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A novel class of nanomaterials as subunit nano vaccines has shown great potential for delivering antigens to the target in a safe and effective manner. Herein, functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) surfaces with conjugated a malaria protein (vaccine) and carboxyl groups have a comparatively high capacity to bind protein. SPIONs were synthesized using the chemical coprecipitation process, then coated with either 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane or with PEG plus APTS and characterized using DSL-zeta potential, VSM, TG and SEM. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE was used to measure the amount of protein specifically attached to particles. The idea behind this project is that by gradually and continuously releasing the antigen, it could trigger and sustain a strong immune response over an extended period. The results showed that functionalized SPIONs conjugated to the PyMSP119 antigen might be exploited for the antigen's controlled release and could be applied to various types of antigens in the future. The current study results demonstrated the effectiveness of SPIONS-based antigen vaccination systems for eliciting antibody responses that may be suitable for a variety of illnesses not just malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In recent decades, there has been considerable interest in combining nanotechnology with other fields of study, particularly for creating biocompatible nanocomposites. These nanocomposites have the potential for various applications in biomedical science, biosensors, bio-chip design, drug delivery, and gene delivery, among others. These materials possess ecological friendliness, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, while also being purposefully designed to fulfill particular requirements. This endeavor led to the development of a novel category of biocompatible nanocomposites. These nanocomposites are created by combining suitable nanoparticles with materials that are both biocompatible and biodegradable to enhance specific physical, thermal, and other characteristics. The resulting biocompatible nanomaterials can be used as substitutes for natural substances in their ability to perform tasks or interact with biological systems. This study is to provide a comprehensive examination of the progress made in the development of biocompatible nanocomposites. This discussion focuses on the introduction of various types of nanocomposites, the synthesis fundamentals, the highlighting of their diverse characteristics, fundamental properties, and notable applications in biomedicine, electronics, energy storage, the environment, and packaging. The discussion examines several synthetic pathways, manufacturing methods, and approaches that serve as the foundation for producing biocompatible polymers and their associated nanocomposites. A comprehensive understanding of these materials is crucial for harnessing their inherent qualities in many sectors, fostering a more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and technologically advanced future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To synthesize silver nanoparticles suspended in deionized water, Elettaria cardamomum (Car) seed extract and Car@Ag nanoparticles were prepared in three steps. The first used a hot aqueous extract of Elettaria cardamomum seed, and then, the second used pulsed laser ablation technique (PLAL) by Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm wavelength) at laser energy of 400 mJ, and the number of pulses was 500 pulses and third step for the synthesis of creating a non-conjugated Elettaria cardamomum extract. Ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to investigate the optical, structural, and morphological characterizations of synthesized Car@AgNPs. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape, and a size distribution exhibited a mean size of 21 nm, according to the TEM findings. AgNPs and Car@AgNPs have free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. Additionally, Car@AgNPs were examined in vitro for zones of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition rate of Escherichia coli was higher than that observed in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, Car@AgNPs demonstrated a potential cytotoxicity agent breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line that was evaluated by MTT assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste-water pollution by radioactive elements such as uranium has emerged as a major issue that might seriously harm human health. Graphene oxide, graphene oxide nanoribbons, and sodium alginate nanocomposite aerogels (GO/GONRs/SA) were combined to create a novel nanocomposite using a modified Hummer's process and freeze-drying as an efficient adsorbent. Batch studies were conducted to determine the adsorption of uranium (VI) by aerogel. Aerogels composed of (GO/GONRs/SA) were used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of U (VI) from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe the structure, morphologies, and characteristics of (GO/GONRs/SA) aerogels. The initial concentration of uranium (VI) and other environmental factors on U (VI) adsorption were investigated, period of contact, pH, and temperature. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be employed to characterize the kinetics of U (VI) adsorption onto aerogels. The Langmuir model could be applied to understand the adsorption isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 929.16 mg/g. The adsorption reaction is endothermic and occurs spontaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central nervous system (CNS) disease known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is essentially an inflammatory demyelinating condition with a variety of clinical manifestations and variable histological findings. A number of immunological and biochemical markers may alter MS, which is also characterized as an autoimmune illness. MS patients (n = 100) were divided into two groups: newly diagnosed (n = 42) and patients with ongoing treatments (n = 58). These groups were compared to healthy subjects (n = 55); the mean age ±SD was (30±8.46 years), (37±8.06 years), and (31±8.73 years) for MS newly diagnosed patients, patients with ongoing treatments, and healthy subjects, respectively. Studies for serum levels of eotaxin-1, myelin basic protein (MBP), IL-23, 27, 9, and 37 were measured by the ELISA technique. Eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate were significantly higher in all MS patient groups, but for IL-37, there was no significant difference between newly diagnosed patients when compared with patients with ongoing treatment. Weak positive correlations were found between IL-9 and myelin (r = 0.282, p≤0.05) and a weak positive correlation between IL-23 and ALP (r = 0.209, p≤0.05) in MS patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied for the parameters eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate, which showed a high sensitivity according to the area under the curve. The present results conclude that eotaxin-1, MBP, IL-23, 27, and alkaline phosphate can be used as diagnostic markers for multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver Oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) have been revealed to have many applications, including antibacterial behavior. However, the conventional methods for synthesizing AgO NPs often use toxic chemicals that may be detrimental to human health and environmental factors. The crystalline structure and size of obtained AgO NPs were confirmed by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis with 35–70 nm. Functional groups have been identified in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The result of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the elements in the synthesized AgO NPs. The energy band gap is determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. Morphological examination of prepared AgO NPs, comprising spherical and rod-like structures, was performed using a Transmission, and scanning electron microscope. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) bacteria from Agar Well Diffusion Method. The results show that the green synthesis of AgO NPs have better antibacterial activity. The inhibition zone diameter were observedfor all microorganisms. The green synthesis of AgO NPs from herbal plant leaf extracts is a promising method for developing safe and effective antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we report the screening of different parameters contributing to the electrodeposition of Cu2O nanostructures as an electrode material to provide an overall understanding of the effect of the entire method conditions. We varied different parameters (pH, potential, and deposition time) during the electrodeposition of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films on ITO glass substrate and integrated different methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis absorption (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA) to deeply examine the as-synthesized materials and interrogate their efficiency towards the conversion of light to current (photo-current). From the chronoamperometry experiments, all the curves of current transients exhibit a typical response of a progressive 3D nucleation growth. Highly crystalline Cu2O structures of nano-cubes can be seen in the XRD and SEM results at high pH (12.5) and at potentials -0.5 and -0.6 V Vs. SCE during 60 min of deposition time. UV-Vis results showed high optical absorption in the region of 300-500 nm. The photocurrent measurements of Cu2O coupled with Cu-doped ZnO suggested that the synthesized Cu2O proved to be the best candidate as a solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Antibiotic amikacin was conjugated with to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using Pulsed laser ablation. • The GNPs and the antibiotic amikacin formulation was characterized. • The formulation was assessed for antibacterial and antibiofilm formation within contact lenses. Contact lenses are a widely utilized tool for both cosmetic and eyesight corrective purposes. Additionally, they are a direct contributor to microbial keratitis and corneal infections, particularly those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. This study aimed to conjugate amikacin to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and assess the formulation's antibacterial and antibiofilm formation within contact lenses. The safe and environmentally friendly method, Pulsed laser ablation (PLAL), was used to prepare the amikacin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Am@GNPs). The characterization of the produced formula was studied using a spectrophotometer UV light, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR). Compared to the GNPs and the antibiotic amikacin, the anti-biofilm activity of Am@GNPs was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereas the antibacterial activity was measured by the well diffusion and microdilution methods against the most prevalent contact lens microbial isolates, i.e. , P. aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumonia. The formulation, Am@GNPs, was induced higher inhibition zone and lower MIC values compared to the GNPs and the amikacin antibiotic, the effect which was more pronounced against P. aeruginosa than S. pneumonia bacterial strains. Application of Am@GNPs to the contact lenses also potentially reduced P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae biofilm formation, with the lowest biofilm thickness compared to the amikacin and GNPs, as demonstrated by the AFM scanning. According to current findings, the prepared Am@GNPs exhibited substantial antibacterial effects and could be a potential preservative formula for contact lenses and other eye-related medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1–7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology. • PD neuropathology may be associated with the exaggeration of brain RAS. • The classical pathway of brain RAS has a harmful effect on the dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc. • The non-classical pathway of brain RAS counteracts the detrimental effect of the classical pathway of brain RAS. • ARBs and ACEIs have neuroprotective effects against PD by reducing and increasing the classical and non-classical pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]