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The construction of buildings is risky for workers’ musculoskeleton. This study aims to calculate the significance of risk associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 600 workers from 20 construction sites were surveyed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (modified) and their performance was assessed at seven construction-tasks using RULA and REBA sheets. SPSS v. 26 and R programming were used for statistical analysis. The mean value of workers’ age was 28.4381 years, with 8.8205 working months/year and 65USDs monthly earnings. Maximum reporting of body discomfort was by workers of window/door framing. Workers’ BMI (35–44 kg/m2) and break duration (< 15 minutes) prompted neck pain with OR 7.79 (95% CI 1.135-53.587) and OR 1.179 (95%CI 0.231–6.014) respectively. Bagging was dangerous for the ankle with OR 9.881 (95% CI 5.140–18.994), and window/door framing for feet with OR 2.057 (95% CI 1.196–3.539). The mean value of the RULA grand score ranged from 5.89 (lowest for ‘leveling’) to 9.25 (highest for ‘demolishing’), and the REBA sheet between 8–11 for all seven studied work-stages. Workers’ upper and lower limbs are affected by the work-stages they perform and the social lifestyle they live in. These findings from 600 workers are sufficient to be generalized for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid population growth and rising per capita incomes have caused the city to generate massive amounts of municipal waste, indicating a serious environmental threat. Solid waste disposal has become a crucial problem for several municipalities. The selection of suitable waste disposal sites is a crucial problem in the urban areas of developing countries like Pakistan due to unsatisfectory urban planning and management to decrease human beings health risks. Particularly Dera Ghazi (D.GJ Khan district is feeing the issue of identifying suitable sites for solid waste disposal. This research aims to select appropriate potential sites suitable for solid waste disposal purposes in the D.G. Khan Primary datasets used for this study are Landsat-8 satellite imager); digital elevation model (DEM) with 30-meter resolution for slope extraction. Other criteria included roads, railroads, and rivers digitized using the topographical map of the study area. The maps are prepared to incorporate overlay and suitability analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing techniques, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria analysis. The final suitability map of study area is prepared using a GIS software suite and categorized as highly, moderately, least, and unsuitable regions, of which 3% is entirely unsuitable area, 70% less suitable, 26.16% moderately suitable, and 0.84% highly suitable area. The suggested disposal sites have been carefully selected to assist policymakers in determining the most sensitive areas and resolving waste management issues with the slightest contamination of water bodies and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]