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Introduction: Hemostasis following large-bore femoral vein access remains a challenge. Manual compression has been the standard of care but requires bedside staff, prolonged bed rest, and longer length of stay. The LockeT is an external compression device that attempts to address these issues while achieving venous hemostasis., Objectives: We evaluate postprocedural hemostasis and vascular closure outcomes after using LockeT following cardiac electrophysiologic procedures., Methods: We performed a single-center, observational study of patients who underwent vascular closure for electrophysiology procedures using LockeT. Postprocedural outcomes were subsequently analyzed., Results: We studied 102 patients (N) for whom LockeT was used to close 182 separate vascular access sites (n). Common procedures were atrial fibrillation ablation (56.9%, N = 58) and left atrial appendage occlusion (28.4%, N = 29). Most often, 8-Fr [48.3% (n = 126)], 11-Fr [27.2% (n = 71)], and 8.5-Fr [16.9% (n = 44)] sheaths were used, with an average procedure time of 82.1 ± 29.4 min. Hemostasis was achieved in 97.8% (n = 187) of all LockeT cases. Time to ambulation and discharge were 3.93 ± 1.10 h and 8.1 ± 4.4 h, respectively. No major complications were noted. Postprocedurally, 52% (N = 53) of patients were discharged on the same day. There were no differences in hemostasis (p = .859) or ambulation times (p = .202) between procedure types., Conclusion: The LockeT can effectively close venous access sites with no major complications., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: The use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs) significantly improve the chances of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Subsequently, state laws mandate training in CPR and AED use for high school graduation. However, training and its impact vary and must be better understood., Objective: We assessed the current CPR training mandates and their impact., Methods: We performed a nationwide, cross-sectional, survey-based observational study of high schoolers in 9th to 12th grades in all 50 states from 2020 to 2022 (NCT04493970), assessing basic demographics, attitudes, knowledge and skills, and willingness to learn CPR and AED., Results: We had an 8% response rate, resulting in 2395 high school students surveyed. The mean age of respondents was 16.8 ± 0.7 years, with 52.5% female students. Of these, 86% underwent some form of training, and 25.1% had CPR training in the last year. Only 58.7% knew how to use an AED. Notably, 26.9% had previously witnessed CPR, and almost all (94%) realized the importance of learning CPR. Most respondents also believed recurrent and longitudinal would be beneficial., Conclusion: Surprisingly, only a small cohort of students undergo CPR training even when it is mandatory. The quality of this training appears to be inadequate to impart appropriate confidence and knowledge levels. This suggests a need for a significant overhaul of CPR training mandates across the United States., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Garg has received fees from Biosense Webster, Zoll, Kestra, and Biotronik. Dr Kabra has received fees from Volta Medical. Dr Pothineni has received fees from Medtronic and Biosense Webster; Dr Dhanunjaya Lakkireddy has received fees from Abbott Vascular, Biotronik, BioSense Webster, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Atricure, Acutus, and Northeast Scientific. The other authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: A 6-food elimination diet in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is difficult to implement and may negatively affect quality of life (QoL). Less restrictive elimination diets may balance QoL and efficacy., Objective: We performed a multisite, randomized comparative efficacy trial of a 1-food (milk) elimination diet (1FED) versus 4-food (milk, egg, wheat, soy) elimination diet (4FED) in pediatric EoE., Methods: Patients aged 6 to 17 years with histologically active and symptomatic EoE were randomized 1:1 to 1FED or 4FED for 12 weeks. Primary end point was symptom improvement by Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptom Score (PEESS). Secondary end points were proportion experiencing histologic remission (<15 eosinophils per high-power field); change in histologic features (histology scoring system), endoscopic severity (endoscopic reference score), transcriptome (EoE diagnostic panel), and QoL scores; and predictors of remission., Results: Sixty-three patients were randomly assigned to 1FED (n = 38) and 4FED (n = 25). In 4FED versus 1FED, mean PEESS improved -25.0 versus -14.5 (P = .04), but remission rates (41% vs 44%; P = 1.00), histology scoring system (-0.25 vs -0.29; P = .77), endoscopic reference score (-1.10 vs -0.58; P = .47), and QoL scores were similar between groups. The EoE transcriptome normalized in those with histologic response to both diets. Baseline peak eosinophil count predicted remission (odds ratio, 0.975 [95% confidence interval, 0.953-0.999], P = .04; cutoff ≤42 eosinophils per high-power field). The 4FED withdrawal rate (32%) exceeded that of 1FED (11%) (P = .0496)., Conclusions: Although 4FED moderately improved symptoms compared with 1FED, the histologic, endoscopic, QoL, and transcriptomic outcomes were similar in both groups. 1FED is a reasonable first-choice therapy for pediatric EoE, given its effects, tolerability, and relative simplicity., Competing Interests: Disclosure statement Funded through a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) award (CER-1403-11593). The statements presented in this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of PCORI, its board of governors, or its methodology committee. Additional funds for the study were provided by the Division of Allergy and Immunology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: J. P. Abonia has received payment or honoraria for lectures from Takeda Global Research and Development; has participated on a data safety monitoring board for OctaPharma USA Inc; and has received grants or contracts from Cures Within Reach and Celgene. S. S. Aceves has received consultant fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, and Bristol Myers Squibb; has received research funding from Implicit Biosciences; is coinventor of oral viscous budesonide University of California, San Diego, patent Takeda license; and has received educational speaker fees from Sanofi/Genzyme and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. K. E. Capocelli is employed by and has an equity interest in Alnylam. M. Chehade has served as a consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Adare/Ellodi, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Recludix Pharma, Nexstone Immunology, Allakos, Shire/Takeda, and Phathom; and has received research funding from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Allakos, Shire/Takeda, AstraZeneca, Adare/Ellodi, Danone, and Bristol Myers Squibb. M. H. Collins is a consultant for Allakos, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Calypso Biotech, EsoCap Biotech, GlaxoSmithKline, Receptos/Celgene/BMS, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Robarts Clinical Trials Inc/Alimentiv Inc, and Shire/Takeda. E. S. Dellon is a consultant for Abbott, AbbVie, Adare/Ellodi, Aimmune, Akesobio, Alfasigma, ALK, Allakos, Amgen, Aqilion, Arena/Pfizer, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Avir, Biorasi, Calypso, Celgene/Receptos/BMS, Celldex, Eli Lilly, EsoCap, Eupraxia, Ferring, GSK, Gossamer Bio, Holoclara, Invea, Knightpoint, Landos, LucidDx, Morphic, Nexstone Immunology/Uniquity, Nutricia, Parexel/Calyx, Phathom, Regeneron, Revolo, Robarts/Alimentiv, Salix, Sanofi, Shire/Takeda, Target RWE, and Upstream Bio; has received research funding from Adare/Ellodi, Allakos, Arena/Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eupraxia, GSK, Meritage, Miraca, Nutricia, Celgene/Receptos/BMS, Regeneron, Revolo, and Shire/Takeda; and has received educational grants from Allakos, Aqilion, Holoclara, and Invea. G. T. Furuta serves as CMO for EnteroTrack LLC; and has received research funding from Arena/Pfizer, Holoclara, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). S. K. Gupta is a consultant for Abbott, Allakos, Adare Pharmaceuticals, DBV Technologies, Gossamer Bio, QOL Medical, Medscape, Receptos/Celgene, and UpToDate; and has received research support from Shire/Takeda. J. Leung is a consultant for Adare, Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Genzyme, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Shire/Takeda; and has received research funding from Adare, Allakos, Celgene, Regeneron, AstraZeneca, and Shire/Takeda. V. A. Mukkada has received consulting fees from Allakos, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Shire/Takeda; has received honoraria for lectures from the American Gastroenterological Association; and serves on an adjudication board for Alladapt. R. D. Pesek is a consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. T. Shoda has funding from the NIH and is a coinventor of patents owned by Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. J. M. Spergel has received grant support from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi, Novartis, the NIH, and Food Allergy Research and Education; is a consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Alladapt, Readysetfood, and ARS Pharmacy; and has received royalties from UpToDate. J. B. Wechsler is a consultant for Allakos, Ellodi, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi/Genzyme, AstraZeneca, Celldex, and Invea Therapeutics; and has received clinical trial/research funding from Allakos, Invea Therapeutics, and Sanofi/Regeneron. M. E. Rothenberg is a consultant for Pulm One, Spoon Guru, ClostraBio, Serpin Pharm, Allakos, Celldex, Nexstone One, Santa Ana Bio, EnZen Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, GlaxoSmith Kline, Sanofi/Regeneron, Revolo Biotherapeutics, and Guidepoint; and has an equity interest in the first nine listed, and royalties from reslizumab (Teva Pharmaceuticals), PEESSv2 (Mapi Research Trust), and UpToDate. M. E. Rothenberg is an inventor of patents owned by Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. The rest of the authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Photographic identification (photo ID) is an established method that is used to count animals and track individuals' movements. This method performs well with some species of elasmobranchs (i.e., sharks, skates, and rays) where individuals have distinctive skin patterns. However, the unique skin patterns used for ID must be stable through time to allow re-identification of individuals in future sampling events. More recently, artificial intelligence (AI) models have substantially decreased the labor-intensive process of matching photos in extensive photo ID libraries and increased the reliability of photo ID. Here, photo ID and AI are used for the first time to identify epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) at different life stages for approximately 2 years. An AI model was developed to assess and compare the reliability of human-classified ID patterns in juvenile and neonate sharks. The model also tested the persistence of unique patterns in adult sharks. Results indicate that immature life stages are unreliable for pattern identification, using both human and AI approaches, due to the plasticity of these subadult growth forms. Mature sharks maintain their patterns through time and can be identified by AI models with approximately 86% accuracy. The approach outlined in this study has the potential of validating the stability of ID patterns through time; however, testing on wild populations and long-term datasets is needed. This study's novel deep neural network development strategy offers a streamlined and accessible framework for generating a reliable model from a small data set, without requiring high-performance computing. Since many photo ID studies commence with limited datasets and resources, this AI model presents practical solutions to such constraints. Overall, this approach has the potential to address challenges associated with long-term photo ID data sets and the application of AI for shark identification., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Fish Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

Background: Over 100,000 Abbott Riata ® were implanted in the United States before they were recalled in 2010. There are still a significant number of Abbott Riata ® leads in use, and it is unclear how these leads should be managed at the time of generator change or lead malfunction. Although data comparing both Sprint Fidelis ® and Abbott Riata ® leads in this setting is available, there are no multicenter comparative studies of outcomes for various lead management strategies, including lead extraction (LE), lead abandonment/revision (LA), and generator change (GC) only at the time of device at elective replacement interval (ERI) for Abbott Riata ® leads., Methods: A retrospective, multicenter study was undertaken to compare short-term outcomes (major complications-MC, death, extended or re-hospitalizations within 60 days-RH, lead malfunction-LM) and total outcomes (short-term outcomes & lead malfunction during follow-up) of patients with Riata ® leads undergoing LE, LA, or GC., Results: 152 patients (65 ± 13 years, 68% male) were followed for a mean 33 ± 30 months following intervention. Out of 166 procedures, 13 patients underwent LE, 16 patients underwent LA, and 137 patients underwent GC. There was 1 major complication in each group, yielding an event rate of 7.7% for LE, 6.3% for LA, and 0.7% for GC cohorts. There were significantly more short-term and total adverse outcomes in the group of patients getting LE and LA versus GC only (38.5% & 31.3% vs 7.3%, P < 0.001). Total Riata ® lead dwell time follow-up was 17,067 months. A total of 3 Riata ® lead malfunctions were noted during long-term follow-up. Inappropriate shocks were similar between LE 7.7% (1/13), LA 6.3% (1/16). and GC 11.0% (4/136); P = 0.57., Conclusions: There were more short-term and total adverse outcomes in more invasive management strategies (LE and LA) versus GC alone. The failure rate of Riata ® leads was substantially lower compared to previous reports. Therefore, we recommend only performing battery exchange when a device with an active Riata ® lead is at ERI, unless there is malfunction of the Riata ® lead noted on testing., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Numerous states have introduced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training mandates for high school students and staff to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, the content and implementation of these mandates vary substantially. Furthermore, a comprehensive and objective assessment of these mandates and their impact is lacking., Objective: We aimed to conduct a thorough evaluation of CPR training mandates across the United States., Methods: We developed a novel scoring system based on proposed CPR standards, training and certification requirements, and legislative action to assess current mandates. This was used to rate the CPR mandates across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Mandate scores were then compared with available real-world registry data as a surrogate for efficacy from 2018 to 2021., Results: State CPR mandate scores ranged from 0 to 47, with a higher score indicating more robust mandates. The median and mean scores were 24 (interquartile range, 19.5-27) and 21.52 ± 8.61, respectively, with 35 being the highest score. Intraobserver variability was 0.986 (95% CI, 0.944-1.028; P < .001). The year of implementation did not influence the strength of the score (R 2 = -0.173; 95% CI, -0.447 to 0.131; P = .262). Correlation with SCD rate (R 2 = -0.76; 95% CI, -0.492 to 0.367; P = .742), bystander-initiated CPR (R 2 = -0.006; 95% CI, -0.437 to 0.427; P = .978), automated external defibrillator use (R 2 = -0.125; 95% CI, -0.528 to 0.324; P = .590), and cardiovascular death rate (R 2 = -0.13; 95% CI, -0.379 to 0.21; P = .355) failed to reach statistical significance., Conclusion: Modest scoring consistency highlights the need for robust, standardized CPR requirements to potentially mitigate SCD. This study lays the groundwork for evidence-informed policy development in this area., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Patients with non-eosinophilic esophagitis eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (non-EoE EGIDs) are prone to nutritional deficiencies due to food-avoidant behaviors, malabsorption, and high nutrition impact symptoms. Nutrient deficiencies correspond to the segment, depth, and extent of the gastrointestinal tract involved and can impact organs distant from the gut. Patients with non-EoE EGIDs are often atopic, and some appear to respond to dietary avoidance of specific food allergens. Tests to identify food triggers other than response to elimination diets are lacking. Dietary restriction therapy should be considered in such patients and is best implemented through a multidisciplinary approach to avoid nutritional complications., Competing Interests: Disclosure M. Chehade is currently serving or has served as consultant for Regeneron, Adare/Ellodi, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Recludix Pharma, Nexstone Immunology, Allakos, Shire/Takeda, and Phathom, and is currently receiving or has received research funding from Regeneron, United States, Allakos, Shire/Takeda, AstraZeneca, United Kingdom, Adare/Ellodi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, United States, Danone, v. B. Doerfler has served on speakers bureaus for Nutricia North America, on advisory boards for Trellus Health LLC, and received honoraria from PRIMED CME and ACHL Healthcare. D. Atkins has nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia reported worldwide. There is significant heterogeneity in AF care pathways for a patient seen in the emergency room, impacting access to guideline-driven therapies., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in AF outcomes between those treated with an organized treatment pathway vs routine-care approach., Methods: The emergency room to electrophysiology service study (ER2EP) is a multicenter, prospective observational registry (NCT04476524) enrolling patients with AF from sites where a pathway for management of AF was put in place compared to sites where a pathway was not in place within the same health system and the same physicians providing services at all sites. Multivariable regression modeling was performed to identify predictors of clinical outcomes. Beta coefficient or odds ratio was reported as appropriate., Results: A total of 500 patients (ER2EP group, n = 250; control group, n = 250) were included in the study. The mean age was 73.4 ± 12.9 years, and 52.2% were males. There was a statistically significant difference in primary endpoint [time to ablation (56 ± 50.9 days vs 183.3 ± 109.5 days; P  < 0.001), time to anticoagulation initiation (2.1 ± 1.6 days vs 19.7 ± 35 days, P  < 0.001), antiarrhythmic drug initiation (4.8 ± 7.1 days vs 24.7 ± 44.4 days, P  < 0.001) compared to the control group, respectively. As such, this resulted in reduced length of stay in the ER2EP group compared to the control group (2.4 ± 1.4 days vs 3.23 ± 2.5 days, P  = 0.002)., Conclusions: This study provides evidence that having an organized pathway from the emergency department for AF patients involving electrophysiology services can improve early access to definitive therapies and clinical outcomes., Competing Interests: This study was supported by an unrestricted research grant from 10.13039/100007497Biosense Webster Inc and sponsored by the Kansas City Heart Rhythm Institute. Dr Lakkireddy is on the Speakers Bureau of Boston Scientific, Biosense Webster, Inc, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Abbott, Acutus, AtriCure Inc, Medtronic Inc, Philips, Biotronik, and Cardiovia. Dr Garg has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Biosense Webster and Medtronic. Dr Gopinathannair has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Sanofi, Abbott, Boston Scientific, Biosense Webster, Inc, Zoll Medical Corporation, Pfizer, Inc, and the Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning. Dr DiBiase has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Baylis Medical Company, Biosense Webster, Inc, Abbott, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Biotronik, Rhythm Management Group Corp, and Zoll Medical Corporation. Dr Al-Ahmad has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Biosense Webster, Inc, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Mediasphere Medical, Medtelligence, and Biosig Technologies. Dr Natale has received honoraria/speaking/consulting fees from Medtronic, Biosense Webster, Inc, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Baylis Medical Company, and Biotronik. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: To promote parent-child reunification, family dependency drug courts (FDDCs) facilitate substance use disorder treatment for people whose children have been removed due to parental substance use. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted FDDC operations, forcing FDDCs to quickly adapt to new circumstances. Although existing research has examined COVID-19 impacts on adult drug courts and civil dependency courts, studies have yet to examine the impact of COVID-19 on FDDCs specifically., Methods: To explore the impact of COVID-19 on FDDCs, we conducted 20 focus groups and 5 individual interviews with court team members from five Florida FDDCs between 2020 and 2022. Data were analyzed using iterative categorization., Results: Five overarching themes emerged. First, FDDCs adopted virtual technology during the pandemic and more flexible drug screening policies. Second, virtual technology was perceived as improving hearing attendance but decreasing client engagement. FDDC team members discussed a potential hybrid in-person/virtual hearing model after the pandemic. Third, COVID-19 negatively impacted parent-child visitation opportunities, limiting development of bonds between parents and children, and parent-child bonding is a key consideration during judicial reunification decisions. Fourth, COVID-19 negatively impacted the mental health of court team members and clients. Court team members adopted new informal roles, such as providing technical support and emotional counseling to clients, in addition to regular responsibilities, resulting in feeling overwhelmed and overworked. Court team members described clients as feeling more depressed and anxious, in part due to limited visitation opportunities with children, which decreased clients' motivation for substance use recovery. Fifth, COVID-19 decreased recruitment of potential clients into FDDCs., Conclusions: If FDDCs continue to rely on virtual hearings beyond the pandemic, they must develop practices for improving client engagement during virtual hearings. FDDCs should preemptively develop procedures for improving parent-child visitation during future public health crises, because limited visitation opportunities could weaken parent-child bonding and, ultimately, the likelihood of reunification., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation (BCSD) for refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias is a neuromodulatory intervention targeting sympathetically driven focal or re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias., Objectives: This study sought to provide a more complete and successful option for intervention in patients in whom premature ventricular contraction (PVC) ablation is not feasible or has been unsuccessful., Methods: A total of 43 patients with >5% PVC burden and concomitant nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) who previously failed medical and ablation therapies were referred for BCSD. All patients underwent bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical approach with T1-T4 sympathectomy. Primary effectiveness endpoints were postprocedural PVC burden resolution, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cessation of antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs). Safety endpoints included peri- and postprocedural complications. Outcomes were assessed over a 1-year follow-up period., Results: Among the 43 patients who underwent BCSD, the mean age was 52.3 ± 14.7 years, 69.8% of whom were male patients. Presenting mean LVEF was 38.7% ± 7.8%, and PVC burden was 23.7% ± 9.9%. There were significant reductions in PVC burden postprocedurally (1.3% ± 1.1% post-BCSD, compared with 23.7% ± 9.9% pre-BCSD, P < 0.001) and improvements in LVEF (46.3% ± 9.5% post-BCSD, compared with 38.7% ± 7.8% pre-BCSD, P < 0.001). The rate of ICD therapies decreased from 81.4% (n = 35) to 11.6% (n = 5) (P < 0.001), leading to a significant reduction in use of AADs (100.0% to 11.6%, P < 0.001) and improvement in mean NYHA functional class (2.5 ± 0.5 to 1.4 ± 0.2, P < 0.001). Major intraoperative complications were seen in 4.7% of patients (hemothorax and chylothorax). Of the patients, 81.4% (n = 35) experienced no mortality or major complications over a 1-year follow-up period, with the remaining still within their first year postprocedure., Conclusions: BCSD is effective for the management of refractory PVCs and ventricular tachycardia who have failed previous ablation therapy., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr Lakkireddy has served as consultant for Abbott, Acutus, AltaThera, Boston Scientific, Biosense Webster, and Medtronic. Dr Pothineni has received speaking honoraria from Boston Scientific. Dr Gopinathannair has served as consultant and has received honoraria from Abbott Medical, and Sanofi; and has served on an advisory board for Pacemate. Dr Natale has served as consultants for Medtronic, Abbott, Biosense Webster, Boston Scientific, and Acutus. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders beyond eosinophilic esophagitis (non-EoE EGIDs) are rare chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and histologic findings of eosinophilic inflammation after exclusion of a secondary cause or systemic disease. Currently, no guidelines exist for the evaluation of non-EoE EGIDs. Therefore, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) formed a task force group to provide consensus guidelines for childhood non-EoE EGIDs., Methods: The working group was composed of pediatric gastroenterologists, adult gastroenterologists, allergists/immunologists, and pathologists. An extensive electronic literature search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was conducted up to February 2022. General methodology was used in the formulation of recommendations according to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to meet current standards of evidence assessment., Results: The guidelines provide information on the current concept of non-EoE EGIDs, disease pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and disease surveillance procedures, and current treatment options. Thirty-four statements based on available evidence and 41 recommendations based on expert opinion and best clinical practices were developed., Conclusion: Non-EoE EGIDs literature is limited in scope and depth, making clear recommendations difficult. These consensus-based clinical practice guidelines are intended to assist clinicians caring for children affected by non-EoE EGIDs and to facilitate high-quality randomized controlled trials of various treatment modalities using standardized, uniform disease definitions., (© 2023 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)