20.00 µmol EGCG and a method two significantly affected the amending oxidative conditions as well as an increase in total antioxidant capacity and a decrease in malondialdehyde. The effect of EGCG in both concentrations was more on method two. The desired impact on sperm motility, viability, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and sperm DNA damage was observed in EGCG groups compared to control groups. Among the two methods, the method two had fewer adverse effects on the plasma membrane, motility parameters, viability and DNA of sperm. The EGCG in the semen extender yielded a favorable impact on thawed sperm. This effect was prompted in combination with the method two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Camels are bred for their milk, meat, wool and hair, transportation, and their excrement as fuel. The seasonal reproduction of camel bull is accompanied by changes in sexual activity, the morphology, and function of the testes. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in serum testosterone (T) levels as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testes of dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, the impact of rutting season on the testicular size and histomorphology was also observed. Seventy mature dromedary bulls were divided into a rutting group (n = 35) and a non-rutting group (n = 35). From these bulls, blood samples and testes were collected during the rutting season (October to April) and non-rutting season (May to September) from a local slaughterhouse. Results: All parameters changed significantly during rutting and non-rutting periods in camel bulls. The levels of TAC in testes, and serum T were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. However, testicular MDA was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. TAC was negatively correlated with MDA (r = -0.59, p < 0.01). Moreover, in the rutting group and the non-rutting group, T was positively correlated with levels of TAC (r = 0.66, p < 0.0003). Additionally, testicular size (length, breadth, and thickness) was significantly greater in camels during the rutting season than in camels during the non-rutting season. Moreover, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and spermatogenesis increased during the rutting season, whereas, the collagen content and apoptosis increased during the non-rutting season. Conclusion: This study revealed that the rutting normal breeding season (NBS, rutting group) was associated with higher levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), T, and spermatogenic activity while the collagen content, concentrations of MDA (the oxidative stress factor) and apoptosis (an outcome of oxidative stress) were lower than those in the low breeding season (LBS, non-rutting group). In addition, the testicular size and seminiferous tubule diameter and number were higher during the NBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double-star S q 1 , q 2 is the graph consisting of the union of two stars, K 1 , q 1 and K 1 , q 2 , together with an edge joining their centers. The spectrum for S q 1 , q 2 -designs, i.e., the set of all the n ∈ N such that an S q 1 , q 2 -design of the order n exists, is well-known when q 1 = q 2 = 2 . In this article, S 2 , 2 -designs satisfying additional properties are investigated. We determine the spectrum for S 2 , 2 -designs that can be transformed into (K 4 − e) -designs by a double squash (bi-squash) passing through middle designs whose blocks are copies of a bull (the graph consisting of a triangle and two pendant edges). Here, the use of the difference method enables obtaining cyclic decompositions and determining the spectrum for cyclic S 2 , 2 -designs that can be purely bi-squashed into cyclic (K 4 − e) -designs (the middle bull designs are also cyclic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on four healthy breeding Sahiwal bulls with the aim to evaluate fresh seminal characteristics of Sahiwal bull along with their methodology. Physio-morphological seminal attributes of ejaculated semen were evaluated and recorded. Overall mean seminal volume irrespective of the bull was recorded as 5.83 ± 0.15. Overall mean seminal pH in the freshly collected semen of Sahiwal bull was 6.71±0.02. Overall mean mass motility of spermatozoa in the freshly collected semen of Sahiwal bull was 4.78 ± 0.05. Seminal mass motility did not differ significantly amongst different bulls. Overall mean sperm concentration in the freshly collected semen of Sahiwal bull was 1434.72 ± 276.42. Mean value of bull number S-109 was significantly higher compared to other bulls. Overall mean percentage of live spermatozoa in freshly collected semen of Sahiwal bull was 92.91 ± 0.59. Mean value of bull number S-103 and S-109 was significantly higher as compared to other bulls. The overall mean percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa in freshly collected semen of Sahiwal bull was 84.06 ± 0.97. The progressive motility did not differ significantly amongst different bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal welfare strongly influences the health and performance of cattle and is an important factor for consumer acceptance. One parameter for the quantification of health status is the lying duration, which can be deployed for the early detection of possible production-related illnesses. Usually, 3D-accelerometers are the tool to detect lying duration in cattle, but the handling of bulls sometimes has special requirements because frequent manipulation in daily farming routines is often not possible. An ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) system was installed in a beef cattle barn in Germany to measure the activity and lying time of bulls. Such UHF RFID systems are typically used for estrus detection in dairy cows via activity level, but can also be considered, for instance, as an early detection for lameness or other diseases. The aim of the study was to determine whether the estimations of activity level and lying duration can also be traced in husbandry systems for fattening bulls. Two groups of bulls (Uckermärker cattle, n = 10 and n = 13) of the same age were equipped with passive UHF RFID ear transponders. Three cameras were installed to proof the system and to observe the behaviour of the animals (standing, lying, and moving). Furthermore, accelerometers were attached to the hind legs of the bulls to validate their activity and lying durations measured by the RFID system in the recorded area. Over a period of 20 days, position (UHF RFID) and accelerometer data were recorded. Videos were recorded over a period of five days. The UHF RFID system showed an overall specificity of 95.9%, a sensitivity of 97.05%, and an accuracy of 98.45%. However, the comparison of the RFID and accelerometer data revealed residuals (ԑ) of median lying time (in minutes per day) for each group of ԑGroup1 = 51.78 min/d (p < 0.001), ԑGroup2 = −120.63 min/d (p < 0.001), and ԑGroup1+2 = −34.43 min/d (p < 0.001). In conclusion, UHF RFID systems can provide reliable activity and lying durations in 60 min intervals, but accelerometer data are more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonetti and Luca ['On the iterates of the shifted Euler's function', Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. , to appear] have shown that the integer sequence $(x_n)_{n\geq 1}$ defined by $x_{n+2}=\phi (x_{n+1})+\phi (x_{n})+k$ , where $x_1,x_2\geq 1$ , $k\geq 0$ and $2 \mid k$ , is bounded by $4^{X^{3^{k+1}}}$ , where $X=(3x_1+5x_2+7k)/2$. We improve this result by showing that the sequence $(x_n)$ is bounded by $2^{2X^2+X-3}$ , where $X=x_1+x_2+2k$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rest is a state of adaptive inactivity that increases the efficiency of activity by regulating its timing and reducing energy use when activity is not beneficial. Thus, animals can go without rest when specific demands, such as mating, favour being awake. Sexually active male blue wildebeest (bulls) are typically territorial, and it has been reported that when a bull is protecting a harem during the mating season (rut), he neither eats nor rests. We examined the daily activity and inactivity patterns of dominant bulls by means of actigraphy for 3 months, which included the rut. We also measured faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) levels and subcutaneous temperature, both of which have variances known to delineate the rut. During the rut, wildebeest bulls experienced higher levels of activity, fAM, and a greater daily range of subcutaneous temperature. Despite previous reports, the male blue wildebeest rested daily during the rut, and while the amount of rest was low, it was not substantially lower than prior to the rut. The amount of time spent inactive increased substantially after the rut. The timing of daily activity and inactivity patterns did not vary substantially across the recording period. Across the recording period, the average daily ambient temperatures decreased (seasonality), and the subcutaneous temperature followed this pattern, although it was not as marked. It appears that in the post-rut period a substantive increase in time spent at rest occurs, potentially allowing the wildebeest bulls time to recover following a period of intense activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short note we show that Doyle-Grigor'yan criterion for non-parabolicity is not necessary in dimension greater than or equal to four. This gives an negative answer to Problem # 1 of Grigor'yan [Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S) 36 (1999). pp. 135–249] in this dimensional range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual behaviour is an intricate process, controlled by the endocrine constitution of an animal and influenced by the social environment, sensory capability and sexual stimuli. Variations in temperature associated with global warming are startling for fertility of animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the seasonal variation in sexual behaviour of Deoni (Bos indicus) breeding bulls. Methods: A total of six mature Deoni bulls, maintained for artificial insemination at Livestock Research Center, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-NDRI, Bengaluru, were monitored for sexual behavior during the semen collection at weekly intervals throughout the year using standard techniques. The period of study was divided into three seasons i.e., winter (November to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to October). Result: The season had a non-significant (P>0.05) effect on sexual behavior except dismounting time in Deoni bulls. The libido score (0-10), reaction time (seconds) and the total time taken in mounting (seconds) were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher during winter (7.50±0.23, 42.00±4.8, 44.00±4.8, respectively) as compared to the other seasons. The protrusion score (0-4) and the intensity of thrust (0-4) were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher during summer (2.60±0.14 and 2.50±0.13) as compared to the other seasons. The dismounting time (seconds) was significantly (P<0.05) higher during summer (2.90±0.16) as compared to the other seasons. It can be concluded that Deoni bulls had good sexual behavior throughout the year, however, bulls showed better sexual behavior except for dismounting time during winter as compared to the other seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) centres select bulls as calves according to their genetic breeding values and raise them until the first semen collection; yet, a high dropout rate of reared bulls is a problem for AI centres. Potential hormonal indicators of bull sexual maturation (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone, oestradiol, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)) were observed and evaluated in relation to the performance parameters to perhaps identify candidate biomarkers allowing an early selection of bulls as suitable sires. Blood samples from 102 German Holstein calves at 4 ± 1, 8 ± 1 and 12 ± 2 months of age from six AI centres were analysed using validated immunoassays for cortisol, DHEA, testosterone, oestradiol and IGF‐1. Semen analyses included native and thawed diluted semen. Bulls were classified at the first semen collection into groups with good versus poor performance (GP vs. LP). After 2 years, the subsequent differentiation was done in high (HPP), medium (MPP) and low performance persistency (LPP). Age at first semen collection was an important factor for sperm quality. Cortisol concentrations decreased with age, but the cortisol/DHEA ratio decreased with age only in GP bulls (p <.05). Oestradiol and testosterone concentrations both correlated with libido behaviour (p <.05). Testosterone and IGF‐1 concentrations were higher at the time of first semen collection in GP bulls and increased with age (p <.05). In conclusion, testosterone and IGF‐1 concentrations at first semen collection are associated with performance at first semen collection and future performance persistency, and might be useful early biomarkers for consistent sperm producing bulls on AI centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensions of linear type traits facilitate selection of livestock for breeding and rearing. To date, use of linear type traits for selection of breeding bulls is highly concentric to scrotal circumference (SC), with probable overlook to other important traits. Present study reported the importance of various gonadal linear type traits on spermatozoa production, age‐related changes in gonadal linear type traits of bulls and predictive ability of these traits on bulls' reproductive potentials. Among all gonadal traits, testicular density (TD), scrotal volume (SV), paired testicular weight (PWT) and SC were found most important predictor variables in order, which can discriminate between good/poor breeding bulls, that is, produced frozen semen doses (FSD) or not. Dimensions of gonadal traits increased significantly up to 36 months age and thereafter, development became slow and negligible. In contrast, TD decreased by 30%, 51%, 64%, 68% and 71% at 12, 24, 36, 48 and >49 months age, respectively, from its base value at 6 months. Bulls of lower TD (≤0.88 g/cm3) had significantly higher ejaculate volume (+9%), sperm motility, sperm concentration (+100 million/mL) and sperm output (+26%)/ejaculate as compared to bulls of higher TD (>0.88 g/cm3). Discriminant function was developed using TD, SV, PWT and SC to identify bulls of superior reproductive potentials. It was concluded that among the investigated traits, TD was the strongest to discriminate between FSD and Non‐FSD bulls. Therefore, our findings suggested that TD could be more potential trait than SC for dairy bulls' breeding soundness evaluation and assessment of reproductive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study to review the online trading procedure a case study of ONLINE TRADING at Indiabulls Ltd., as the exchange has changed it's trading from it and there is need to assess the performance of the capital market. Maintaining good records requires discipline, just like good trading. Unfortunately, many commodity traders don't take the time to track their trading history, which can offer a wealth of information to improve their odds of successMost professional traders, and those who consistently make money from trading commodities, keep diligent records of their trading activity. The same cannot be said for the masses that consistently lose at trading commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle health in wildlife zones is often compromised by parasitic infestations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and epidemiology of ecto- and endoparasites among cattle inhabiting a semi-arid wildlife zone, examining the influence of age, breed, and tolerance. A total of 320 cattle were surveyed, and a representative sample of 36 animals (using random selection methods) from different age groups (calves, weaners, adults) and breeds (Brahman, Angus, Beef master) were chosen for detailed parasite analysis. Parasite identification was conducted with veterinary assistance and supplemented by relevant literature. A high prevalence of ectoparasites was observed, with four prominent hard tick species identified which included the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decloratus (27.44 ticks per animal), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (10.50), Amblyomma variegatum (0.83), and Hyalomma spp (0.44). Additionally, internal parasites were identified including Fasciola spp (0.14), Fasciola eggs (1.89), Trematode eggs (2.81), Strongyle eggs (2.50), and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.14). Weaners exhibited a higher susceptibility to parasitic burdens, while the Beef master breed displayed a significantly low parasite count compared to other breeds. Brahman and Angus breeds demonstrated tolerance to parasites, with minimal recorded mortality. Although a direct correlation between wildlife and cattle diseases was not established, the study investigated potential shared parasites with commonly encountered wildlife species in the zone. These findings highlight the importance of targeted parasite control programs, particularly for weaners, to minimize health risks and enhance herd well-being in wildlife zones. Implementing parasite management strategies tailored to breed-specific tolerances and age groups is crucial for optimal cattle health and productivity in such environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for d ≥ 1 and s ∈ (0 , d 2) , we study the Bianchi–Egnell quotient Q (f) = inf f ∈ H ˙ s (R d) \ B ‖ (- Δ) s / 2 f ‖ L 2 (R d) 2 - S d , s ‖ f ‖ L 2 d d - 2 s (R d) 2 dist H ˙ s (R d) (f , B) 2 , f ∈ H ˙ s (R d) \ B , where S d , s is the best Sobolev constant and B is the manifold of Sobolev optimizers. By a fine asymptotic analysis, we prove that when d = 1 , there is a neighborhood of B on which the quotient Q (f) is larger than the lowest value attainable by sequences converging to B . This behavior is surprising because it is contrary to the situation in dimension d ≥ 2 described recently in König (Bull Lond Math Soc 55(4):2070–2075, 2023). This leads us to conjecture that for d = 1 , Q (f) has no minimizer on H ˙ s (R d) \ B , which again would be contrary to the situation in d ≥ 2 . As a complement of the above, we study a family of test functions which interpolates between one and two Talenti bubbles, for every d ≥ 1 . For d ≥ 2 , this family yields an alternative proof of the main result of König (Bull Lond Math Soc 55(4):2070–2075, 2023). For d = 1 we make some numerical observations which support the conjecture stated above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on some acute-phase proteins, haptoglobin and all electrophoretic parameters in young Charolaise bulls. Sixty bulls were divided into two equal groups: the control group (CG) receiving the base diet without yeast supplementation and the diet supplementation group (YG) receiving the base diet with 5g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation. The base diet was total mixed ration allocated at 11.85 kg per animal per day. Blood samples were collected from all bulls on day 0 before the start of the diet supplementation, and on days 20 and 40 after the start. Total proteins, albumin, globulin fraction (α1-, α2-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins), albumin: globulin ratio (A: G) and haptoglobin were determined. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of the yeast feeding time on all studied parameters except α2-globulins in both groups. The YG showed a higher average concentration of total proteins, albumin and A: G and a lower average concentration of γ-globulins and haptoglobin than the CG. These results indicated the beneficial effect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the inflammatory status of the young bulls, which showed an adequate response in serum levels of the acute-phase proteins tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out to study the semen characteristics of Vechur bulls. A total of 36 ejaculates collected from six Vechur bulls were studied. The overall mean ejaculate volume, colour, pH, mass activity, progressive sperm motility and total seminal plasma protein concentrations were analysed. The mean ejaculate volume noted was 2.26 ± 0.36 ml, colour of semen ranged from milky to thick milky, pH was 6.87 ± 0.02, density from DDD to DDDD, mass activity +++ to ++++ and sperm progressive motility was 78.1 ± 1.05 %. Significant differences in ejaculate volume, mass activity, progressive sperm motility and live sperms were observed among the bulls. The mean protein content of seminal plasma was 84.10 ± 2.73 mg/ml. On SDS-PAGE analysis, 20 proteins bands of varying intensities were observed within the range of 10-180 kDa and preponderance of lower molecular weight proteins was recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]