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Kounis syndrome (KS) was first described in 1991 by Kounis and Zavras and is also known as allergic angina syndrome or allergy myocardial infarction. It is a rare, and frequently undiagnosed syndrome that is characterized by an anaphylactic reaction. Allergens cause massive degranulation of mast cells leading to coronary spasm, microvascular angina, and/or endothelial dysfunction with myocardial infarction. The annual incidence of severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis with circulatory symptoms is about 7.9-9.6 cases per 100,000 people. More than 300 cases of KS have been described after exposure to various agents such as drugs, insect venoms, food, or medicated stents. Although the incidence of KS is very low, the incidence of myocardial infarction due to anaphylaxis secondary to gadolinium is even lower, reported in a range of 0.002-0.01%. The objective of this article is to review the current data on KS, regarding a case of allergy to gadolinium, which has an extremely low incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption is an integral part of social and community life worldwide. Epidemiological data show a significant increase in the consumption of mainly beer, but also other alcohols over the last 20 years. Each type of alcohol represents not only an addictive toxic substance, but also an important source of plant allergens, natural enzymes, various yeast species and flavourings, preservatives and colourings, and biogenic amines Ethanol alone may be responsible for inducing passive hyperaemia of the intestinal wall, which facilitates the penetration of other allergens. Allergic reactions induced by alcohol consumption are not common, but case reports of severe allergic reactions including anaphylaxis mean that the search for the causative agent and the consequent preparation of appropriate, individualized dietary recommendations can protect the patient from the consequences of further exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La aerobiología, disciplina que analiza la dinámica de los bioaerosoles, como los granos de polen, esporas y microorganismos en el aire, juega un papel fundamental en la prevención de las enfermedades alérgicas, anticipando la aparición de síntomas en personas sensibilizadas. Este artículo examina las concentraciones de polen en el aire de los tipos polínicos mayoritarios en tres ciudades de la Región de Murcia: Cartagena, Murcia y Lorca. Las muestras fueron recolectadas con un captador tipo Hirst y analizadas bajo microscopio óptico mediante la metodología aerobiológica estandarizada, validada a nivel europeo. Los resultados muestran un incremento significativo en los índices polínicos anuales de los principales tipos polínicos en 2023, comparado con el promedio del periodo 2010-2022. A pesar de la proximidad geográfica, existe una variabilidad en los taxones predominantes entre las ciudades, lo que destaca la importancia de contar con redes de vigilancia aerobiológica robustas, así como la necesidad de un marco legislativo sólido que integre a los contaminantes biológicos con otros elementos de la contaminación atmosférica, permitiendo una mejor prevención de las enfermedades alérgicas, reduciendo costes y mejorando la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados.

El avance en la comprensión de los procesos inmunológicos relacionados con enfermedades alérgicas y en la bioingeniería de anticuerpos ha propiciado el desarrollo de terapias biológicas específicas. Los anticuerpos monoclonales, dirigidos selectivamente hacia citocinas involucradas en la patogénesis de los procesos alérgicos, o sus receptores, han emergido como una herramienta prometedora en el tratamiento de diversas afecciones, tales como el asma, la rinitis alérgica, la urticaria y la dermatitis atópica grave. Desde la aprobación del primer anticuerpo monoclonal anti-CD3 de origen murino en 1986, se ha transitado un largo recorrido, caracterizado por la aparición de anticuerpos quiméricos, los que por estructura molecular de la inmunoglobulina es semejante a los del ser humano denominados “humanizados” y los exactamente iguales llamados “completamente humanos”. La “humanización” de los anticuerpos monoclonales ha contribuido significativamente a reducir tanto el riesgo de inmunogenicidad como la incidencia de efectos adversos, mejorando notablemente la seguridad y eficacia de estas terapias. Este artículo tiene como objetivo abordar la caracterización, desarrollo, farmacocinética, farmacodinamia y utilidad clínica de los anticuerpos monoclonales, principalmente focalizados en las enfermedades alérgicas.

Food consumption is the second most common cause of anaphylaxis among adults. There have been reported cases after eating seafood, which the most popular are shrimps. The most common allergen of shrimp is tropomyosin. A 22 years-old female experienced dyspnoea, edema of lips, tongue, eyelids and generalized urticaria with pruritus after eating bread with shrimp paste. Also, for 4 years, the patient has symptoms of rhinitis with conjunctivitis during spring and summer months and after eating unprepared apples, nectarines, hazelnuts and walnuts experiences itching of the lips, tongue and throat. The patients provided the results of specific IgE tests which showed positive results for pollen of birch, alder, rye, timothy grass, epidermis of dog, cat, horse, rabbit, egg yolk, shrimp and Alternaria alternata. During the diagnosis, skin prick tests with extracts of food and inhalant allergens were performed. A positive result was for the allergen extract from cat fur, grass mixture, rye, alder, birch, hazel and shrimp. We also established the level of IgE specific to allergen components using the ImmunoCap ISAC method. Allergen-specific IgE was elevated for the shrimp allergen Pen m 4 (sarcoplasmic calcium binding protein), allergens of timothy grass, bermuda grass, birch and cat, as well as cross-reacting allergens of alder, hazel, apple, peach, soy and peanuts. Considering the overall clinical picture the patient was diagnosed with a shrimp allergy and seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by allergy to birch and grasses. The patient was advised to exclude seafood from her diet and provided with adrenaline, steroids and antihistamines. According to our current knowledge, this is the first reported case of anaphylaxis after eating shrimp caused by allergy to Pen m 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most commonly used drug groups in clinical practice. Despite the high prevalence of their use, symptoms of hypersensitivity to IPPs are rare and few cases of the occurrence of allergies to drugs from this group have been documented in the available literature. The most often allergic symptoms include urticaria, angioedema and near fatal anaphylaxis. Between the individual drugs of this group there are cross-reactivity reactions. Knowledge- about crossreactivity in this group allow the safe administration of the drugs to patients who require their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Archives of Veterinary Science, discusses a study on the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs using a polymer hydrogel system combined with the LUP37C11 antibody. The study found promising results in treating atopic dogs, but further improvements and standardization of the products are needed. The article provides an introduction to atopic dermatitis in both humans and dogs and discusses the complex interactions and pathophysiology of the disease. The study focuses on the evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of the hydrogel system in combination with the antibody in dogs with atopic dermatitis and external otitis. The results show potential for the use of the hydrogel system and antibody in the treatment of these skin conditions. Another study evaluated the effects of the treatment on non-atopic dogs without ear infections and found no significant differences between the treatments. The document also includes a compilation of various scientific articles related to canine atopic dermatitis, providing valuable information for researchers and individuals interested in understanding the condition. Additionally, a collection of articles provides an update and comparative review of atopic dermatitis in animals and humans, highlighting the similarities between canine and human atopic dermatitis and the potential for dogs to contribute to research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria is the property of LUA Ediciones 3.0 S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: This publication aims to show the clinical, endoscopic, and histological responses of two pediatric patients who received dupilumab as a management strategy for eosinophilic esophagitis. Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the alpha chain of the interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 receptors involved in the Th2 inflammatory response. The potential therapeutic role of this biological drug has been demonstrated in pediatric clinical trials in other allergic pathologies, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma, with an adequate safety and effectiveness profile. Clinical cases: Two children with a personal history of atopy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy began with gastrointestinal symptoms that confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Despite the different management strategies, adequate control of the disease was not achieved, and it is considered that they benefited from management with dupilumab due to the disease evolution and the coexistence of uncontrolled atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: In recent years, various management strategies in pediatrics have been published, particularly high-dose proton pump inhibitors, topical corticosteroids, and elimination diets. However, despite these strategies, at least one-third of patients may fail to achieve remission with initial treatment, making this entity a therapeutic challenge for the gastroenterologist and pediatric allergist. Our patients received the dose recommended for their weight and age and approved for asthma and atopic dermatitis, resulting in clinical and histological remission. The improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms was accompanied by better control of asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. None of the patients had adverse effects of the medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paediatrics & Family Medicine / Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Identificar, a través de análisis In Silico, el posible mimetismo molecular entre Der p 23 y antígenos de fuentes alergénicas. Métodos: Se buscó identidad entre Der p 23 y proteínas de las familias de ácaros Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, Chortoglyphidae y Echimyopodidae, a través de PSI-BLAST, y se utilizaron PRALINE y EMBOSS para los alineamientos. Los antígenos con estructura experimental resuelta se obtuvieron de Protein Data Bank, y aquellos no informados, se generaron mediante Swiss Model Server y ALPHAFOLD 2. La predicción de epítopes se realizó con el servidor Ellipro y para la visualización de los modelos en 3D, se utilizó Pymol 2.3. Resultados: El análisis entre alérgenos de Pyroglyphidae y Der p 23, mostró identidad con la proteína parecida a endoquitinasa de D. pteronyssinus, y el dominio de unión a quitina tipo 2 de D. farinae, con identidades entre 85 y 100%, con coberturas de 100% y 75%, respectivamente. Los alérgenos Der f 23 y Der p 23 de D. farinae y D. pteronyssinu,s tuvieron una cobertura del 100% con identidades del 85,42% y 79,59%, respectivamente. Entre los alérgenos de Tyrophagus putrescentiae, se incluyeron la unión a quitina, glicoproteína específica del oviducto y Cda4p, las cuales tuvieron valores de identidad correspondientes al 40%, 42,22% y 34,78%, con valores de cobertura que no superan el 55%. No se encontraron resultados para Chortoglyphidae y Echimyopodidae. Conclusión: Existe mimetismo molecular y homología estructural entre Der P 23 y alérgenos de fuentes alérgicas de las familias Pyroglyphidae y Acaridae. Se identificaron potenciales epítopes en Der p 23, los cuales podrían presentar reactividad cruzada con las proteínas de las fuentes alergénicas estudiadas, lo cual debe ser demostrado en estudios In Vitro e In Vivo. Se necesitan trabajos In Vitro e In Vivo que demuestren los resultados obtenidos en el análisis In Silico.

Objetivo: Diseñar una proteína multiepítope a partir de alérgenos de A. lumbricoides y APD; y evaluar preliminarmente su reactividad IgE. Métodos: Mediante herramientas computacionales se diseñó In Silico, una molécula que contiene múltiples epítopos T, de alérgenos derivados de A. lumbricoides y APD. Esta proteína multiepítope (MP1) se expresó utilizando un sistema de E. coli, y se purificó mediante cromatografía de afinidad, empleando agarosa Ni-NTA. La reactividad IgE anti-MP1 y anti-extracto de APD, se evaluó mediante Dot-Blot y ELISA indirecta, a partir de suero de pacientes alérgicos a APD, e individuos no alérgicos procedentes de Barranquilla, Colombia. Los individuos alérgicos contaron con prueba cutánea positiva a una batería estandarizada de alérgenos inhalados (EUROLINE - Ref: DP 3704-1601-1 E) e IgE específica para ácaros. Resultados: La proteína multiepítope MP1 se expresó y purificó con alta pureza. El resultado del Dot-Blot, mostró que todos los sueros de pacientes alérgicos tuvieron una reactividad IgE menor a MP1 en comparación al extracto de APD. Por ELISA, se observaron concentraciones significativamente menores de IgE anti-MP1 (Mediana: 270,86 ng/ml; RIQ: 90,3), en contraste a los niveles de IgE anti-APD (Mediana: 988,5 ng/ml; RIQ: 1117,6), en suero de pacientes alérgicos a APD. Conclusiones: Se diseñó, expresó y purificó una proteína compuesta por múltiples epítopes de alérgenos de A. lumbricoides y APD. Los resultados preliminares de Dot-Blot sugieren que esta molécula muestra propiedad hipoalergénica con una reactividad IgE muy baja, en comparación con el extracto de ácaros. Se necesita continuar con estudios funcionales para comprender mejor la respuesta inmune inducida por esta molécula.

Our case focuses on a 34-year-old woman, pregnant, with a history of allergic rhinitis treated with antihistamines as needed. She had no documented history of medication allergies. At 38 weeks she went into labor. Three days after delivery, she received intravenous hydrocortisone for postpartum pain management. During administration, the patient developed generalized urticaria, dysphonia, and dyspnea. She was brought to the emergency room and received intramuscular adrenaline and antihistamines with clinical improvement. Prick tests for methylprednisolone succinate 10 mg/ml and hydrocortisone succinate 10 mg/mL and 100 mg/ml were positive. In challenge testing, the patient tolerated dexamethasone and budesonide. A diagnosis of anaphylactic reaction to group A corticosteroids was made. The patient was instructed to avoid hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and prednisolone. Although rare, corticosteroid allergy has very important therapeutic consequences; therefore it is necessary to be alert and to offer a safe alternative to these patients demonstrating tolerance to other corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La incidencia y prevalencia de las enfermedades alérgicas han aumentado en los últimos años, por lo que se han estudiado los alergenos, desde el punto de vista inmunológico, estructural y funcional. La inmunoglobulina E es fundamental en los fenómenos alérgicos donde su concentración aumenta notoriamente. Con el fin de establecer un antecedente mediante la determinación de IgE total por el método de quimioluminiscencia como indicador de enfermedad alérgica en pacientes en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Rodríguez Zambrano, se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal en 267 pacientes que acudieron a realizarse la prueba de IgE durante el año 2019, de los cuales el sexo femenino fue el más prevalente, con una relación directa entre los valores de eosinófilos e IgE con un predominio de valores iguales o menores a 190 UI/ml .Con la prueba de chi cuadrado se obtuvo una diferencia significativa estadísticamente, predominando la asociación entre los valores normales de eosinófilos y el valor de la IgE, Spearman mostró una asociación entre ambas variables, destacando una eosinofilia en el grupo de IgE entre 1000 y 1200 UL/ml. Se concluye que la inmunoglobulina E, es una prueba fehaciente para realizar un diagnóstico de alergia

Self-reported penicillin allergy is highly prevalent. Different studies estimate that 10% of the population is labeled as such. This label, confirmed or suspected, forces us to take precautions and replace the antibiotic treatment of choice (frequently beta-lactams) with other 2nd or 3rd choice alternatives with worse overall results: side effects, resistance, costs, etc. The penicillin allergy label, once placed, remains in the medical record. It is only confirmed in less than 5% of patients, either because it has been placed inappropriately or because over time the sensitivity decreases and may disappear. Penicillin Allergy Decision Rule -PEN-FAST- is a validated and simple clinical prediction rule that estimates the risk of presenting an allergic reaction. Its use, together with algorithms that involve primary care in the study and delabeling of low-risk patients, can change our clinical practice., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of the present study was to design a multi-epitope protein from A. lumbricoides and APD allergens and to evaluate its IgE reactivity preliminarily. Methods: Using computational tools, a molecule containing multiple "T" epitopes of allergens derived from A. lumbricoides and APD was designed "in silico" This multi-epitope protein (MP1) was expressed using an E. coli system and purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose. Anti-MP1 and anti-HDM extract IgE reactivity was evaluated by Dot-Blot and indirect ELISA from sera of HDM-allergic patients and non-allergic individuals from Barranquilla-Colombia. Allergic individuals had a positive skin test to a standardized battery of inhaled allergens (EUROLINE - Ref: DP 3704-1601-1 E) and mite-specific IgE. Results: Multi-epitope (MP1) protein was expressed and purified with high purity. Dot-Blot result showed that all sera from allergic patients showed lower IgE reactivity to MP1 compared to HDM extract. By ELISA, significantly lower concentrations of anti-MP1 IgE (Median: 270.86 ng/ml; IQR: 90.3) were observed in contrast to anti-HDM IgE levels (Median: 988.5 ng/ml; IQR: 1117.6) in sera of patients allergic to HDM. Conclusions: A protein composed of multiple epitopes of A. lumbricoides and HDM allergens was designed, expressed, and purified. Preliminary Dot-Blot results suggest that this molecule shows hypoallergenic properties with very low IgE reactivity compared to mite extract. Further functional studies are needed to understand better the immune response induced by this molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify through In Silico analysis the possible molecular mimicry between Der p 23 and antigens from allergenic sources. Methods: Identity was sought between Der p 23 and proteins from the mite families Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, Chortoglyphidae and Echimyopodidae, through PSI-BLAST and They used PRALINE and EMBOSS for the alignments. Antigens with resolved experimental structure were obtained from Protein Data Bank and those not reported were generated using Swiss Model server and ALPHAFOLD 2. Epitope prediction was carried out with the Ellipro server and Pymol 2.3 was used to visualize the 3D models. Results: The analysis between Pyroglyphidae allergens and Der p 23 showed identity with the endochitinase-like protein of D. pteronyssinus, and the type 2 chitin binding domain of D. farinae, with identities between 85 and 100%, with coverage of 100%, and 75% respectively. The allergens Der f 23 and Der p 23 of D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus had 100% coverage with identities of 85.42% and 79.59%, respectively. Among the allergens of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, binding to chitin, oviduct-specific glycoprotein and Cda4p were included, which had identity values corresponding to 40%, 42.22% and 34.78%, with coverage values that did not exceed the 55%. No results were found for Chortoglyphidae and Echimyopodidae. Conclusion: There is molecular mimicry and structural homology between Der P 23 and allergens from allergic sources of the Pyroglyphidae and Acaridae families. Potential epitopes were identified in Der p 23, which could present cross-reactivity with the proteins of the allergenic sources studied, which must be demonstrated in In vitro and In vivo studies. In vitro and in vivo work is needed to demonstrate the results obtained in the In Silico analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kounis syndrome (KS) was first described in 1991 by Kounis and Zavras and is also known as allergic angina syndrome or allergy myocardial infarction. It is a rare, and frequently undiagnosed syndrome that is characterized by an anaphylactic reaction. Allergens cause massive degranulation of mast cells leading to coronary spasm, microvascular angina, and/or endothelial dysfunction with myocardial infarction. The annual incidence of severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis with circulatory symptoms is about 7.9-9.6 cases per 100,000 people. More than 300 cases of KS have been described after exposure to various agents such as drugs, insect venoms, food, or medicated stents. Although the incidence of KS is very low, the incidence of myocardial infarction due to anaphylaxis secondary to gadolinium is even lower, reported in a range of 0.002-0.01%. The objective of this article is to review the current data on KS, regarding a case of allergy to gadolinium, which has an extremely low incidence., (Copyright: © 2024 Permanyer.)

Objective: To analyze the role played by the clinical pharmacist and its impact in antibiotic stewardship facing suspected allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics., Method: We performed two different independent bibliographic searches. A total of 35 articles were found, and the final number included in the study was 12. We analysed the articles and collected variables of efficacy, safety and applicability of evaluation tools applied to patients with suspected allergy to beta-lactams. Also, the variation in the consumption and prescription profile of alternative antibiotics was analyzed., Results: The selected studies analysed questionnaires, allergy delabeling, intradermal tests and oral challenge tests performed by pharmacists. Significant differences in the efficacy endpoint were found in 4 studies in favour of pharmaceutical intervention. In the study of Kwiatkowski et al, cefazolin use increased in surgical patients after pharmacist intervention (65 vs. 28%; p < 0.01). In a quasi-experimental study, the mean defined daily dose of aztreonam and the mean days of therapy per 1000 patients/day decreased (21.23 vs 9.05, p <0.01) and (8.79-4.24, p = 0.016), pre and post-intervention, respectively, increasing antibiotic de-escalations (p ≤ 0.01). In another quasi-experimental study, the prescription of restricted-use antibiotics decreased (42.5% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.01) and the use of pre-surgical prophylactic antibiotics alternative to cefazolin (81.9% vs 55.9%, p<0.01) in another study. Other study showed that the mean time per interview was 5.2 minutes per patient. No adverse events were reported in any study., Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention in the evaluation of the patient with suspected allergy to beta-lactams is effective, safe and feasible to implement on daily clinical practice. The standardization of protocols to clarify the history of allergies and development of evaluation tools represent simple screenings to perform delabelling or refer to the Immunoallergology service, improving penicilins use and reducing the need for second line antibiotics. More studies are needed to standardize the desensitization tests made by pharmacists. However, despite these results, the involvement and leadership of the pharmacist in this area is limited and constitutes a future challenge for the profession., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the role played by the clinical pharmacist and its impact in antibiotic stewardship facing suspected allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics., Method: We performed 2 different independent bibliographic searches. A total of 35 articles were found, and the final number included in the study was 12. We analyzed the articles and collected variables of efficacy, safety, and applicability of evaluation tools applied to patients with suspected allergy to beta-lactams. Also, the variation in the consumption and prescription profile of alternative antibiotics was analyzed., Results: The selected studies analyzed questionnaires, allergy delabeling, intradermal tests, and oral challenge tests performed by pharmacists. Significant differences in the efficacy endpoint were found in 4 studies in favor of pharmaceutical intervention. In the study of Kwiatkowski et al., cefazolin use increased in surgical patients after pharmacist intervention (65% vs 28%; P < .01). In a quasi-experimental study, the mean defined daily dose of aztreonam and the mean days of therapy per 1000 patients/day decreased (21.23 vs 9.05, P <.01) and (8.79-4.24, P = .016), pre- and post-intervention, respectively, increasing antibiotic de-escalations (P = < .01). In another quasi-experimental study, the prescription of restricted use antibiotics decreased (42.5% vs 17.9%, P < .01)and the use of pre-surgical prophylactic antibiotics alternative to cefazolin (81.9% vs 55.9%, P < .01)in another study. Other study showed that the mean time per interview was 5.2 min per patient. No adverse events were reported in any study., Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention in the evaluation of the patient with suspected allergy to beta-lactams is effective, safe, and feasible to implement on daily clinical practice. The standardization of protocols to clarify the history of allergies and development of evaluation tools represent simple screenings to perform delabeling or refer to the Immunoallergology service, improving penicilins use and reducing the need for second-line antibiotics. More studies are needed to standardize the desensitization tests made by pharmacists. However, despite these results, the involvement and leadership of the pharmacist in this area is limited and constitutes a future challenge for the profession., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)