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Abstract Background This study aims to estimate the risk of eating disorders and their related factors among final-year medical students. Additionally, the present study is assessing the disordered eating behaviors relationship with alexithymia and social cognition. Methods An approved descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Cairo University’s Faculty of Medicine from August 2021 to December 2022. The participants were categorized into two distinct groups: Group A (students at risk for eating disorders) and Group B (students not at risk for eating disorders). All participants were evaluated using the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Emotion Identification Test from the Ekman Program, and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test-revised version (RMET). Results A total of 370 final-year students, both male and female, participated in the study. Group A included 136 students (37%), while Group B consisted of 234 students (63%). Female students exhibited a greater risk for developing an eating disorder (p =