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ABSTRACT Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm, known as shell ginger, is an aromatic plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In Guizhou Province of China, its mature fruits have been used by the Miao people for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Although the bioactivities of mature fruits of A. zerumbet are derived from phytochemicals in the seeds and pericarps of the plant, there remains a dearth of reports on the isolation of phytochemicals from the pericarp of A. zerumbet. In the present study, the pericarps of mature fruits of A. zerumbet were extracted, and two new kavalactone dimers, alpingsin E (1) and aniba dimer D (2), were isolated. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and NMR calculations. Especially, density functional theory–based NMR chemical shift calculations were employed to elucidate and confirm the relative configuration of 1 and 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet. (Pers.) B.L. Burttand R.M. Sm., commonly known as shell ginger, Siamese ginger, Thai ginger, or Galangal, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. A. zerumbet is traditionally used in various countries across the globe for its medicinal properties. This review aims to compile and analyze the available literature on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of A. zerumbet. Traditional medicine employs A. zerumbet to treat various diseases, and it is also part of the traditional Okinawan diet in Japan. The leaves and rhizomes of A. zerumbet are commonly utilized as spices and flavorings in various dishes, including rice, meats, and pasta. The phytochemical constituents of A. zerumbet include terpenes and terpenoids such as linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and ascorbic acid. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated various biological activities, including its use as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses of A. zerumbet and highlighting its chemical constituents for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant.

Chemical investigation of the culture extract of an endophyte Xylaria curta YSJ-5 from Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith resulted in the isolation of eight previously undescribed compounds including five eremophilane sesquiterpenes xylarcurenes A-E, one norsesquiterpene xylarcurene F, and two α -pyrone derivatives xylarpyrones A-B together with eight known related derivatives. Their chemical structures were extensively established based on the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis, modified Mosher's method, electronic circular dichroism calculations, single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments, and the comparison with previous literature data. All these compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, α -glucosidase inhibitory, and antibacterial activities. As a result, 6-pentyl-4-methoxy-pyran-2-one was disclosed to display significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentration value of 6.3 μg/mL. Six previously undescribed sesquiterpenes xylarcurenes A-F (1 – 6) and two previously undescribed α -pyrones xylarpyrones A-B (12 – 13) were isolated from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. [Display omitted] • Six previously undescribed sesquiterpenes were isolated from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. • Two previously undescribed α -pyrones were characterized from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. • Compounds 1 , 2 , 3 and 5 were determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. • Compound 15 showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet is a food flavor additive and a traditional medicine herb around the world. Several studies have reported that A. zerumbet has excellent effects on a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but its potential hypertensive applications, and pharmacokinetic features of main active substances have not been fully investigated. The mechanism of anti-hypertension with ethyl acetate extracts of A. zerumbet fruits (AZEAE) was evaluated by L -NNA-induced hypertensive rats and L -NAME-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Blood pressure, echocardiographic cardiac index and H&E staining were used to preliminary evaluate the antihypertensive effect of AZEAE, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were evaluated by ELISA, and the proteins expression of IL-1β, IL-18, AGTR1, VCAM, iNOS, EDN1 and eNOS were also evaluated. In addition, isolation, identification, and activity screening of bioactive compounds were carried ou. Next, pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) in vivo were measured, and preliminary absorption mechanism was conducted with Caco-2 cell monolayers. AZEAE remarkably enhanced the state of hypertensive rats. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified, and five compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The isolated compounds also exhibited good resistance against injury of HUVECs. Moreover, pharmacokinetics and Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated AZEAE had better absorption capacity than DDK, and DDK exhibited differences in tissues distribution and gender difference. This study was the first to assess the potential hypertensive applications of A. zerumbet in vivo and vitro , and the first direct and concise study of the in vivo behavior of DDK and AZEAE. [Display omitted] • The effect and mechanism of AZEAE on hypertensive rats were measured for the first time. • Twelve bioactive substances were identified and were tested for anti-HUVECs injury. • The effect and mechanism of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain on HUVECs was measured for the first time. • The pharmacokinetics of monomer and DDK from AZEAE were studied for the first time. • The tissues distribution of DDK was evaluated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shell ginger ( Alpinia zerumbet ) is a perennial ornamental plant of ginger native to East Asia, which can be used as a flavoring agent in food or beverage, as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, a total of 37 terpenoids, including 7 new compounds, zerumin D1 to zerumin D7 ( 2 , 3 , 28 - 30 , 36 , and 37 ), and 5 new naturally occurring compounds, zerumin D10 to zerumin D14 ( 9 , 12 , 15 , 20 , and 24 ), were isolated and identified from the rhizomes of shell ginger. Compound 3 was an unprecedented variant labdane diterpenoid featuring a unique 6/7/6/3 tetracyclic cyclic ether system in its side chain. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated terpenoids were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compound 4 significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide with an IC 50 value of 5.4 μM. Further investigation revealed that compounds 2 and 3 may inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thus suppressing the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 to exert the anti-inflammatory effects.