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This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent formulation of nanoparticle-reinforced solder alloys, focusing on their main properties and improvements in mechanical performance. The introduction provides an overview of solder alloys and the concept of formulating nanoparticle-reinforced solder alloys. The discussion systematically reviews the importance of various properties and critically evaluates the findings from the literature. The review compares and synthesizes the outcomes and insights regarding the impact of nanoparticle addition on the properties and performance of the resulting composite solder alloys. The aim is to identify recent trends, scientific challenges, limitations, and potential breakthroughs in the current formulation of nanoparticle-reinforced solder alloys. The key value of this review lies in the compilation of the latest reports and technical setups, along with the authors' critical analysis and perceptions. This review provides an in-depth understanding and guidance for formulating novel and high-performance nanoparticle-reinforced solder alloys, making it a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the field of advanced soldering materials.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) represents one of the most economical biopesticides to date. It produces toxins with insecticidal activity against many agricultural pests, including members of the genus Spodoptera. However, Bt tolerance leads to inefficiency in biological control. To overcome this problem, discovering the hidden cause(s) for the evolution of insect tolerance against Bt is of great importance. We hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiota due to the frequent application of Bt is one of those hidden causes. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the effect of Bt Cry1c application on the Spodoptera littoralis larval gut microbiota in both Bt-susceptible and Bt-tolerant populations. The results revealed changes in the diversity and abundance of gut bacterial composition between the susceptible and tolerant populations. A high abundance of Enterococcaceae was detected in the tolerant population. Interestingly, Cry1c tolerance eliminates the bacterial genera Klebsiella and Serratia from the larval midgut. These changes may confirm the mechanism developed by Spodoptera larvae to counteract Bt Cry1c toxicity. Understanding the B. thuringiensis–gut microbiota interaction may help in improving biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests to overcome the evolution of tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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