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Background: Accurately determining fiber composition is essential for optimizing material properties across diverse applications in textiles, composites, packaging, and other bio-based materials. Fiber performance in textiles, composites, and bio-based materials depends upon their intricate composition. This review explores advanced analytical techniques for the comprehensive characterization of natural (cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin) and synthetic (polymeric) fibers. Natural fibers primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, while synthetic fibers are formed by linking small monomer units, such as nylon, polyester, and acrylics., Results: A variety of analytical methods are employed for fiber composition analysis, including microscopy, spectroscopy, chromatography, thermal analysis, and wet chemical methods. A multi-modal approach employing advanced techniques is essential for in-depth fiber analysis. Spectroscopic methods like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) offer rapid, non-destructive determination of chemical functionalities. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) offers another efficient approach, particularly when integrated with chemometric techniques like Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) for precise quantification of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Additionally, thermal analysis methods such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) provide insights into thermal stability and mechanical characteristics of fibers., Significance: This review emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach utilizing various analytical methods for comprehensive fiber characterization. While traditional wet chemical methods offer limited advantages, the combined use of advanced techniques provides a more holistic understanding of fiber properties. As technology evolves, this integrated approach is expected to shape the future of fiber analysis and its applications across diverse industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The effects of important nutrients such as calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) have been investigated in relation to male fertility due to their roles in proper spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, motility, and optimal sperm function. An imbalance between these elements has been associated with several pathologic conditions and male reproductive issues. The purpose of this study was to determine the essential trace and electrolytes elements, such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn, in human biological samples (blood, serum, and semen) from patients with male infertility. This study used correlational analysis to determine the potential associations between these elements and male fertility. Imbalances in these elements have been linked to various pathological conditions and male reproductive issues. One hundred eighty referent male adults and two hundred twenty-nine patients diagnosed with subtypes of infertility were included in the study, divided into two age groups. Acid digestion was controlled using a microwave oven, and the essential trace elements and electrolytes in the oxidized biological samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Certified reference materials of blood and serum were used to validate the accuracy of the methodology. The results showed that the concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn in the blood, serum, and seminal plasma of male adults in all age groups were higher than those in patients with different infertility phenotypes. Essential element deficiency in all biological fluid samples may significantly negatively affect human reproductive health and lead to male infertility. Through a multidimensional approach, our study sought to unravel the intricate biochemical signatures associated with OAT, providing insights that may shape the landscape of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for male reproductive health., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study investigates the contamination of cow milk with aluminum (Al) and its potential health implications, particularly for children. Cow milk samples were collected from both nonexposed and exposed areas in Sindh, based on the source of livestock drinking water (fresh canals and groundwater). An environmental friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used with ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UDLLμE) to enrich trace amounts of Al in whey milk and water samples. The enriched samples were then analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Certified reference materials were employed to validate the methodology, and the experimental results exhibited acceptable conformity. The DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was environmental friendly, devoid of acids and oxidizing agents, and used safe and inexpensive components for routine trace metal analysis in diverse samples. The resulting data revealed that Al in whey milk samples was observed in the range of 31-45 %, corresponding to (160-270) μg L -1 and (700-1035) μg L -1 in nonexposed and exposed whole cow milk samples, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that milk boiling in Al utensil for 10-20 min enhanced the Al levels from 3 to 8% of its total contents in milk samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)