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A lightweight strawberry detection and localization algorithm plays a crucial role in enabling the harvesting robot to effectively harvest strawberries. The YOLO model has often been used in strawberry fruit detection for its high accuracy, speed, and robustness. However, some challenges exist, such as the requirement for large model sizes, high computation operation, and undesirable detection. Therefore, the lightweight improved YOLOv5s-CGhostnet was proposed to enhance strawberry detection. In this study, YOLOv5s underwent comprehensive model compression with Ghost modules GCBS and GC3, replacing modules CBS and C3 in the backbone and neck. Furthermore, the default GIOU bounding box regressor loss function was replaced by SIOU for improved localization. Similarly, CBAM attention modules were added before SPPF and between the up-sampling and down-sampling feature fusion FPN–PAN network in the neck section. The improved model exhibited higher mAP@0.5 of 91.7% with a significant decrement in model size by 85.09% and a reduction in GFLOPS by 88.5% compared to the baseline model of YOLOv5. The model demonstrated an increment in mean average precision, a decrement in model size, and reduced computation overhead compared to the standard lightweight YOLO models.

Abstract This work presents a series of novel quinoidal organic semiconductors based on diselenophene‐dithioalkylthiophene (DSpDST) conjugated cores with various side‐chain lengths (‐thiohexyl, ‐thiodecyl, and ‐thiotetradecyl, designated DSpDSTQ‐6, DSpDSTQ‐10, and DSpDSTQ‐14, respectively). The purpose of this research is to develop solution‐processable organic semiconductors using dicyanomethylene end‐capped organic small molecules for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) application. The physical, electrochemical, and electrical properties of these new DSpDSTQs are systematically studied, along with their performance in OFETs and thin film morphologies. Additionally, the molecular structures of DSpDSTQ are determined through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results reveal the presence of intramolecular S (alkyl)···Se (selenophene) interactions, which result in a planar SR‐containing DSpDSTQ core, thereby promoting extended π‐orbital interactions and efficient charge transport in the OFETs. Moreover, the influence of thioalkyl side chain length on surface morphologies and microstructures is investigated. Remarkably, the compound with the shortest thioalkyl chain, DSpDSTQ‐6, demonstrates ambipolar carrier transport with the highest electron and hole mobilities of 0.334 and 0.463 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. These findings highlight the excellence of ambipolar characteristics of solution‐processable OFETs based on DSpDSTQs even under ambient conditions.

The optimal indoor environment is associated with comfortable temperatures along with favorable indoor air quality. One of the air pollutants, particulate matter (PM), is potentially harmful to animals and humans. Most farms have monitoring systems to identify other hazardous gases rather than PM due to the sensor cost. In recent decades, the application of environmental monitoring systems based on Internet of Things (IoT) devices that incorporate low-cost sensors has elevated extensively. The current study develops a low-cost air quality monitoring system for swine buildings based on Raspberry Pi single-board computers along with a sensor array. The system collects data using 11 types of environmental variables along with temperature, humidity, CO2, light, pressure, and different types of gases, namely PM1, PM2.5, and PM10. The system is designed with a central web server that provides real-time data visualization and data availability through the Internet. It was tested in actual pig barns to ensure stability and functionality. In addition, there was a collocation test conducted by placing the system in two different pig barns to validate the sensor data. The Wilcoxon rank sum test demonstrates that there are no significant differences between the two sensor datasets, as all variables have a p-value greater than 0.05. However, except for carbon monoxide (CO), none of the variables exhibit correlation exceeding 0.5 with PM concentrations. Overall, a scalable, portable, non-complex, low-cost air quality monitoring system was successfully developed within a cost of USD 94.

This study delves into the investigation of Maxwell fluid flow across a sheet with a particular effort on the melting heat and zero mass flux at the boundary. A Maxwell fluid, characterized by both viscous and elastic responses, plays a pivotal role in various industrial and biological applications. The mathematical model describing Maxwell fluid flow is represented using non-linear momentum and energy equations, incorporating MHD. Similarity transformation is used to change from partial differential equation to ordinary differential equation. The introduction of a phase change term in the energy equation accounts for the melting heat effect at the boundary. The BVP4C solver using MATLAB is hired to numerically answer the system of equations, enabling the determination of the steady-state solution. The solution of this investigation offers valuable insights into the interplay between viscoelasticity and melting heat effects on various flow characteristics, including velocity and temperature profiles. The practical significance of this research is evident in polymer processing, food processing, and materials engineering, where the understanding of Maxwell fluids and their interaction with melting boundaries is essential for process optimization and product quality. So far in the literature survey no one have considered Melting heat effect along with Maxwell fluid. The conclusion for this study is that Melting heat effect increases velocity profile and decreases the temperature profile. This is the main conclusion of this research.

Partial vaned diffusers (PVDs) play a pivotal role in optimizing the performance of turbomachinery systems by efficiently managing fluid flow and pressure differentials. This study delves into the geometric configurations of partial vaned diffusers, examining how variations in vane positioning impact performance. In this study, a PVD is attached either along the hub side (PHVD) or shroud side (PSVD), and a comparison is made between these configurations. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are carried out using ANSYS CFX to elucidate the complex flow patterns within these diffusers for two different mass flow rates, namely 0.30 kg/s and 0.90 kg/s. Flow parameters like pressure, total pressure in the stationary frame, meridional velocity, and velocity are measured. The flow in PSVD is observed to be uniform and the rise in pressure in PSVD is observed to improve by around 4.5% with respect to PHVD. Other flow parameters such as meridional velocity and total pressure are in favor of PSVD.