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Abstract In this work our aim was to identify early biomarkers in plasma samples associated with mortality in children with perinatal HIV treated early in life, to potentially inform early intervention targeting this vulnerable group. 20/215 children (9.3%) with perinatal HIV, enrolled within 3 months of age died prematurely within the first year of the study, despite early ART initiation. Using a propensity score, we selected 40 alive study participants having similar clinical and virological records compared to the deceased group. 13 HIV unexposed (HU) healthy children were additionally used as controls. Baseline plasma samples were analyzed using a targeted proteomic approach, and to assess pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, DAMPs) levels. Data from deceased participants were compared to both control groups, with multivariate logistic regression models used to evaluate the association between mortality and plasma proteins. We developed a machine learning model to predict mortality risk, finding that IL-6 and CXCL11 not only were higher in deceased children than Matched-children with HIV (p

El envejecimiento es una realidad global que va acompañada del incremento de la polifarmacia. En esta etapa vital surgen como actores relevantes los cuidadores, pues su intervención impacta en la seguridad del proceso de uso de los medicamentos y en la calidad de vida del paciente al que asisten. Cómo el conocimiento sobre los tratamientos que los cuidadores supervisan para el paciente a su cargo condiciona los resultados en salud de los medicamentos, este estudio tiene como objetivo principal la caracterización de los cuidadores de pacientes usuarios de analgésicos opioides y la identificación de factores que incrementen el riesgo de aparición de Problemas Relacionados con la Medicación (PRM). Los resultados revelan que el perfil del cuidador afecta en resultados en salud de este grupo terapéutico, tanto en la prevalencia como en tipo de PRM. De los 63 pacientes usuarios de analgésicos opiáceos en seguimiento farmacoterapéutico durante este estudio, 17 (27 %) contaban con cuidadores. La figura del cuidador de este estudio se erige como predominantemente femenina (61,1 %). Atendiendo a PRM y parentesco, se observa mayor prevalencia de PRM cuando son hijos o personal externo. Analizando la farmacoterapia de estos cuidadores se detecta que un 4,8 % ha iniciado un tratamiento antidepresivo y 3,2 % tratamiento hipnótico tras convertirse en cuidador de estos pacientes. El Test Zarit revela que 29,4 % de los cuidadores de estos pacientes manifiestan sobrecarga. Concluimos que la Atención Farmacéutica debe considerar la oportunidad y pertinencia de diseñar e implementar protocolos de intervención y educación enfocados en los cuidadores.

Phylogenetic analyses showed that the virus responsible for a May 2024 Oropouche fever outbreak in Cuba was closely related to viruses from Brazil in 2023. Pools of Ceratopogonidae spp. biting midges and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were positive for Oropouche viral RNA. No cases were severe. Virus extension to new areas may increase case numbers and severity.

Los cuadros de las Filiales Universitarias Municipales y de los Centros Universitarios Municipa-les, presentan limitaciones en su visión sobre equidad y género; es insuficiente la incorporacióna su accionar como directivos, de nuevos conceptos y modelos que distinguen las relacionescontemporáneas entre ciencia, tecnología y sociedad; es limitado el tratamiento de la equidady género desde la perspectiva de Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad en su superación profesional.La situación descrita permite formular el siguiente problema científico: ¿Cómo contribuir ala superación de cuadros en equidad y género desde la perspectiva de Ciencia Tecnología ySociedad? El objetivo fue proponer un sistema de acciones para la superación profesionalde los cuadros de las Filiales Universitarias Municipales y de los Centros UniversitariosMunicipales de la Universidad de Ciego de Ávila en equidad y género desde la perspectivaCiencia Tecnología y Sociedad. Se utilizaron como técnicas: la encuesta y la observacióncientífica para caracterizar el estado de los conocimientos y prácticas sobre equidad y génerodesde la perspectiva Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad y de la superación profesional de los cuadros. Se diseñó un sistema de acciones de superación profesional cuya pertinencia fuecorroborada mediante taller de socialización con especialistas.

Abstract We use the duality between gravitational dynamics and fluids living on dynamical surfaces carrying multiple charges, known as the blackfold approach, to perturbatively construct new asymptotically global (Anti)-de Sitter multi-spinning, non-extremal, multi-charged black holes in theories of higher-dimensional gravity minimally coupled to a dilaton and higher-form gauge fields in spacetime dimensions D ≥ 5, and new asymptotically AdS l × S m black holes in type IIB and eleven-dimensional supergravity. These solutions include the generalisation of the Kerr-Newman solution to (A)dS carrying either electric or string charge, generalisations of black rings to higher-dimensions with 𝕊 p × 𝕊 n+1 horizon topology, static de Sitter solutions carrying arbitrary q-brane charge, as well as various asymptotically AdS l × S m multi-charged and multi-spinning black hole solutions, some of which correspond to novel thermal states in N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Super-Yang-Mills theory.

Resumen. Se registra por primera vez la depredación del escorpión Centruroides bicolor (Pocock, 1898) (Buthidae) por el geco de cola de nabo Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn, 1782) (Phyllodactylidae), y del geco Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril y Bibron, 1836 (Gekkonidae), por Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843). El primer caso fue observado en Costa Rica y el segundo, en Nicaragua. También se registra el primer evento de necrofagia en escorpiones, ocurrido en condiciones naturales. Se incluye una lista de los casos de depredación entre escorpiones y reptiles (Squamata) registrados en Centroamérica.

Abstract Higher-group symmetries are combinations of higher-form symmetries which appear in various field theories. In this paper, we explain how higher-group symmetries arise in 10d and 11d supergravities when the latter are coupled to brane sources. Motivated by this observation, we study field theories at zero and finite temperature invariant under a class of continuous Abelian higher-group symmetries. We restrict the analysis to the low-energy regime where the dynamical field content exclusively consists of Goldstone fields arising from the spontaneous breaking of higher-group and spacetime symmetries. Invariant quantities are constructed and the phases of matter are classified according to the pattern of spontaneous symmetry breaking. With respect to supergravity, we highlight how such Goldstone effective theories provide a symmetry-based interpretation for the theories living on D/M-branes. As an explicit example we construct a 6-group invariant action for the bosonic M5 brane, consistent with the self-duality of the 3-form field strength on the brane. While the self-duality condition in the bosonic case needs to be imposed externally as a constraint at zero temperature, we find an equilibrium effective action for the bosonic M5 brane at finite temperature that inherently implements self-duality.

Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare, aggressive malignancy that commonly metastasizes to various organs. The presenting symptoms are typically nonspecific, so a comprehensive examination is required to confirm the diagnosis promptly. This case report describes the presentation of an older patient with a history of neoplasms. Echocardiography and biopsy were performed, but despite surgical intervention to resect a large right atrial mass, the patient died. A final diagnosis of primary angiosarcoma was made based on the resected specimen.

El Balanced ScoreCard (BSC) o Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI), es una herramienta gerencial que permite el control de la gestión en las áreas consideradas como críticas; para incrementar la rentabilidad y optimización de la misma. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto del BSC en la gestión estratégica de la empresa Procesos Textiles EI.RL/PROTEK, en Perú. Se aplicó un diseño no experimental con pre test y pos test, que permitió medir la gestión administrativa antes y después de aplicar el BSC, para lo cual se diagnosticaron los factores externos e internos a través de un análisis FODA. Como resultado más relevante se elevaron los niveles de productividad, de satisfacción personal del talento humano y el número de clientes activos. Se concluye que el BSC es una herramienta de carácter estratégico, que hace más efectiva la comunicación logrando un aumento en la productividad y un incremento en las finanzas.

Abstract Quantum annealing emerges as a promising approach for tackling complex scheduling problems such as the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). This study represents the first application of quantum annealing to solve the RCPSP, analyzing 12 well-known mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations and converting the most qubit-efficient one into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model. We then solve this model using the D-wave advantage 6.3 quantum annealer, comparing its performance against classical computer solvers. Our results indicate significant potential, particularly for small to medium-sized instances. Further, we introduce time-to-target and Atos Q-score metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of quantum annealing and reverse quantum annealing. The paper also explores advanced quantum optimization techniques, such as customized anneal schedules, enhancing our understanding and application of quantum computing in operations research.

Se registra, por primera vez, la depredación del escorpión Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) y de la garrapata común del perro (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s. l.) por Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837, hecho comprobado a partir de los fragmentos de ambos arácnidos contenidos en las heces fecales de este lagarto. El escorpión depredado era una ninfa I, en tanto de la garrapata se detectaron tres machos adultos en igual cantidad de bolos fecales examinados. Las observaciones fueron realizadas en septiembre de 2023 en la terraza de una vivienda urbana en San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa, Cuba. Esta especie de lagarto constituye el sexto depredador conocido de R. sanguineus s. l. y de C. gracilis en Cuba. Además, es el tercer caso de depredación de un escorpión por A. sagrei.

Background and Aim: Although widely employed in traditional remedies globally, the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera remain inadequately documented through scientific research. This study evaluated the oral toxicity of M. oleifera leaf aqueous extract (MoAE) and its impact on gout-induced rats. Materials and Methods: 2000 mg/kg was given in a single dose during the acute oral toxicity test, while 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg were given daily for 28 days in the repeated dose toxicity test. 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg MoAE doses were administered during the assessment of its impact on gout caused by monosodium urate. In the hyperuricemia model induced by oxonic acid, serum uric acid levels were assessed and pain response was measured through acetic acid-induced writhing. Results: In acute oral and 28-day repeated dose tests, no indications of toxicity were detected, while MoAE alleviated ankle joint swelling and reduced serum uric acid concentrations in arthritic rats, causing a significant reduction in acetic acid-induced contortions. Conclusion: No acute oral toxicity or toxicity in 28-day repeated doses was found for MoAE, while it exhibited antiarthritic, antihyperuricemic, and pain-relieving effects in the murine model.

Atmospheric tracers are often used to interpret the local CO2 budget, where measurements at a single height are assumed to represent local flux signatures. Alternatively, these signatures can be derived from direct flux measurements or by using fluxes derived from measurements at multiple heights. In this study, we contrast interpretation of surface CO2 exchange from tracer measurements at a single height to measurements at multiple heights. Specifically, we analyse the ratio between atmospheric O2 and CO2 (exchange ratio, ER) above a forest. We consider the following two alternative approaches: the exchange ratio of the forest (ERforest) obtained from the ratio of the surface fluxes of O2 and CO2 derived from measurements at multiple heights, and the exchange ratio of the atmosphere (ERatmos) obtained from changes in the O2 and CO2 mole fractions over time measured at a single height. We investigate the diurnal cycle of both ER signals to better understand the biophysical meaning of the ERatmos signal. We have combined CO2 and O2 measurements from Hyytiälä, Finland, during spring and summer of 2018 and 2019 with a conceptual land–atmosphere model to investigate the behaviour of ERatmos and ERforest. We show that the CO2 and O2 signals as well as their resulting ERs are influenced by climate conditions such as variations in soil moisture and temperature, for example during the 2018 heatwave. We furthermore show that the ERatmos signal obtained from single-height measurements rarely represents the forest exchange directly, mainly because it is influenced by entrainment of air from the free troposphere into the atmospheric boundary layer. The influence of these larger-scale processes can lead to very high ERatmos values (even larger than 2), especially in the early morning. These high values do not directly represent carbon cycle processes, but are rather a mixture of different signals. We conclude that the ERatmos signal provides only a weak constraint on local-scale surface CO2 exchange, and that ERforest above the canopy should be used instead. Single-height measurements always require careful selection of the time of day and should be combined with atmospheric modelling to yield a meaningful representation of forest carbon exchange. More generally, we recommend always measuring at multiple heights when using multi-tracer measurements to study surface CO2 exchange.

A significant study of the amblypygid fauna of Honduras is lacking. Historically, species were misidentified and data on distribution, natural history and conservation status of the known species are lacking or insufficient. In this contribution, an overview on the amblypygids of Honduras, including taxonomy, distribution, natural history and comments on their conservation are provided. In a review of the literature of the Honduran amblypygids, we examined 21 works, including books, unpublished thesis, articles, the World Amblypygi Catalogue (2023), as well as the website Arácnidos de Centroamérica and the citizen-science websites Alamy, iNaturalist and Flicks. Only the family Phrynidae, with the genera Paraphrynus Moreno, 1940 and Phrynus Lamarck, 1801, is known to occur in Honduras. A total of seven species have been recorded, but only four [Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock, 1894), Phrynus palenque Armas, 1996, Ph. similis Armas, Víquez & Trujillo, 2017 and Ph. whitei Gervais, 1842] have been positively identified. No endemic species are known, but available data suggest that some undescribed new species may be restricted to Honduras. In order to understand the amblypygids of Honduras, sampling within the country must be conducted and revisionary studies will be needed. This paper examines our current knowledge of the fauna.

Background: Gasoline, a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds is classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Gasoline station attendants, consistently exposed to its hazardous components, may face genotoxic effects. This study aimed to assess the influence of varying work shift durations on DNA damage in gasoline station attendants. Methods: Ninety individuals from three locations in southern México were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and DNA damage was assessed using the comet assay. Demographic, occupational, and lifestyle data were collected. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results: Significant differences in DNA damage parameters were observed between exposed and unexposed groups. The impact of tobacco, alcohol, and exercise on DNA damage was negligible. Extended work shifts (12 and 24 hours) showed heightened DNA damage compared to 8-hour shifts and the unexposed group. A novel finding revealed a modest but significant correlation between DNA damage and job seniority. Conclusion: The study highlights the intricate relationship between occupational exposure to gasoline components, DNA damage, and work shift lengths. Extended shifts correlate with heightened genotoxic effects, emphasizing the importance of personalized safety measures. The significant correlation between DNA damage and job seniority introduces occupational longevity as a determinant in the genetic health of gasoline station attendants. This discovery has implications for implementing targeted interventions and preventive strategies to safeguard workers' genetic integrity throughout their years of service. The study calls for further exploration of unconsidered factors in understanding the multifactorial nature of DNA damage in this occupational setting.

This study develops a comprehensive strategic development plan for a state university in the Philippines, aligning its vision, mission, and goals with current trends, internal and external factors, and global objectives. Utilizing a qualitative research design, the study integrates environmental analysis tools such as SWOT and PESTLE, alongside an extensive stakeholder consultation process involving students, faculty, alumni, non-academic personnel, industry representatives, community partners, and government agencies. The inclusion of stakeholder perspectives was crucial in refining the strategic goals and ensuring that the plan addresses the diverse needs of the university community. The resulting strategic framework emphasizes key themes such as globalization, digital transformation, equity and inclusion, human capital development, research and innovation, and sustainability. This study highlights the importance of a participatory and adaptive approach to strategic planning in higher education, providing a model for institutions seeking to navigate the complexities of the global educational landscape.

Solid waste management presents a significant challenge in large cities worldwide, driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization, industrial development, and changing consumption patterns. Key stages in solid waste management include generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. In Latin America and the Caribbean, management often focuses on “collection and disposal” schemes, neglecting recycling, waste treatment, and environmentally sound final disposal (Sáenz & Urdaneta, 2020). In Peru, mining and hydrocarbon activities dominate the economy, with the country ranking as the third-largest global copper producer and sixth-largest gold producer. Over 70% of the Peruvian Amazon overlaps with oil and gas deposits, areas inhabited by indigenous communities or designated as nature reserves. One-third of Peru's electricity is derived from natural gas, notably from Camisea (del Castillo, 2015). Improper waste management poses environmental risks and contributes to economic losses. In Lot 57's camp in Camisea, most workers from nearby indigenous communities lack environmental awareness, often failing to segregate waste properly. This results in reduced marketability of reusable materials, forcing waste to be sent to landfills instead. Furthermore, existing national legislation remains insufficient, offering only broad guidelines for worker safety and environmental protection. This study aimed to evaluate occupational safety in the management of PET plastic waste at Lot 57, analyze the economic losses due to poor segregation, and propose improvements to optimize waste management, thereby reducing costs and minimizing environmental impact.

Raising paiche in the Peruvian Amazon it produces enough raw material to produce leather skins, but because of his use limited, these skins They present a pollution problem. In its research study, the importance of using both mechanical procedures as chemicals to obtain high quality leather. To bring about the process, they were used in different concentrations of quebracho and mimosa. Paiche skin leather resulting was resistant and moldable, with a bending resistance capacity that exceeded 30,000 bends without deformation, thus providing greater tear resistance T1 (146.23 N) and T5 (143.12 N), and greater traction in T4 (16.62 N/mm2), Furthermore, the leather had ashes less than 1 %, humidity less than 9%, and chromium oxide content by below 1.5%. It was also treated the effluent generated during the process getting values acceptable pH, conductivity and COD. The study I consider the legislation existing in the country to guarantee the protection and safety of workers during the management of paiche skin tanning, considering the use of chromium oxide as a high risk for the health of workers, the regulations are still insufficient and the protection and security of the workers.

Abstract Maintaining both high sensitivity and large figure of merit (FoM) is crucial in regard to the performance of optical devices, particularly when they are intended for use as biosensors with extremely low limit of detection (LoD). Here, a stack of nano‐assembled layers in the form of 1D photonic crystal, deposited on D‐shaped single‐mode fibers, is created to meet these criteria, resulting in the generation of Bloch surface wave resonances. The increase in the contrast between high and low refractive index (RI) nano‐layers, along with the reduction of losses, enables not only to achieve high sensitivity, but also a narrowed resonance bandwidth, leading to a significant enhancement in the FoM. Preliminary testing for bulk RI sensitivity is carried out, and the effect of an additional nano‐layer that mimics a biological layer where binding interactions occur is also considered. Finally, the biosensing capability is assessed by detecting immunoglobulin G in serum at very low concentrations, and a record LoD of 70 aM is achieved. An optical fiber biosensor that is capable of attaining extraordinarily low LoD in the attomolar range is not only a remarkable technical outcome, but can also be envisaged as a powerful tool for early diagnosis of diseases.

Introduction Health care providers face heightened stress and increased rates of anxiety and depression post-COVID-19. The pandemic, officially declared over in May 2023, continues to impact their wellbeing significantly, with ongoing mental health monitoring and tailored interventions crucial for support. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of job stressors in a sample of Spanish health care providers post-COVID and to explore potential differences between physicians and nurses, hypothesizing that while both professional categories could experience similar job stressors, some of them could have a differential impact on the mental health of each subgroup. Methods This cross-sectional substudy is part of the MINDxYOU project. The data were collected from 191 health care providers from two regions in Spain. Participants completed the UNIPSICO test battery, used to assess job stressors, and questionnaires to evaluate perceived stress, depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and resilience. Descriptive analyses, bivariate correlations, and linear regression models were performed to compare the two professions that were the most representative of our sample: physicians (n = 82) and nurses (n = 54). Results The most frequent job stressors were workload, lack of positive feedback, and inequity in social interactions. Physicians reported worse outcomes in terms of workload, autonomy, role conflicts, inequity in social interactions, and work-family balance compared to nurses. Mobbing, despite not being very frequent, significantly predicted different mental health outcomes for both physicians and nurses. Inequity in social interactions and job satisfaction were significant predictors of physicians’ mental health, while role ambiguity, interpersonal conflicts, and career turnover intentions predicted nurses’ mental health. Conclusion As hypothesized, our findings highlight that certain job stressors (i.e., inequity in social interactions, conflicts in the workplace) might be affecting physicians’ and nurses’ mental health differently. Therefore, effective strategies addressing each subgroup's specific stressors would be necessary to prevent the development of burnout syndrome and other serious mental health conditions associated with occupational stress. These strategies would imply organizational changes in most cases.

Quantifying water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange dynamics between the land and the atmosphere through observations and modeling is necessary in order to reproduce and project near-surface climate in coupled land–atmosphere models. The exchange of water and CO2 occurs at the leaf surface (leaf level) and in a net manner through exchanges at all the leaf surfaces composing the vegetation canopy and at the soil surface (canopy level). These exchanges depend on the meteorological forcings imposed by the overlying atmosphere (atmospheric boundary layer level). In this paper, we investigate the effect of four canopy environmental variables (photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T), and atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca)) on the local individual leaf exchange and canopy exchange of water and CO2 at hourly timescales. Additionally, we investigate the effect of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes on the local exchange. To that end, we simultaneously investigated the exchanges of water and CO2 at leaf level and canopy level for an alfalfa field in northern Spain over 1 day in summer 2021. We used comprehensive observations ranging from stomatal conductance to ABL measurements collected during the Land Surface Interactions with the Atmosphere in the Iberian Semi-Arid Environment (LIAISE) experiment. To support the observational analysis, we used a coupled land–atmosphere model (CLASS model) that has representations at all levels considered. To relate how temporal changes of the four environmental variables modify the fluxes of water and CO2, we studied tendency equations of the leaf gas exchange. These mathematical expressions quantify the temporal evolution of the leaf gas exchange as a function of the temporal evolution of PAR, VPD, T, and Ca. To investigate the effects of ABL processes on the local exchange, we developed three modeling experiments that impose surface radiative perturbations by a cloud passage (which perturbed PAR, T, and VPD), entrainment of dry air from the free troposphere (which perturbed VPD), and advection of cold air (which perturbed T and VPD). The model results and observations matched the leaf gas exchange (r2 between 0.23 and 0.67) and canopy gas exchange (r2 between 0.90 and 0.95). The tendency equations of the modeled leaf gas exchange during the study day revealed that the temporal dynamics of PAR were the main contributor to the temporal dynamics of the leaf gas exchange, with atmospheric CO2 temporal dynamics being the least important contributor. From the three modeling experiments with ABL perturbations, the surface radiative changes induced by a cloud perturbed the CO2 exchange the most, whereas all of them perturbed the water exchange to a similar extent. Second-order effects on the dynamics of the leaf gas exchange were also identified using the tendency equations. For instance, the decrease in the net CO2 assimilation rate during the cloud passage caused by a decrease in surface radiation was further enhanced due to the decrease in air temperature also associated with the cloud. With this research we showcase that the proposed tendency equations can disentangle the effect of environmental variables on the leaf exchange of water and CO2 with the atmosphere, as represented in land–surface parameterization schemes. As such, this framework can become a useful tool with which to analyze these schemes in weather and climate models.

Google Trends, despite its controversial nature for some authors, can be considered an illustrative tool in exploring the political inclinations of a given audience. In the current European Union context, understanding the views and opinions of the public is of paramount importance. Through the analysis of search trends, Google Trends can provide valuable insights into the popularity of political parties in the context of the European Union along with other jurisdictions and how these trends change over time. Furthermore, by incorporating fractal dimensions and ARFIMA (Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average) analysis into the data obtained, it is possible to reveal previously non-evident relationships, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the audience‘s political leanings and their interest in specific political parties. The aim of this exploratory study is to assess the potential of ARFIMA, applied to Google Trends data, in characterizing political parties. Preliminary results indicate that this apparatus can be useful for that purpose.

A Correlational Study of Allied Health Students Readiness for Inter-Professional Education and Emotional Intelligence in a Selected Local University

Este artículo científico tuvo por objetivo analizar la evolución de la Implementación de Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera para Pymes del sector agropecuario de Valledupar, entendiendo que la agricultura de Colombia siempre ha sido una de las principales actividades financieras debido a la ubicación geomorfológica del territorio colombiano la tierra posee muchas ventajas en propiedades físicas, recursos naturales y tipos de pisos térmicos y con ello se presenta un provecho productivo; entre ellos, el departamento del Cesar, ofrece una amplia gama de diversidad de productos agrícolas y ganaderos. En términos de metodología, la investigación se basó en un paradigma de investigación cualitativa y adoptó un diseño tipo documental, en el que se consultaron artículos científicos, proyectos de posgrado, libros y páginas web, y otro tipo de documentos.

La investigación se realizó con el objeto de analizar el manejo de la gestión presupuestaria como herramienta de control financiero en las pequeñas y medianas empresas. El estudio se desarrolló con base a los siguientes objetivos específicos: describir el proceso presupuestario, caracterizar los tipos de presupuestos, describir los objetivos financieros a considerar en el control financiero, examinar los instrumentos de medición para el control financiero y proponer lineamientos estratégicos para la optimización de la gestión presupuestaria y el control financiero en las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Asimismo, estuvo enmarcado bajo las definiciones planteadas por diversos autores especializados en el estudio.

Abstract Aerosols (PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 and PM $$_{10}$$ 10 ) represent one of the most critical pollutants due to their negative effects on human health. This research analyzed the relationship of PM and its PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 /PM $$_{10}$$ 10 ratios with climatic variables in the austral spring (2016–2018) in Metropolitan Lima. Overall, there was an average PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 /PM $$_{10}$$ 10 ratio of 0.33 with fluctuations from 0.30 to 0.35. However, there have also been high point values that reached ratios greater than one. This situation indicates a moderate condition of contamination by particulate matter with a predominance of coarse aerosols in spring, with an increasing trend over the years. The locations Ate and Villa Maria del Triunfo, especially Ate, presented poor quality conditions. Thursdays showed outstanding pollution peaks by PM $$_{10}$$ 10 , and a decrease is visible on Sundays. On the other hand, the PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 showed a similar pattern every day, including Sundays. The maximum peaks occurred in the morning and night hours. The increase in anthropogenic emissions associated with the formation of secondary aerosols has been evident, being the case of the location Campo de Marte, the one that had a significant increase in ratios PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 /PM $$_{10}$$ 10 , which confirms a greater intensity of secondary formations of carbonaceous particles from industrial oil sources, vehicle exhaust, as well as aerosols from metal smelting and biomass burning. There were negative correlations of the ratios with PM $$_{10}$$ 10 , temperature, wind speed, and direction, and positive correlations with PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 and relative humidity. Contour lines were successfully developed that demonstrated the interaction of climate with PM $$_{2.5}$$ 2.5 /PM $$_{10}$$ 10 ratios. This will deepen the exploration of emission sources and modeling, which allows for optimizing air quality indices to control emissions and adequately manage air quality in Metropolitan Lima.

Introducción: la Intervención Farmacéutica busca optimizar y racionalizar el uso, la efectividad y la seguridad de los medicamentos dispensados resolviendo problemas relacionados con el medicamento (PRM) y resultados negativos asociados a la medicación (RNM). Objetivo: evaluar las Intervenciones Farmacéuticas realizadas a usuarios de benzodiacepinas durante la pandemia COVID-19 desde una Farmacia Comunitaria. Método: estudio prospectivo observacional, descriptivo y transversal (código AEMPS: DAA-CLO-2020-01) de las Intervenciones Farmacéuticas llevadas a cabo por una farmacia comunitaria tinerfeña entre agosto 2020 y febrero 2021. Resultados: un total de 306 Intervenciones Farmacéuticas fueron realizadas sobre 127 pacientes. La educación sanitaria y la información personalizada sobre el medicamento fueron las Intervenciones Farmacéuticas mayoritarias tras detectar entre los pacientes un alto grado de desconocimiento sobre las benzodiacepinas usadas. Las Intervenciones Farmacéuticas que se acompañan de derivación al médico alcanzan el 37,8 % tras detectar PRM y/o RNM o identificar al paciente como candidato para deprescripción. Estas derivaciones incluyen a los pacientes con un estado de depresión muy alto según el test Euroqol 5D-3L. La Intervención Farmacéutica con derivación al Servicio de Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico se realiza en el 3,1 % de los pacientes. El grado de aceptación de la Intervención Farmacéutica por parte de los pacientes alcanza el 98,4 %. Conclusiones: el alto porcentaje de aceptación de las Intervenciones Farmacéuticas refuerza el valor de la Farmacia Comunitaria en la optimización y racionalización del uso de benzodiacepinas y fortalece el vínculo farmacéutico-paciente. La pandemia COVID-19 dificultó la colaboración farmacéutico-médico, a pesar de la existencia de protocolos telemáticos de comunicación entre sanitarios.