Search

Marine-derived proteins, such as blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysates (BWPH), represent high-quality sources of dietary protein, but their ability to support postexercise anabolism is not established. The impact of BWPH on whole-body anabolism was compared with an isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) control in 10 trained young males (31 ± 4 years) who, on three separate visits, performed a session of whole-body resistance exercise and then consumed, in randomized crossover fashion, BWPH, WPI, or NEAA (0.33 g/kg; 19, 33, and 0 mg/kg leucine, respectively) with L-[1-13C]leucine. Breath, blood, and urine samples were collected for 6-hr postprandial to assess dietary leucine oxidation, amino acid (AA) concentrations, and 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio. Peak and area under the curve concentrations for leucine, branched-chain amino acids, and essential amino acids were greater in WPI compared with BWPH (all p <.05) but with no differences in time to peak concentration. Total oxidation reflected leucine intake (WPI > BWPH > NEAA; p <.01), whereas relative oxidation was greater (p <.01) in WPI (28.6 ± 3.6%) compared with NEAA (21.3 ± 4.2%), but not BWPH (28.6 ± 8.8%). Leucine retention, a proxy for whole-body protein synthesis, was greater in WPI (185.6 ± 9.5 μmol/kg) compared with BWPH (109.3 ± 14.1 μmol/kg) and NEAA (5.74 ± 0.30 μmol/kg; both p <.01), with BWPH being greater than NEAA (p <.01). Urinary 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio did not differ between conditions. Both WPI and BWPH produced essential aminoacidemia and supported whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise, but a higher intake of BWPH to better approximate the leucine and EAA content of WPI may be needed to produce an equivalent anabolic response. Consuming protein after exercise is generally considered to be important for recovery from a single session of exercise, and over time can support muscle growth in response to long-term strength training. This study aimed to understand how different types of protein might affect these so-called "anabolic" processes by studying a marker of the body's ability to recovery and grow muscle after exercise. Specifically, this study compared how well three different protein sources—a dairy-based protein in the form of whey protein isolate, a novel fish protein powder derived from blue whiting, and a blend of what are known as nonessential amino acids—help the body retain another amino acid named leucine, which is a key indicator of muscle-building potential, during the 6 hr of recovery after exercise. There are 20 amino acids that are used in the body, some come from our food and some can be made in the body, but regardless of source, these amino acids serve as building blocks for all of the proteins in the body. Ten healthy young men who had been regularly doing strength training participated in the study. On three different occasions, each participant completed a full-body workout and then drank one of the three protein drinks. The amount of protein they consumed was based on their body weight. The drink provided 20–30 g of protein depending, on body size. After each workout, how much leucine the body retained over a 6-hr period was assessed by collecting samples of blood, breath, and urine which effectively measures how well the proteins were absorbed and used by the body for processes supporting muscle recovery, repair, and growth. One of the key questions was whether this fish-derived protein could be a good alternative to whey protein for supporting muscle recovery after exercise. Whey protein is well-known for its ability to support these processes and help build muscle, but there is much interest in whether other protein sources, particularly those from fish, could offer similar benefits. Fish proteins may also have the added advantage of being more sustainable, which is increasingly important in today's world. The nonessential amino acid blend served as a control, as it was not expected to contribute to processes that support muscle recovery and growth due to its lack of essential amino acids. The results showed that whey protein was the most effective by leading to the highest concentrations of essential amino acids in the blood, and the greatest amount of leucine retained in the body, meaning that the body was potentially able to use more of it for muscle recovery and growth. The fish protein performed better than the nonessential amino acids, supporting the idea that it could help with muscle recovery, but it was not as effective as whey protein. This finding is likely because the fish protein contained less essential amino acids, which are critical for muscle recovery and growth processes. Consuming a larger amount of the fish protein could potentially provide benefits similar to whey protein, but more studies would be needed to confirm this. The nonessential amino acid blend was the least effective, as expected, because it lacked the necessary components to stimulate these anabolic processes in muscle. The interpretation of these results is that while whey protein would be the most effective of the three protein sources for promoting muscle recovery after exercise, fish-derived proteins, like the one tested in this study, could be a good alternative, especially for those who are looking for nondairy sources of protein. While the fish protein didn't perform as well as whey protein in this study, it did still support muscle recovery, suggesting it could be a viable option to match the effects of whey if provided at the right dosage. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how different protein sources can help the body recover after exercise, and suggests that future research could focus on how adjusting the amount of fish protein consumed could improve its potential to support recovery and growth in response to exercise. Consuming protein after exercise is generally considered to be important for recovery from a single session of exercise, and over time can support muscle growth in response to long term strength training. This study aimed to understand how different types of protein might affect these so-called "anabolic" processes by studying a marker of the body's ability to recovery and grow muscle after exercise. Specifically, this study compared how well three different protein sources—a dairy-based protein in the form of whey protein isolate, a novel fish protein powder derived from blue whiting, and a blend of what are known as nonessential amino acids—help the body retain another amino acid named leucine, which is a key indicator of muscle-building potential, during the 6 hr of recovery after exercise. There are 20 amino acids that are used in the body, some come from our food and some can be made in the body, but regardless of source, these amino acids serve as building blocks for all of the proteins in the body. Ten healthy young men who had been regularly doing strength training participated in the study. On three different occasions, each participant completed a full-body workout and then drank one of the three protein drinks. The amount of protein they consumed was based on their body weight, and so the drink provided 20–30 g of protein depending on body size. After each workout, how much leucine the body retained over a 6-hr period was assessed by collecting samples of blood, breath, and urine, and this is effectively a measure of how well the proteins were absorbed and used by the body for processes supporting muscle recovery, repair, and growth. One of the key research questions was whether this fish-derived protein could be a good alternative to whey protein for supporting muscle recovery after exercise. Whey protein is well-known for its ability to support these processes and help build muscle, but there is much interest in whether other protein sources, particularly those from fish, could offer similar benefits. Fish proteins may also have the added advantage of being more sustainable, which is increasingly important in today's world. The nonessential amino acid blend served as a control, as it was not expected to contribute to processes that support muscle recovery and growth due to its lack of essential amino acids. The results showed that whey protein was the most effective by leading to the highest concentrations of essential amino acids in the blood, and the greatest amount of leucine retained in the body, meaning that the body was potentially able to use more of it for muscle recovery and growth. The fish protein performed better than the nonessential amino acids, supporting the idea that it could help with muscle recovery, but it was not as effective as whey protein. This finding is likely because the fish protein contained less essential amino acids, which are critical for muscle recovery and growth processes. Consuming a larger amount of the fish protein could potentially provide similar benefits to whey protein, but more studies would be needed to confirm this. The nonessential amino acid blend was the least effective, as expected, because it lacked the necessary components to stimulate these anabolic processes in muscle. The interpretation of these results is that while whey protein would be the most effective of the three protein sources for promoting muscle recovery after exercise, fish-derived proteins like the one tested in this study could still be a good alternative, especially for those who are looking for nondairy sources of protein. While the fish protein didn't perform as well as whey protein in this study, it did still support muscle recovery, suggesting it could be a viable option to match the effects of whey if provided at the right dosage. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how different protein sources can help the body recover after exercise, and suggests that future research could focus on how adjusting the amount of fish protein consumed could improve its potential to support recovery and growth in response to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of seasons (summer and winter) on the proximate, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of gilthead sea bream fish fed with commercial diets in sea cages and earthen ponds in the Aegean Sea in Türkiye. In general, the nutrient composition of the diets met the nutritional needs of the fish. Proximate analysis of fish fillets revealed that fish reared in earthen ponds had the lowest moisture and highest lipid content in the winter season (p < 0.05). Although fillet protein contents were comparatively higher in the winter (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between systems in the same season (p > 0.05). Growing gilthead sea bream in marine cages produced fillets with high contents of the essential fatty acids (EFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). On the other hand, the 18:1n-9 and 18:3n-3 contents of fish reared in earthen ponds increased by 25.64 and 18.80% respectively, compared to those in marine cages. Fillet content of total n-3 fatty acid were comparatively higher (p < 0.05) in gilthead sea bream from marine cages, and this increase was even more evident in the winter months. The n-3/n-6 ratios of fillets were significantly high in gilthead sea bream from marine cages in the summer. The levels of the essential amino acids (EAAs) arginine and leucine were higher in fillets from both systems in the winter. On the other hand, fillet contents of lysine were higher in the summer. In general, the total EAA content of fillets was higher in fish from the sea cages in summer. EAA/NEAA ratios in both systems in summer and winter were found to be at good levels in terms of fish fillet quality. Fillet contents of EFA and EAA from both systems and seasons were found to be good for human consumption and will have positive effects on human nutrition. In conclusion, commercial diets used in feeding gilthead sea bream improved the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid compositions of fillets to a good extent. Different seasons and culture systems may affect the nutritional composition of fish fillets, especially on fillet EFA contents. Results of fillet samples in marine cages and earthen ponds in summer and winter showed that the fish were of good quality for human health. Evaluation of the results in the present study shows that that gilthead sea bream can also be successfully cultured in earthen ponds in areas unsuitable for agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Flower-like mesoMOFs with highly open and interconnected pores were constructed. • A bicontinuous phase self-assembly synthesis mechanism was proposed. • A cascade sensing platform based on the resultant Ce-WUiO-66 was exemplified. The design and construction of MOFs with flower-like structure could afford sufficient space for the immobilization of guests with large size and interconnected transport channels for their mass diffusion although it remains a challenge. Herein, wrinkled Ce-based hierarchically porous UiO-66 (Ce-WUiO-66) with good crystallinity was successfully synthesized for the first time using bicontinuous emulsion composed of 1-heptanol, water and F127 (PEO 106 PPO 70 PEO 106) surfactant as a template. F127 played a key role in the formation of emulsions as a stabilizer, and meanwhile its PEO segments interacted with MOF precursors to guide the evolvement of crystallized pore walls. Through controlling the ratios of heptanol to water and the salinity, the distances of the pleat openings and the morphology of the resultant Ce-WUiO-66 were facilely regulated. In virtue of its highly open radial structure, Ce-WUiO-66 could serve as an ideal platform for loading multiple substances to build a cascade sensing system. As a proof of concept, we designed an amino acid (AA) cascade probe by co-immobilizing gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and LAA oxidase into Ce-WUiO-66. The aggregation-induced-emission enhancement resulted from the encapsulation of AuNCs into Ce-WUiO-66 significantly improved the detection sensitivity and the detection limit of corresponding substrates reached as low as 10-8 M. The proposed biphasic interface assembly strategy is hopefully to provide a new route for the rational design of MOFs with various open pore structure and broaden their potential applications with multiple large-size substances involved besides the currently exemplified cascade sensing platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antenna effect of POMs was significantly enhanced by selectively using specific electron-rich antibiotics and amino acids. This significantly improved the luminescence performance of LnPOMs; achieved their highly sensitive, highly visual, intelligent photoresponse to specific antibiotics and histidine (His); and enhanced their photodynamic sterilization performance. [Display omitted] Excessive discharge of antibiotics seriously threatens human health and is thus a global public health problem. This highlights the urgent need to develop intelligent sensing materials for specific antibiotics that are highly visual, fast, convenient, and inexpensive. Herein, two reverse α-octamolybdate polyoxometalates (POMs; Mo 8) were used to chelate lanthanide ions to obtain lanthanide POMs (LnPOMs; LnMo 16 ; Ln = Eu, Sm, Tb, Gd) with highly sensitive smart photoresponses to specific antibiotics (ofloxacin [OFN], norfloxacin [NOR], enrofloxacin [ENR], and oxytetracycline [OTC]) and histidine (His) with luminescence turn-on. Specific antibiotics and His, which has an electron-rich structure, can efficiently enhance the antenna effect, thereby greatly improving the luminescence of EuMo 16. Surprisingly, OFN and NOR both enhanced the luminescence of Eu(III) ions and Mo 8 , whereas ENR and OTC only enhanced the luminescence of Eu(III) ions, showing a differentiated sensitization effect. More notably, the combination of POMs and Ln(III) ions enhanced the ability of LnPOMs to produce reactive oxygen species under light irradiation, and these LnPOMs showed significant sterilization effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. To our knowledge, this is the first time electron-rich antibiotics or amino acids were used to enhance the luminescence of LnPOMs, achieving luminescence-enhanced photoresponse to specific antibiotics and amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergothioneine (ERG) is a natural sulfur-containing amino acid found in many organisms, including humans. It accumulates at high concentrations in red blood cells and is distributed to various organs, including the brain. ERG has numerous health benefits and antioxidant capabilities, and it has been linked to various human physiological processes, such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-aging effects. Accurate, rapid, and cost-effective quantification of ERG levels in human biofluids is crucial for understanding its role in oxidative stress-related diseases. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an effective approach for measuring compounds at concentrations similar to those at which ERG is present in serum. However, while SERS has been used to characterize or detect ERG, quantification has not yet been achieved due to the variability in the signal enhancement that can arise during sample preparation and analysis. This study introduces a highly efficient and reliable technique for quickly (20 min is typical per sample) measuring ERG levels in human serum using SERS. This employs an internal standard highly specific for ERG which resulted in limit of quantification values of 0.71 μM. To validate this approach, we analysed real human serum with unknown ERG levels as a blind test set and primary reference levels of ERG were produced using a targeted UHPLC-MS/MS reference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of reliable, practical colorimetric chirality sensors is essential for achieving simple, rapid, and accessible chirality analysis. Conjugated polymers are recognized as a leading platform for such chiral sensors, yet only a few examples demonstrate easily discernible color differences. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the potential of poly(phenylacetylene) bearing chiral (S)-mandelamide receptors (poly-1) as a colorimetric chirality sensor. Poly-1 exhibited an instantaneous colorimetric response dependent on the chirality of the added amino acid derivative, demonstrating its applicability to qualitative chirality analysis. The large chirality-dependent color difference, greater than 110 nm, is easily discernible even with the naked eye. This superior enantiospecific colorimetric response of poly-1 enabled visual estimation of the approximate optical purity of the analyzed guests, which could be precisely quantified using calibration curves. When compared with a previously reported polymer-based chiral sensor (poly-2), poly-1 provided important insights into the molecular design of poly(phenylacetylene)-based chiral sensors. Notably, poly-1's response was highly temperature-sensitive, with its enantioselective colorimetric response observed at 20 °C disappearing at 35 °C, possibly owing to the simplified design around its chiral amide receptor. The study provides valuable insights for designing future chiral sensors, potentially advancing sensing technologies in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unusual amino acids have arisen as an indispensable instrument at the disposal of modern medicinal chemistry. While extensively exploited as building blocks in the search for new pharmaceuticals, their application goes far beyond. They are currently involved in explorations of the structure and conformational mobility of peptides, modification and amplification of peptidomimetic activity, and others. Herein, we report an effective synthetic approach to nonplanar, conformationally restricted, sp 3 -enriched spirocyclic α-prolines. The protocol employs readily available nitrile-based starting materials and conventional experimental procedures. The synthetic sequence is concise and includes three principal stages (one of them a four-step telescopic process). The reactions proceed on a multigram scale affording the target prolines in overall good yields. The possibility of chiral separation of the synthesized racemic spiro prolines to both pure enantiomers is shown. The building blocks synthesized in the study are expected to have practical uses in the field of medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the high prevalence of myopia, there is a growing need for the identification of myopia intervention mechanisms and targets. Metabolomics has been gradually used to investigate changes in myopia tissue metabolites over the last few years, but the potential physiological and pathological roles of amino acids and their downstream metabolites discovered by metabolomics in myopia are not fully understood. Aim of review: Aim to explore the possible relationship between amino acid metabolism and the occurrence and development of myopia, we collected a total of 21 experimental studies related to myopia metabolomics. Perform pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst online software. We have identified over 20 amino acids that may be associated with the development of myopia. Among them, 19 types of amino acids are common amino acids. We discussed their possible mechanisms affecting myopia and proposed future prospects for treating myopia. Key scientific concepts of review: Our analysis results show that metabolomics research on myopia involves many important amino acids. We have collected literature and found that research on amino acid metabolism in myopia mainly focuses on downstream small molecule substances. Amino acids and their downstream metabolites affect the development of myopia by participating in important biochemical processes such as oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Enzymes, receptors, and cytokines that regulate amino acid metabolism may become potential targets for myopia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ZX-7101A: an inhibitor of influenza viral cap-dependent endonuclease, in adults with uncomplicated influenza and explore treatment-emergent resistance. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive-design phase 2 and phase 3 studies (ZX-7101A-202) in adults with uncomplicated influenza. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single dose of 40 or 80 mg ZX-7101A or placebo, stratified by body weight and baseline composite symptom score. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to alleviation of influenza symptoms (TTAS) in intention-to-treat infected population. The phase 2 trial suggested significantly shorter TTAS for ZX-7101A compared with placebo: the median TTAS of 40 or 80 mg ZX-7101A groups were 34.7 hours (95% CI, 22.8–43.4; p 0.005) and 45.8 hours (95% CI, 32.0–66.3; p 0.020), compared with 63.6 hours (95% CI, 43.9–93.4) in the placebo group. In the phase 3 trial, the TTAS of both ZX-7101A dose groups was significantly shortened relative to the that of placebo group: the median TTAS was shortened to 48.4 hours (95% CI, 40.5–55.6) for 40 mg group and 39.4 hours (95% CI, 35.8–49.3) for 80 mg group, compared with 62.9 hours (95% CI, 56.4–69.3) for placebo group (p 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). In the safety population, ZX-7101A treatment was associated with fewer adverse events, with 41.8% (100/239) in the 40 mg group, 44.2% (106/240) in the 80 mg group, and 53.8% (129/240) in the placebo group. The majority of adverse events were mild or moderate. Emergence of resistance to ZX-7101A through I38T amino acid substitution was detected in 5/278 (1.8%) patients. ZX-7101A was an effective treatment for influenza with a single dose of either 40 mg or 80 mg, with more rapid alleviation of influenza symptoms vs. placebo. No safety concerns were identified with single dose treatment of ZX-7101A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Biologically inspired aromatic peptide-based materials are gaining increasing interest as novel charge transport materials for bioelectronics due to their remarkable electrical response and inherent biocompatibility. In this work, the electrochemical response of ten aromatic amino acids and eleven aromatic peptides has been evaluated to assess the potential of incorporating peptides into electrochemical sensors not as biorecognition elements but as biocompatible electronic materials. While the electrochemical response of amino acids is null in all cases, the hexapeptide of phenylalanine (Phe) capped with eight polyethylene glycol units at the N -terminus and, especially, the cyclic dipeptide formed by two dehydro-phenylalanine residues (cyclo(ΔPhe 2)), which organize in fibrillary self-assembled structures of nano- and submicrometric size, respectively, are the most electroactive peptides. Electrodes to electrochemically detect the oxidation of dopamine have been prepared using a plasma-activated polyethylene terephthalate glycol substrate covered with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layer and a peptide coating deposited at the surface. The highest analytical sensitivity and the lowest limits of detection and quantifications have been obtained for the electrode coated with cyclo(ΔPhe 2), which shows much better results than that without peptide. These results, on the one hand, confirm the significant role of electron transport through π-stacking interactions in the electrochemical response of peptides and, on the other hand, demonstrate that peptides can be directly used as electronic materials rather than as simple recognition elements in electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acid sequences that can penetrate cell membranes and deliver molecules into cells. Several models have been developed for their discovery, yet these models often face challenges in accurately predicting membrane penetration due to the complex nature of peptide–cell interactions. Hence, there is a need for innovative approaches that can enhance predictive performance. Experimental Approach: In this study, we present the application GraphCPP, a novel graph neural network (GNN) for the prediction of membrane penetration capability of peptides. Key Results: A new comprehensive dataset—dubbed CPP1708—was constructed resulting in the largest reliable database of CPPs to date. Comparative analyses with previous methods, such as MLCPP2, C2Pred, CellPPD and CellPPD‐Mod, demonstrated the superior predictive performance of our model. Upon testing against other published methods, GraphCPP performs exceptionally, achieving 0.5787 Matthews correlation coefficient and 0.8459 area under the curve (AUC) values on one dataset. This means a 92.8% and 23.3% improvement in Matthews correlation coefficient and AUC measures respectively compared with the next best model. The capability of the model to effectively learn peptide representations was demonstrated through t‐distributed stochastic neighbour embedding plots. Additionally, the uncertainty analysis revealed that GraphCPP maintains high confidence in predictions for peptides shorter than 40 amino acids. The source code is available at https://github.com/attilaimre99/GraphCPP. Conclusion and Implications: These findings indicate the potential of GNN‐based models to improve CPP penetration prediction and it may contribute towards the development of more efficient drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The amount of calcium and phosphorus in the empty, feather-free bodies of Cobb 700 breed males and females was measured from hatch to 15 weeks of age. 2. A four-phase ad libitum feeding programme was used to feed 400 chicks of each sex. Feeds contained commercial levels of calcium and phosphorus which met or exceeded the requirements for energy, protein and amino acids. All birds were weighed weekly. Ten birds per sex were sampled at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 and 105 d of age. Defeathered birds were minced, freeze-dried and then analysed for protein, ash, calcium and phosphorus content. 3. Amounts of Ca in males and females at 105 d averaged 54 and 37 g, respectively, and 105 d P content in males and females averaged 35 and 27 g, respectively. The allometry of ash, Ca and P with empty, feather-free body protein was assessed. Ash was isometric with body protein, while an allometric exponent greater than 1 was established for Ca and P with body protein. 4. The allometric models and means for Ca and P relative to body protein were compared with models and means found in the literature. Comparison of the Ca/protein ratios with previous data suggested that modern broilers may not reach their potential bone mineral deposition with current dietary guidelines, even when growth rates were maximised. 5. Theoretical allometric relationships between Ca and P in bone and bone-free body and body protein have now been proposed. The allometric relationship between Ca and P and empty, feather-free body protein offers a suitable way to model the growth of these minerals in the broiler body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using one-pot multicomponent reactions, two new series of imidazoles (4a–o and 6a–d), were synthesized due to their great biological activity. The first series was accomplished by the reaction of O-alkyl vanillins 1a–c, ammonium acetate 2, and benzil derivatives 3a–e in ethanol, while the second series was obtained by reacting O-alkyl vanillins 1a, ammonium acetate 2, benzil 3a, and amino compounds (aniline 5a or amino acids 5b–d) in acetic acid. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the novel synthetic imidazoles was assessed against strains of gram positive bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and gram negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The findings indicated that some of the evaluated items have promising antibacterial agents, especially imidazoles 4d and 4e for (+G) bacteria and imidazoles 4c and 4f for (−G) bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish industry can generate a significant amount of waste that has economic potential for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities of peptide fractions from triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) processing coproducts. Protein fractions were extracted from fish viscera and hydrolyzed using papain (HP), bromelain (HB), and trypsin (HT) (3% p.p−1, 6 h). The molecular mass distribution of soluble protein extract (SPE) and hydrolysate was determined by gel filtration chromatography. Samples were extracted and ultra-filtrated (> 100 MWCO, 30–100, 10–30 and < 10 MWCO). Antioxidant activity of fractions was evaluated, and fraction SPE4 (< 10 MWCO) showed the highest value of Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity—TEAC (10,157.7 µmol Trolox. g−1) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power—FRAP (1588.71 µmol FeSO4. g−1). SPE and hydrolysates (< 10 MWCO) were distributed into fractions by ion-exchange chromatography and subjected to antioxidant activity assays. F1 fraction showed the highest value for TEAC capacity (8839.04 µmol Trolox. g−1) and FRAP (1749.94 µmol FeSO4. g−1). ACE-inhibitory activity was evaluated for SPE and hydrolysate and fractions F3, F5, and HP3 showed the lowest IC50 values (30.1, 42.7 e 37.7 µg, respectively). Amino acid sequencing of peptides indicated the presence of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine (L), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), and alanine (A) in the C-terminal position, which contributed to antioxidant activity of peptides fractions. ACE inhibitory capacity was influenced by the presence of arginine (R) and lysine (K) positively charged in the C-terminal. Protein extracted from triggerfish viscera is a good source of bioactive peptides that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell growth and metabolism necessitate the involvement of amino acids, which are sensed and integrated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying amino acid sensing remain poorly understood. Research indicates that amino acids are detected by specific sensors, with the signals being relayed to mTORC1 indirectly. This paper reviews the structures and biological functions of the amino acid sensors identified thus far. Additionally, it evaluates the potential role these sensors play in the developmental changes of the livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]