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Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous population that play diverse roles in airway inflammation after exposure to allergens and infections. However, how ILCs respond after exposure to environmental toxins is not well understood. Here we show a novel method for studying the heterogeneity of rare lung ILC populations by magnetic enrichment for lung ILCs followed by particle-templated instant partition sequencing (PIP-seq). Using this method, we were able to identify novel group 1 and group 2 ILC subsets that exist after exposure to both fungal allergen and burn pit-related constituents (BPC) that include dioxin, aromatic hydrocarbon, and particulate matter. Toxin exposure in combination with fungal allergen induced activation of specific ILC1/NK and ILC2 populations as well as promoted neutrophilic lung inflammation. Oxidative stress pathways and downregulation of specific ribosomal protein genes (Rpl41 and Rps19) implicated in anti-inflammatory responses were present after BPC exposure. Increased IFNγ expression and other pro-neutrophilic mediator transcripts were increased in BPC-stimulated lung innate lymphoid cells. Further, the addition of BPC induced Hspa8 (encodes HSC70) and aryl hydrocarbon transcription factor activity across multiple lung ILC subsets. Overall, using an airway disease model that develops after occupational and environmental exposures, we demonstrate an effective method to better understand heterogenous ILC subset activation.

Exaggerated airway constriction triggered by repeated exposure to allergen, also called hyperreactivity, is a hallmark of asthma. Whereas vagal sensory neurons are known to function in allergen-induced hyperreactivity1-3, the identity of downstream nodes remains poorly understood. Here we mapped a full allergen circuit from the lung to the brainstem and back to the lung. Repeated exposure of mice to inhaled allergen activated the nuclei of solitary tract (nTS) neurons in a mast cell-, interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and vagal nerve-dependent manner. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing, followed by RNAscope assay at baseline and allergen challenges, showed that a Dbh+ nTS population is preferentially activated. Ablation or chemogenetic inactivation of Dbh+ nTS neurons blunted hyperreactivity whereas chemogenetic activation promoted it. Viral tracing indicated that Dbh+ nTS neurons project to the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and that NA neurons are necessary and sufficient to relay allergen signals to postganglionic neurons that directly drive airway constriction. Delivery of noradrenaline antagonists to the NA blunted hyperreactivity, suggesting noradrenaline as the transmitter between Dbh+ nTS and NA. Together, these findings provide molecular, anatomical and functional definitions of key nodes of a canonical allergen response circuit. This knowledge informs how neural modulation could be used to control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity.

Tropomyosin has been identified as the major cross-reactive shellfish allergen, but recent studies showed the presence of other clinically relevant allergens. This study aims at determining the allergic immune responses of mice sensitized with raw and boiled shrimp extracts in comparison to recombinant tropomyosin (rTM). Female Balb/c mice were intragastrically sensitized and challenged with raw, boiled shrimp or rTM. Systemic, cellular and humoral allergic responses were compared, while allergenicity of the extracts was also compared by skin prick test (SPT) and immunoblot on shrimp allergic subjects. We showed that rTM and shrimp extracts induced IgE- and Th2-mediated allergic responses in mice, distinguished by remarkable intestinal inflammation in small intestine across all regimens. Notably, boiled shrimp extract exhibited the highest sensitization rate (73.7% of mice developed positive TM-specific IgE response) when compared with raw extract (47.8%) and rTM (34.8%). Mice sensitized with boiled extract manifested the highest allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine responses than the others. Immunoblot results indicated that tropomyosin remained the major allergen in extract-based sensitization and had stronger allergenicity in a heat-treated form comparing to untreated TM, which was in line with the SPT results that boiled extract induced larger wheal size in patients. Hemocyanin and glycogen phosphorylase were also identified as minor allergens associated with manifestation of shrimp allergy. This study shows that boiled extract enhanced sensitization and Th2 responses in agreement with the higher allergenicity of heat-treated TM. This study thus presents three shrimp allergy murine models suitable for mechanistic and intervention studies, and in vivo evidence implies higher effectiveness of boiled extract for the clinical diagnosis of shellfish allergy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to highlight key published oral immunotherapy (OIT) protocols and post-desensitization strategies for the major food allergens and to cover important concepts to consider when evaluating OIT for food-allergic patients. Shared decision-making should help identify patient and family values which will help influence the type of evidence-based protocol and maintenance strategy to use. RECENT FINDINGS: With food OIT emerging as a treatment option, there is a pressing need for patients, physicians, and other providers to have a nuanced understanding of the management choices available to them. There are now randomized controlled trials (RCT) of OIT for peanut, egg, milk, and wheat, and reports of cohorts of patients who have undergone OIT for tree nuts and sesame clinically. The current published protocols contain significant diversity in terms of starting dose, build-up schedule, maintenance dose, and even the product used for desensitization. Emerging data can help direct the long-term maintenance strategy for patients on OIT. Based on patient and family values elicited through the shared decision-making process, an OIT protocol may be selected that balances the level of desensitization, potential side effects, frequency of clinic visits, and potential to induce sustained unresponsiveness, among other factors. Once maintenance dosing is reached, most patients will need to maintain regular exposure to the food allergen to remain desensitized. The option to transition to commercial food products with equivalent amounts of food protein as the OIT maintenance dose would simplify the dosing process and perhaps improve palatability as well. Less frequent or decreased OIT dosing can provide practical benefits but may affect the level of desensitization and safety for some patients.

Background Methods Results Conclusion In contrast to sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with recombinant Mal d 1 (rMal d 1‐SLIT), SLIT with rBet v 1 (rBet v 1‐SLIT) induced Mal d 1‐cross‐reactive antibodies without IgE‐blocking activity. To elucidate whether the development of cross‐protective IgG responses depends on the degree of molecular identity of allergens we compared the cross‐reactivity, cross‐blocking activity, and affinity of SLIT‐induced antibodies with allergens of varying amino acid sequence identities to Bet v 1 and Mal d 1, namely Cor a 1.04 (hazelnut), Pru av 1 (cherry), and Dau c 1 (carrot).Allergen‐specific antibodies were quantified by ELISA. IgE blocking was analyzed by inhibition of allergen‐induced basophil activation and IgE‐facilitated allergen‐presentation to T cells. The affinity of SLIT‐induced antibodies was studied by acidic dissociation ELISA and competition ELISA. Identical surface areas on allergens were predicted using an in‐house designed script based on structural alignments.rBet v 1‐SLIT‐induced IgG antibodies cross‐reacted with all allergens except Dau c 1. rMal d 1‐SLIT‐induced antibodies predominantly cross‐reacted with Pru av 1 and displayed significantly higher IgE blocking to Pru av 1 than rBet v 1‐SLIT‐induced antibodies. rMal d 1‐SLIT‐induced IgG1 showed higher affinity to Mal d 1 and Pru av 1. Surface analysis revealed 84% identical area on Mal d 1 and Pru av 1. Furthermore, we identified two surface areas potentially containing epitopes present on these allergens and absent on Bet v 1.In summary, our findings suggest that a relatively high threshold of similarity is required to establish effective cross‐blocking antibodies to related allergens. Apparently, the structural identity between Bet v 1 and Mal d 1 is below this threshold. Therefore, this study may explain why immunotherapy with birch pollen allergen often fails to reduce birch pollen‐related apple allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Patients/Materials/Methods Results Conclusions The number of commercially available plant allergens/extracts is limited and therefore patch testing with fresh/dried plant material may be a necessary supplement in diagnosing plant allergy.To evaluate the usefulness of patch testing with plants “as is” compared to patch testing with commercial and in‐house produced plant test materials and to report on species eliciting positive patch test reactions.Consecutive eczema patients, who were patch tested between January 2019 and December 2023 and who had at least one positive reaction to a plant allergen and/or extract and/or plant “as is” were included in the study.A total 57 out of 1893 patients tested (3%) were sensitised to plants. Compositae plants were the most frequent sensitizers, followed by tomato, tulipalin A, falcarinol, and Philodendron plants. In 12 patients (21%), the diagnosis was based on patch testing with fresh plants only. Occupational sensitization occurred in 32%. Other sensitizers included Hydrangea, Pelargonium zonale, and Monstera.A large minority of plant‐sensitised patients would have been undiagnosed without patch testing with plants “as is.” Most of the culprit plants were known sensitizers, but not commercially available, and these and new species taken into cultivation makes patch testing with fresh plants unavoidable and worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The most common cause of periorbital dermatitis is allergic contact dermatitis. This study aimed to determine the patch test results and demographic characteristics in patients diagnosed with periorbital dermatitis by evaluating their patch test results between 2012 and 2022. The thin‐layer rapid‐use epicutaneous test (T.R.U.E. test) results of patients diagnosed with periorbital dermatitis over the specified period were retrospectively evaluated. Of the 102 patients included in the study, 58 (56.9%) had a positive reaction to at least one allergen. The most common allergens to which the patients had positive reactions were nickel sulfate (31.0%), gold sodium thiosulfate (19.0%), fragrance mix (13.8%), balsam of Peru (10.3%), colophony (10.3%), cobalt dichloride (8.6%), formaldehyde resin (6.9%), thimerosal (5.2%), quaternium‐15 (5.2%), carba mix (5.2%), and potassium dichromate (5.2%). This study provides comprehensive data on the demographic characteristics and patch test results of patients with periorbital dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may be chronic and can cause distress, disability, and absence from work. Nationwide epidemiological studies of ACD are sparse.To use national registry data to study the incidence and aetiology of ACD in the working age population of Finland.Patient records from the years 1998–2021 were obtained from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Study subjects aged 18–65 years were selected on the basis of a diagnosis of ACD.Total number of study subjects was 26 701. The incidence of ACD increased until 2016 after which it started to decrease. The increase was more marked in females and ACD was particularly common in women reporting reactions to cosmetics and other chemical products and in people of both sexes reacting to adhesives. The incidence ‘ACD of unspecific cause’ has decreased since 2016. The most commonly reported allergens were metals, followed by cosmetics. One fourth of subjects had ≥2 ACD diagnoses.The incidence of ACD in working age subjects rose from 1998 to 2016, especially in females. However, the incidence has been decreasing since 2016. Our findings highlight the ongoing and even increasing burden of ACD among the working age population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsThis study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of allergic patients (AP) and non-allergic patients (NAP) with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) treated with anti-IL5/IL5R biologic agents (mepolizumab, benralizumab, or reslizumab) over one year. Sub-analyses assessed treatment response variations between AP and NAP based on the biological used and compared outcomes among AP with and without fungal allergy.Observational retrospective analysis. Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, pulmonary function tests, Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores, oral corticosteroid (OCS) usage, and exacerbation frequency were assessed at the initiation of biological treatment and after one year.Sixty-five patients with SEA were included, 41 AP and 24 NAP. 55.4% were treated with mepolizumab, 33.8% with benralizumab, and 10.8% with reslizumab. Before anti-IL5/5R treatment, AP had worse baseline outcomes but there were no differences in pulmonary function. Mean annual exacerbation rate and percentage of patients requiring OCS and dose of prednisone were higher in AP than NAP. AP had significantly higher total IgE values. After one year of treatment, more AP discontinued OCS than NAP (p = 0.025). Both experienced a significant reduction in exacerbation frequency (p = 0.001) and improved respiratory function. 70.7% of AP and 60% of NAP improved ACT ≥3 points. There was no significant difference between AP and NAP using mepolizumab (p = 0.145) or benralizumab (p = 0.174) in reducing OCS.Anti-IL5/IL5R reduced the need for OCS and improved asthma control, regardless of allergic status. Fungal allergy led to lower ACT scores and higher exacerbations than other allergens; both groups improved with anti-IL5/ILR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of various studies and cases related to dermatological issues and occupational skin diseases. The studies cover topics such as contact allergies among hairdressers, chronic hand eczema, tattoo ink hazards, and the autoimmune nature of atopic dermatitis. The cases discuss allergies to specific substances found in cosmetic products and the importance of patch testing. The document also includes a study on the presence of hidden formaldehyde in cosmetics and the potential risks for individuals with formaldehyde allergy. Overall, these summaries provide valuable information for library patrons conducting research on dermatological conditions and occupational skin diseases. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a collection of summaries of various research articles related to dermatology. The first article focuses on occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) among professional cleaners, highlighting the prevalence, risk factors, and prevention methods. The second article discusses allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by topical antibacterials/antiseptics, examining the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in Turkey. The third article explores changes in sensitization patterns in chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) and the frequency of positive patch testing in CAD patients. The fourth article presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of hand eczema (HE) in healthcare workers, providing an overview of the prevalence and incidence of HE, as well as the severity of the condition. The final article focuses on a genome-wide association study of HE, identifying a genetic locus associated with the condition and exploring the genetic overlap between HE and atopic dermatitis (AD). This collection of abstracts includes studies on various topics related to dermatology and skin sensitization. [Extracted from the article]

This document contains a collection of abstracts related to dermatological research and allergies. The abstracts cover various topics such as chronic hand eczema, patch testing for contact allergens, distinguishing between irritant and allergic skin reactions, and the use of molecular diagnostics to differentiate between different skin conditions. The abstracts also discuss the prevalence and clinical characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as the causes and management of dermatitis related to textiles, footwear, and dyes. Additionally, the abstracts explore occupational allergies, metal hypersensitivity, drug exanthems, and the quality of patch testing. These abstracts provide valuable information for researchers and clinicians in the field of dermatology and can assist library patrons in understanding current research and approaches to managing these conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: While a specific number and type of antigens are recognized to detect perennial inhalant allergies, the optimal number and combination of allergens to reliably identify seasonal allergic sensitization is unclear due to limited national data. This study analyzed aeroallergen testing data from a large US clinical reference laboratory to provide guidance for optimizing seasonal allergen test selection. Methods: The 2019 serum IgE tests for seasonal inhalant allergens were identified from the Quest Diagnostics database. Patients with results for at least 1 of 31 seasonal allergens across 4 allergen classes (11 trees, 7 weeds, 5 grasses, and 8 molds) were analyzed. A step-by-step conditional approach was employed to determine the minimum number and species of allergens needed to identify at least 98% of sensitized patients for each class. Results: Of 88,042 patients tested for ≥1 seasonal allergen, 1.5%, 1.8%, 1.3%, and 1.6% were tested for all trees, weeds, grasses, and molds, respectively. Of those tested for all allergens within a class, 40.4%, 38.6%, 29.5%, and 21.2% were sensitized to at least one tree, weed, grass, or mold allergen, respectively. Identification of ≥98% of sensitized patients within a class required 8 allergens for trees (mountain cedar, maple box elder, walnut, white ash, elm, birch, cottonwood, and hickory/pecan), 5 for weeds (common ragweed short, rough pigweed, English plantain, lamb's quarters/goosefoot, and Russian thistle), 3 for grasses (June/Kentucky blue grass, Johnson grass, and Bermuda grass), and 7 for molds (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor racemosus, Epicoccum purpurascens, Penicillium notatum, Helminthosporium halodes, and Fusarium moniliforme). Conclusion: A minimum of 23 antigens is required to optimally detect sensitization to four classes of seasonal allergens (i.e., ≥98% identification). The addition of these allergens to unique perennial allergens (cat, dog, mouse, cockroach, and 2 dust mite species) results in a comprehensive elucidation of inhalant allergen sensitization. This knowledge provides a pivotal guide for clinical laboratories as they construct allergen panels to optimize diagnostic yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To improve your knowledge of atopic eczema and its prescribed treatment regimens • To enhance your awareness of the challenges encountered in the self-management of atopic eczema • To read about strategies nurses can use to support families to self-manage atopic eczema successfully. Atopic eczema is common in childhood and can continue into adulthood. Adherence to treatment is a significant factor in its effective management, but the complexity of treatment regimens can make adherence challenging. Additionally, living with the condition can have adverse psychosocial consequences for young people in particular. This article discusses treatment regimens for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema and some of the challenges encountered by children, young people and families in self-managing the condition. The authors discuss strategies that can support families to achieve optimal self-management, namely online support tools, written action plans and nurse-led eczema clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis-(2-Chloroisopropyl) ether (BCIPE) was used as a solvent for fats, greases, paint, varnish removers, and in spotting and cleaning solutions. However, BCIPE has not been commercially manufactured or used for numerous years. In experimental animal studies, BCIPE is moderately toxic following acute oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. BCIPE is a severe eye irritant but not a dermal irritant or dermal sensitizer. BCIPE was not genotoxic or mutagenic in in vitro and in vivo assays; it was not toxic in a 3-generation reproductive dietary study in rats. Short-term, repeated inhalation and oral exposure in rats produced increased liver and kidney weights and congestion; dermal exposure in rabbits did not produce any observable adverse effects. BCIPE did not produce a statistically significant increase in tumors in two different 2-year dietary studies in mice and rats. In mice, technical grade BCIPE produced increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas in females, hepatocellular carcinomas in males, and a low incidence of forestomach hyperplasia (in both sexes at the high-dose). Further investigation with technical grade BCIPE concluded that these effects were species- and dose-specific with limited, if any, relevance to humans. The NOAEL of 400 ppm (15 mg/kg/day) from the 2-year dietary study in female rats was considered the point of departure for the health-based WEEL derivation. After adjustment for duration of exposure, interindividual variability, and intraindividual variability, an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) WEEL value of 3 ppm (21 mg/m3) was derived. This exposure limit is expected to provide a significant margin of safety against any potential adverse health effects in workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory virus infections are related to over 80% of childhood asthma exacerbations. They enhance pro-inflammatory mediator release, especially for sensitized individuals exposed to pollens/molds. Using a time-series study design, we investigated possible effect modification by respiratory virus infections of the associations between aeroallergens/PM2.5 and asthma exacerbation rates. Outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient visits for asthma exacerbation among children with asthma (28,540/24,444 [warm/cold season]), as well as viral infection counts were obtained from electronic health records of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 2011 to 2016. Rate ratios (RRs, 90th percentile vs. 0) for late-season grass pollen were 1.00 (0.85–1.17), 1.04 (0.95–1.15), and 1.12 (0.96–1.32), respectively, for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) counts within each tertile. However, similar trends were not observed for weed pollens/molds or PM2.5. Overall, our study provides little evidence supporting effect modification by respiratory viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isocyanates are used as starting materials of polyurethane (PU) products. They are relatively important occupational skin sensitizers. Objectives: To analyse results of a large isocyanate patch test series of 19 isocyanate test substances and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), a marker of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) hypersensitivity. Methods: Test files were screened for positive reactions in the isocyanate series. Patients with positive reactions were analysed for occupation, exposure and diagnosis. Results: In 2010–2019, 53 patients had positive reactions in the series (16% of 338 patients tested). MDA, the well‐established screening substance for MDI allergy, was positive in 30 patients, an in‐house monomeric MDI test substance in 23 patients and 3 different polymeric MDI test substances in 19–21 patients. We diagnosed 16 cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) from MDI including 3 pipe reliners. Hexamethylene‐1,6‐diisocyanate (HDI) oligomers in paint hardeners caused 5 cases of OACD, more cases than 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI; n = 3) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI; n = 1) put together. Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies, polymeric MDI test substances were not superior to a monomeric MDI. Pipe reliners may get sensitised not only by epoxy products and acrylates but also by MDI in hardeners of PU pipe coatings. HDI oligomers were the second most important causes of OACD after MDI. In contrast to previous studies, polymeric MDI patch test substances were not superior to a monomeric MDI. Pipe reliners may get sensitised by MDI in hardeners of polyurethane pipe coatings. HDI oligomers were the second most important causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis after MDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fragrance substances are a frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide. Fragrance exposure varies by sex, age and possibly country, influenced by cosmetic availability, environmental conditions and cultural practices. Objectives: To systematically review and gather prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) in consecutively patch tested European dermatitis patients. Method: A total of 4134 publications on patch test results of European dermatitis patients, published from 1981 to 2022, were systematically reviewed according to a previously registered and published PROSPERO protocol. Results: Eighty‐four eligible original articles were analysed. Overall prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) was 6.81% (95% CI: 6.37–7.28), and FM II was 3.64% (95% CI: 3.3–4.01). Sensitization to FM I was most prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe and to FM II in Western Europe. No clear time trends were observed. Among paediatric dermatitis patients, sensitization prevalence for FM I and FM II was 4.09% (95% CI: 3.37–4.96) and 2.17% (95% CI: 1.53–3.07). Conclusion: The frequency of positive patch test results for both FMI and FMII remains high. Sensitization is also prevalent among children. Enhanced regulation and labelling of cosmetic products play a vital role in averting exposure and sensitization to fragrance allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Abundant allergens may be purified by Salting-out and ion exchange chromatography. • Concentration and enrichment of the allergen is achieved by salting-out. • Ammonium sulfate for salting-out is advantageous for conserving the allergen folding. • Further purification is achieved by anion and/or cation exchange chromatography. Studying the molecular and immunological basis of allergic diseases often requires purified native allergens. The methodologies for protein purification are usually difficult and may not be completely successful. The objective of this work was to describe a methodology to purify allergens from their natural source, while maintaining their native form. The purification strategy consists of a three-step protocol and was used for purifying five specific allergens, Ole e 1, Amb a 1, Alt a 1, Bet v 1 and Cup a 1. Total proteins were extracted in PBS (pH 7.2). Then, the target allergens were pre-purified and enriched by salting-out using increasing concentrations of ammonium sulfate. The allergens were further purified by anion exchange chromatography. Purification of Amb a 1 required an extra step of cation exchange chromatography. The detection of the allergens in the fractions obtained were screened by SDS-PAGE, and Western blot when needed. Further characterization of purified Amb a 1 was performed by mass spectrometry. Ole e 1, Alt a 1, Bet v 1 and Cup a 1 were obtained at > 90 % purity. Amb a 1 was obtained at > 85 % purity. Overall, we propose an easy-to-perform purification approach that allows obtaining highly pure allergens. Since it does not involve neither chaotropic nor organic reagents, we anticipate that the structural and biological functions of the purified molecule remain intact. This method provides a basis for native allergen purification that can be tailored according to specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The growing presence of allergens in materials and scarce data on allergic contact dermatitis in children has increased our need to refine its diagnosis in this population. We aimed to analyze children's specific responsivity to highly reactive subcomponents of Fragrance mix I, Fragrance mix II, and Textile dye mix from the European baseline series. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patch test records of children aged 2 to 18 who underwent patch testing with the European baseline series between 2014 and 2022 in Israel. Results: A total of 367 children were included in the study. In all, 160 children had positive results; 43 patients reacted to one of the mixes, and 20 performed further testing. Eleven of them completed the extended series at the exact same times as the regular European series, which benefited children. Farnesol was the most reactive compound (30.8%). Conclusions: Performing the extended European series provides a more accurate and time‐efficient allergic contact dermatitis diagnosis. Farnesol reactivity appears prominent in children and may justify tighter product regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although allergic rhinitis (AR) can negatively impact the ability to smell, the degree to which this occurs is not clear and prevalence estimates vary among studies. This study had 4 main objectives: (1) To estimate the prevalence and the degree of olfactory dysfunction in AR patients; (2) To compare olfactory perception between AR patients with different persistence and severity of symptoms and determine if olfactory testing may aid in differentiating among Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) groups; (3) To determine whether allergic reactions to different allergens differentially impact olfactory function, and (4) Verify possible changes in the olfactory epithelium (OE) caused by AR. Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients with AR and one hundred controls were tested. The main outcome was the score in University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®). The OE was examined using immunofluorescence markers for neuronal activity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, signal transduction, eosinophils, and epithelial thickness. Results: Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the AR patients was higher (AR: 42.9% vs controls: 9%, P <.001). No difference was found either between intermittent and persistent disease cases (P =.58) or between cases with mild and those with moderate/severe symptomatology (P =.33). Lower olfactory capacity was not associated with the reaction to more (P =.48) or diverse types of allergens (P s >.05). Although not significant, patients with AR had a greater amount of eosinophilia and a lower amount of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) in the OE. Conclusion: The study highlights a higher prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in AR patients compared to controls, but olfactory testing may not effectively differentiate AR severity or allergen sensitivities. Although trends suggest potential pathophysiological changes in the OE of AR patients, further research is needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic contact dermatitis of the feet is a significant problem that affects the quality of life and requires attention from the medical community due to the number of studied and still unidentified allergens. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the available scientific data regarding the most common allergens that cause ACD of the feet. Nickel sulphate, neomycin sulphate, thiuram mix and colophony occupy a significant place in the prevalence of allergies. The prevalence of sensitization to rubber and leather products can vary depending on the ethno-demographic characteristics of the country, as well as the specifics of a person's professional activity, such as the use of protective waterproof shoes, increased humidity of the microclimate, and atopy in anamnesis. Patch testing has been shown to be an important method for identifying allergens, however, not all footwear components are tested during patch testing with standard allergen series, requiring the use of patches made from patient shoe samples. Expanding the scope of patch testing to include other possible allergens is important for the accurate diagnosis of ACD of the feet and a more detailed study of those allergens that were previously considered rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by allergic reactions triggered by the combination of specific food ingestion and physical exertion. Despite its rarity, FDEIA poses significant diagnostic and management challenges due to its complex pathophysiology and variable clinical presentation. Diagnosis relies on careful evaluation of clinical history, symptomatology, and laboratory tests, with inherent difficulties in distinguishing FDEIA from other related conditions. Management of FDEIA involves comprehensive strategies to minimize the risk of allergic reactions through measures such as allergen avoidance, patient education, and timely administration of epinephrine. While existing treatment approaches primarily target acute reactions, ongoing research endeavors are crucial for validating emerging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This review offers a comprehensive overview of FDEIA, encompassing its epidemiology, underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal fuer Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Objective Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Immunoglobulin (Ig)E cross‐reactivity has been shown between Dermatophagoides farinae (Df; house dust mite) and the nematode Toxocara canis (Tc), yet its allergen basis is unknown.To identify the Df allergens IgE‐cross‐reactive with those of Tc.Archived sera from 73 dogs with suspected allergy sensitised to Df.We performed a combination of Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibitions with excretory–secretory and somatic (i.e. nematode body) extracts of Tc or recombinant Tc tropomyosin on coats of Df, Der f 15 and Zen‐1 (ELISA) or PAX allergens.The ELISA and PAX inhibitions established that there is mutual yet variable cross‐reactivity between the Tc excretory–secretory extract, purified Der f 15 and purified Zen‐1. This cross‐reactivity is likely to involve cross‐reactive glycans, as there is no inhibition between the Tc excretory–secretory extract and recombinant Der f 15 without its predicted natural O‐glycans. We also confirmed a heterogeneous cross‐reactivity between the somatic Tc extract and Der p 11 (paramyosin), as well as between the recombinant Toxo c 3 and Der p 10 tropomyosins. The cross‐reactivity among tropomyosins and paramyosins is likely to involve peptidic epitopes, as these recombinant allergens are not glycosylated.In dogs with suspected allergies, the cross‐reactivity between Tc and Df for dogs is complex and heterogeneous. Some of the cross‐reactive IgE recognises shared glycans on Der f 15 and Zen‐1, while some targets peptidic epitopes on shared paramyosins and tropomyosins. We do not exclude that additional cross‐reactive allergens between Df and Tc also might exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from protective gloves is often caused by rubber additives, such as accelerators. However, while accelerator‐free rubber gloves are available, they still cause ACD in some individuals.A new allergen, 2‐cyаnоethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate, (CEDMC), has recently been identified in accelerator‐free gloves, and we here provide a first in vitro characterisation of CEDMC in a dendritic cell (DC)‐like cell model along with three reference sensitizer rubber chemicals, consisting of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) and two xanthogenates.Cellular responses after the exposure to the rubber chemicals were assessed using a transcriptomic approach, multiplex cytokine secretion profiling, and flow cytometry to determine DC model activation marker expression and apoptosis induction.CEDMC and all other sensitizers were classified as strong skin sensitizers with the transcriptomic approach. They all significantly increased IL‐8 secretion and exposure to all except one increased CD86 DC activation marker expression. When tested, CEDMC induced apoptosis, however, delayed compared to TETD.The in vitro data corroborate CEDMC, TETD, and investigated xanthogenates as skin sensitizers. Transcriptomic analyses further reveal unique cellular responses induced by CEDMC, which together with future study can contribute to better understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying the sensitising capacity of rubber chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays pivotal roles in allergic diseases through interaction with a high-affinity receptor (FcεRI). We established that Fab fragments of anti-IgE antibodies (HMK-12 Fab) rapidly dissociate preformed IgE-FcεRI complexes in a temperature-dependent manner and inhibit IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions, even after allergen challenge. X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that HMK-12 Fab interacts with each of two equivalent epitopes on the Cε2 homodimer domain involved in IgE F(ab')2. Consequently, HMK-12 Fab-mediated targeting of Cε2 reduced the binding affinity of Fc domains and resulted in rapid removal of IgE from the receptor complex. This unexpected finding of allosteric inhibition of IgE-FcεRI interactions by simultaneous targeting of two epitope sites on the Cε2 homodimer domain of IgE F(ab')2 may have implications for the development of novel therapies for allergic disease. The authors show that the allosteric inhibition of the interactions between Immunoglobulin E and the high-affinity receptor FcεRI by targeting two epitope sites of IgE may have implications for the development of novel therapies for allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While computational epitope prediction methods have found broad application, their use, specifically in allergy-related contexts, remains relatively less explored. This study benchmarks several publicly available epitope prediction tools, focusing on the allergenic IgE and T-cell epitopes of Fel d 1, an extensively studied allergen. Using a variety of tools accessible via the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and other resources, we evaluate their ability to identify the known linear IgE and T-cell epitopes of Fel d 1. Our results show a limited effectiveness for B-cell epitope prediction methods, with most performing only marginally better than random selection. We also explored the general predictive abilities on other allergens, and the results were largely random. When predicting T-cell epitopes, ProPred successfully identified all known Fel d 1 T-cell epitopes, whereas the IEDB approach missed two known epitopes and demonstrated a tendency to over-predict. However, when applied to a larger test set, both methods performed only slightly better than random selection. Our findings show the limitations of current computational epitope prediction methods in accurately identifying allergenic epitopes, emphasizing the need for methodological advancements in allergen research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The Peruvian Immunoblot panel, together with traditional skin prick tests (SPT), are widely used in vitro allergy tests in Peru. In addition to this, Peruvian allergists are increasingly adopting multiplex tests such as the ALEX‐2 (Macro Array Diagnostics). Previous studies have revealed limited agreement between Immunoblot and SPT results. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the concordance between these three tests in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in a private center in Arequipa, Peru. Materials and Methods. We enrolled 35 patients, including children over 3 years and adults, with AR. Clinical and demographic data were collected, and patients underwent allergic sensitization testing using the Immunoblot Peruvian panel (32 allergens), ALEX‐2 (295 allergens), and SPT (12 allergens). Concordance was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient and analyzed with IBM SPSS V26. Results. Among the patients, 34.3% exhibited moderate‐to‐severe persistent AR, and 14.3% had asthma. Additionally, 85.7% reported a family history of AR. Sensitization rates varied notably between the SPT and ALEX‐2, particularly for olive pollen (34.3% vs. 17.4%), Blomia tropicalis (11.4% vs. 17.1%), and grasses (11.4% vs. 28.5%). Remarkably, these allergens were not included in the Peruvian Immunoblot panel. Concordance analysis included seven allergens and showed significant concordance between ALEX‐2 and SPT for five allergens, between Immunoblot and SPT for two allergens, and between ALEX‐2 and Immunoblot for two allergens. Conclusion. This preliminary study shows us a better concordance between ALEX‐2 and SPT rather than between Immunoblot and SPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions Photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to allergens only in the presence of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Photopatch testing (PhotoPT) is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of PACD. There are few published studies of PhotoPT in North America.To summarise the results of patients photopatch tested by members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG), 2009–2020.Retrospective analysis of patient characteristics and PhotoPT results to 32 allergens on the NACDG Photopatch Test Series.Most of the 454 tested patients were female (70.3%), 21–60 years old (66.7%) and White (66.7%). There were a total of 119 positive photopatch tests. Sunscreen agents comprised 88.2% of those, with benzophenones responsible for over half of them. Final diagnoses included PACD in 17.2%, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in 44.5%, polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) in 18.9% and chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) in 9.0% of patients.In 454 patients with suspected photosensitivity referred for photopatch testing in North America, approximately one‐fifth had PACD. Sunscreen agents, especially benzophenones, were the most common photoallergens. Other common diagnoses included ACD, PMLE and CAD. Photopatch testing is an important tool for differentiating these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition, which includes macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, is common in individuals with allergic dermatitis, food allergies, rhinitis, and asthma. Prolonged deficiencies of proteins, minerals, and vitamins promote Th2 inflammation, setting the stage for allergic sensitization. Consequently, malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies, fosters the development of allergies, while an adequate supply of micronutrients promotes immune cells with regulatory and tolerogenic phenotypes. As protein and micronutrient deficiencies mimic an infection, the body's innate response limits access to these nutrients by reducing their dietary absorption. This review highlights our current understanding of the physiological functions of allergenic proteins, iron, and vitamin A, particularly regarding their reduced bioavailability under inflamed conditions, necessitating different dietary approaches to improve their absorption. Additionally, the role of most allergens as nutrient binders and their involvement in nutritional immunity will be briefly summarized. Their ability to bind nutrients and their close association with immune cells can trigger exaggerated immune responses and allergies in individuals with deficiencies. However, in nutrient-rich conditions, these allergens can also provide nutrients to immune cells and promote health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural caffeic acid (CA) and its analogues have been studied for their potential applications in the treatment of various inflammatory and infectious skin diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of the CA remains largely unknown. Here, we report that CA and its two analogues, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and caffeic acid methyl caffeate (CAMC), inhibit TRPV3 currents in their concentration- and structure-dependent manners with IC50 values ranging from 102 to 410 μM. At the single-channel level, CA reduces the channel open probability and open frequency without alteration of unitary conductance. CA selectively inhibits TRPV3 relative to other subtypes of thermo-TRPs, such as TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPM8. Molecular docking combined with site-specific mutagenesis reveals that a residue T636 in the Pore-loop is critical for CA binding to TRPV3. Further in vivo evaluation shows that CA significantly reverses TRPV3-mediated skin inflammation induced by skin sensitizer carvacrol. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that CA exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by selectively inhibiting TRPV3 through binding to the pocket formed by the Pore-loop and the S6. CA may serve as a lead for further modification and identification of specific TRPV3 channel inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of ragweed pollen (RW) versus house dust mites (HDMs) has often been deliberated, but the increasing incidence of co-sensitization between them has been scarcely addressed. Utilizing Sprague Dawley rats, we explored the effects of co-sensitization with the combination of HDMs and RW pollen extracts in correlation with high-fructose diet (HFrD) by in vitro tracheal reactivity analysis in isolated organ bath and biological explorations. Our findings unveiled interrelated connections between allergic asthma, dyslipidemia, and HFrD-induced obesity, shedding light on their compounding role through inflammation. The increased CRP values and airway hyperresponsiveness to the methacholine challenge suggest a synergistic effect of obesity on amplifying the existing inflammation induced by asthma. One of the major outcomes is that the co-sensitization to HDMs and RW pollen led to the development of a severe allergic asthma phenotype in rats, especially in those with HFrD. Therefore, the co-sensitization to these allergens as well as the HFrD may play a crucial role in the modulation of systemic inflammation, obesity, and airway reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hazelnut seed skins (HSS) are by-products from roasting or blanching hazelnuts without direct second utilization. The generation of HSS creates an economic and environmental problem. The object of the study was a comprehensive analysis of the properties for reuse of HSS. Water extraction of industrial HSS was applied (water with sonication of the HSS for 10 min at 90 ℃). The extracts obtained were freeze-dried to facilitate analysis and future application. The HSS and their extracts were analysed. Polyphenols, antioxidants, allergens, antimicrobial properties and instrumental sensory analysis were examined. The total polyphenol content in the samples was 37.8–44.0 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1. Gallic acid was the major phenolic compound. The antioxidant capacity of the samples was 198.9–250.6 mg VCEAC g−1 (vitamin C equivalent) according to the ABTS method and 98.4–106.8 mg VCEAC g−1 in the DPPH method. The extracts inhibited all tested strains of pathogenic bacteria. Allergen content was reduced in HSS and the extracts. Instrumental sensory analysis showed differences between taste parameters and odour profile samples. HSS can be reused in food production as a bacteriostatic, antioxidant additive and sensory-creating factor due to various chemical compounds corresponding with taste and odour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Respiratory sensitization is a complex immunological process eventually leading to hypersensitivity following re-exposure to the chemical. A frequent consequence is occupational asthma, which may occur after long latency periods. Although chemical-induced respiratory hypersensitivity has been known for decades, there are currently no comprehensive and validated approaches available for the prospective identification of chemicals that induce respiratory sensitization, while the expectations of new approach methodologies (NAMs) are high. A great hope is that due to a better understanding of the molecular key events, new methods can be developed now. However, this is a big challenge due to the different chemical classes to which respiratory sensitizers belong, as well as because of the complexity of the response and the late manifestation of symptoms. In this review article, the current information on respiratory sensitization related processes is summarized by introducing it in the available adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. Potentially useful models for prediction are discussed. Knowledge gaps and gaps of regulatory concern are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis [AD] is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Although numerous indicators have been investigated, reliable biomarkers are still needed to objectively measure the severity of AD. We aimed to evaluate serum thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA2) levels in infants with AD, and the relationship between these biomarkers and atopy and severity. Materials and Methods: Forty-two children with AD and 42 healthy controls were included in the study. The severity was evaluated via SCORAD at the baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Food-specific Ig E (sIgE) and/or skin prick tests were performed to determine food sensitivity in the AD group. Serum TARC and SCCA2, complete blood count parameters, and serum total IgE were measured in the AD group. Results: Analysis showed that 54.8% of the AD group were mild to moderate and 45.2% were severe. Food sensitivity was present in 42.9% of the patients with AD. There was no difference between AD and control groups in terms of serum TARC and SCCA2 levels (p>0.05). Serum TARC levels were higher in the AD group with food sensitivity (p=0.033). A high degree of positive correlation was determined between food sIgE values and serum TARC levels in the AD group (r=0.517, p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between serum TARC and SCCA2 levels in the AD and control groups (r=0.600; p<0.01, and r=0.830, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Serum TARC levels were high in AD patients with food sensitivity. Serum TARC and food sIgE values were positively correlated. Serum TARC levels may be associated with food sensitivity in patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: In the last 10 years methylisothiazolinone (MI) emerged as a global cause of preservative‐related ACD. New Zealand has liberal regulations for the MI concentration limit in cosmetic products compared to Europe and Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MI sensitisation in New Zealand, explore sources of MI exposure and make recommendations on New Zealand regulations for MI use. Methods: This retrospective study included data from patients who underwent patch testing with MI from 2008 to 2021 in a tertiary hospital dermatology clinic and a private dermatology clinic in Auckland, New Zealand. Patient baseline characteristics were recorded along with results of patch testing. Sources of MI exposure were identified from medical records. Results: Over the study period, 1049 patch tests were performed in 1044 patients. MI was only tested as a stand‐alone allergen from 2015; positive reactions to MI increased from 5.3% in 2015 to a peak of 11.9% in 2017 and then decreased to 6.4% in 2021. The most common source of MI exposure was shampoo or conditioner (27.7% of all relevant reactions) followed by occupational exposures to paints, biocides or glue (19.1%). Conclusion: Both sensitisation and ACD to MI appear to be decreasing, likely secondary to changes in product compounding due to stricter concentration limits internationally. We recommend New Zealand adopt lower MI concentration limits for cosmetics to match the limits of Australia and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the prevalence of ABPA and AFRS, scrutinize existing diagnostic criteria and immunoassays, pinpoint their limitations, highlight ABPA as an occupational health implication, and identify suggestive measures to improve ABPA diagnosis in the context of Occupational Health Nursing and primary healthcare. The data sources such as PubMed, Health and Safety Science Abstracts, OSH Update, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched. All published studies in the English language from 1990 till Oct, 2023 using Mesh terms keywords "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis," "Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis," "Signs and Symptoms," "Rapid Diagnostic Tests," "Diagnosis," "Occupational Health," "Occupational Health Nursing," "Prevalence," "Allergens" following "Boolean operators" search strategy were selected. This review succinctly covered signs, symptoms, and prevalence data concerning ABPA and AFRS. It briefly discussed existing diagnostic criteria and immunoassays, highlighted factors influencing the assay's variability, and underscored the role and scope of specific allergens toward improved, simple, and early ABPA diagnosis. ABPA as a neglected occupational health concern was emphasized, and the importance of RDTs in the context of healthcare professionals and OHNs was stated. Finally, this study suggested analyzing the impact of compromised post-pandemic immune status and the use of immunosuppressive drugs on ABPA prevalence among vulnerable communities and occupations. To conclude, global and Indian ABPA and AFRS prevalence data, factors influencing existing assay variability, and the scope of improvement in RDTs for ABPA diagnosis in the background of primary healthcare professionals and OHNs were addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies can pose significant risks and profoundly impactthe quality oflife of children and their families, making them a major public health concern.Allergen avoidance has been the traditional mainstay of treatment; however, recent research has focused on various approaches to food allergen immunotherapy. This review summarizes the recent advancements in oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapies, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. The ultimate goal of food allergen immunotherapy is to maximize efficacy while minimizing risks, leading to the exploration of strategies such as lowdose immunotherapy and the use of biologics. When selecting candidates for immunotherapy among patients with food allergies, factors such as allergen characteristics, the likelihood of natural resolution, age, symptom severity, and impact on quality of life require consideration, and an individualized approach should be adopted to determine the most suitable treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the biological function of the mould allergen Alt a 1 as a carrier of micronutrients, such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) and the influence of RA binding on its allergenicity in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Alt a 1‐RA complex formation was analyzed in silico and in vitro. PBMCs from Alternaria‐allergic donors were stimulated with Alt a 1 complexed with RA (holo‐Alt a 1) or empty apo‐Alt a 1 and analyzed for cytokine production and CD marker expression. Serum IgE‐binding and crosslinking assays to apo‐ and holo‐protein were correlated to B‐cell epitope analysis. Female BALB/c mice already sensitized to Alt a 1 were intranasally treated with apo‐Alt a 1, holo‐Alt a 1 or RA alone before measuring anaphylactic response, serum antibody levels, splenic cytokines and CD marker expression. Results: In silico docking calculations and in vitro assays showed that the extent of RA binding depended on the higher quaternary state of Alt a 1. Holo‐Alt a 1 loaded with RA reduced IL‐13 released from PBMCs and CD3+CD4+CRTh2 cells. Complexing Alt a 1 to RA masked its IgE B‐cell epitopes and reduced its IgE‐binding capacity. In a therapeutic mouse model of Alternaria allergy nasal application of holo‐Alt a 1, but not of apo‐Alt a 1, significantly impeded the anaphylactic response, impaired splenic antigen‐presenting cells and induced IL‐10 production. Conclusion: Holo‐Alt a 1 binding to RA was able to alleviate Th2 immunity in vitro, modulate an ongoing Th2 response and prevent anaphylactic symptoms in vivo, presenting a novel option for improving allergen‐specific immunotherapy in Alternaria allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anti‐IgE immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies represents a breakthrough in treatment of severe allergic diseases. However, drawbacks such as short half‐life and high price are not negligible. Our objective is to develop an anti‐IgE vaccine based on virus‐like particles (VLPs) which can induce long‐lasting neutralizing IgG anti‐IgE antibodies reducing allergic responses without causing intrinsic mast cell activation due to IgE cross‐linking. Methods: The vaccines were made by chemically coupling three synthetic mouse IgE‐Fc fragments to plant‐derived immunologically optimized CuMVTT VLPs. The immunogenicity of the vaccines was tested by immunizing naive or allergic mice either with the coupled vaccines or the VLP control followed by systemic or local allergen challenge. Results: Mice immunized with the vaccines exhibited high titers of anti‐IgE antibodies in the sera and high levels of anti‐IgE secreting plasma cells in lymphoid organs. Moreover, free IgE in serum were reduced by the induced anti‐IgE antibodies; therefore, less IgE was bound to FcεRI on the surface of basophils. In line with these reduced IgE levels on effector cells after vaccination, immunized mice were protected from challenge with allergens. Importantly, despite presence of anti‐IgE antibodies, no signs of acute or chronic allergic response were seen in immunized allergic mice. Conclusion: The generated vaccines can effectively induce anti‐IgE antibodies that did not cause allergic responses in sensitized mice but were able to decrease the level of free and cell bound IgE and protected sensitized animals from allergic responses upon allergen challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry (MS) has advanced greatly and many of its applications are ready for utilization within regulatory procedures and could significantly contribute to overcome challenges in standardization of allergen products. It seems sensible to discuss MS within the regulatory framework, before addressing technical questions. While the application to purified proteins is well established from product development to manufacturer's release analytics, its application to complex products such as allergen products is still under development. It needs to be determined where it can complement or replace established methods or where MS offers limited improvement. Despite its technical appeal and versatility, currently MS is mentioned in regulatory guidelines only as one possible measurement method. For example, no specific MS method is given in the European Pharmacopoeia. We discuss applications of MS within the EU regulatory framework. This includes their advantages and disadvantages and their positioning between research, characterization, manufacturer's release analytics and official batch testing. We discuss the qualitative detection of single and multiple allergens as proof of identity, qualitative to semi‐quantitative protein profiles for batch to batch consistency testing, and quantification of allergens to state mass units of allergens. MS may also facilitate standardization of allergen products, reference products and reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is defined by chronic nasal symptoms, absence of atopy, positive nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and a good response to subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT). We sought to investigate SCIT capacity to induce local and systemic blocking antibodies in LAR patients. Methods: A RDBPC study of grass SCIT was performed, with participants receiving either SCIT (Group A; n = 10) or placebo (Group B; n = 14) in the first 6 months. Both groups subsequently received SCIT for 12 months at Year 2. Nasal and serum antibodies (IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) and their inhibitory capacity were measured at multiple timepoints. Results: The allergen concentration tolerated increased significantly at 6 months (Group A; p =.047) and 24 months (Group B; p =.049) compared with baseline and persisted until the end of the study. Induction of serum sIgA1 to Phl p was seen in Groups A and B, albeit the former being induced earlier (1.71‐fold, p =.027). A significant induction in sIgG4 to Phl p 1 and 5 was observed in serum of Group A (p =.047 and p =.0039) and sIgA2 to Phl p in Group B (p =.032 and p =.0098) at 18 and 24 months, respectively. Both local and systemic blocking antibodies can inhibit allergen–IgE complexes binding to CD23 on B cells, and this correlated with level of allergen tolerated intra‐nasally in Group A (serum; 휌 = −.47, p =.0006, nasal; 휌 = −.38, p =.0294). Conclusions: Grass pollen SCIT induced functional systemic blocking antibodies that correlate with the concentration of allergen tolerated following NAC, highlighting their potential as a biomarker of SCIT in LAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the feed additive consisting of endo‐1,4‐beta‐xylanase (produced with Trichoderma reesei MUCL 49755) and endo‐1,3(4)‐beta‐glucanase (produced with T. reesei MUCL 49754) (AveMix® XG 10/AveMix® XG 10 L) for the renewal of its authorisation as zootechnical feed additive for pigs for fattening, minor porcine species for fattening and turkeys for fattening. The applicant declared a change in the carrier material used in AveMix® XG 10 from soybean meal to calcium carbonate + wheat flour or calcium carbonate + sepiolite. The applicant provided evidence that the additive Avemix® XG 10 with calcium carbonate + wheat flour and Avemix® XG 10 L comply with the conditions of the authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) noted that no data were submitted to support compliance of the formulation of Avemix® XG 10 with calcium carbonate + sepiolite with the conditions of the authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that both forms of the additive remain safe for pigs for fattening, minor porcine species for fattening and turkeys for fattening, consumers and the environment. Regarding the safety for the user, Avemix® XG 10 formulated with calcium carbonate + sepiolite and Avemix® XG 10 L are not irritant to skin and eyes. No conclusions on the irritation potential of Avemix® XG 10 formulated with calcium carbonate + wheat flour could be drawn. The additive in all its formulations is considered a respiratory and skin sensitiser. There was no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium propionate is authorised containing at least 98.5% of sodium propionate. The applicants requested for the renewal of the authorisation of sodium propionate when used as a feed additive for all terrestrial animal species. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive in the market complies with the conditions of the authorisation. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) confirms that the use of sodium propionate under the current authorised conditions of use is safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. Considering the user safety, the additive is corrosive to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, but is not a skin sensitiser. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application of renewal of Levilactobacillus brevis DSM 16680 as a technological feed additive (functional group: silage additives) for all animal species. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently on the market complies with the existing terms of the authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive remains safe for all animal species, consumers and the environment. Regarding user safety, the additive should be considered as an eye irritant and a skin and respiratory sensitiser. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of diclazuril (Clinacox® 0.5%) as a coccidiostat for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying. The additive currently on the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The additive remains safe for the target species and the consumer under the authorised conditions of use. The additive is irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory tract but is not a skin sensitiser. Exposure by inhalation cannot be excluded. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the environment of diclazuril from Clinacox® 0.5% due to lack of data. Diclazuril from Clinacox® 0.5% at a concentration of 1 mg diclazuril/kg complete feed has the potential to control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying. Development of resistance to diclazuril of field Eimeria spp. strains isolated from chickens should be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on Loigolactobacillus coryniformis DSM 34345 when used as a technological additive to improve ensiling of fresh plant material. The additive is intended for use with all fresh plant material for all animal species at a proposed minimum concentration of 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/kg fresh plant material. The bacterial species L. coryniformis is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to safety assessment. The identity of the strain was established and no acquired antimicrobial resistance genes of concern were detected. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of the strain as a silage additive is considered safe for all the animal species, for consumers of products from animals fed the treated silage and for the environment. Regarding user safety, the additive containing Loigolactobacillus coryniformis DSM 34345 should be considered as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser, and any exposure through skin and respiratory tract is considered a risk. One preparation was shown not to be irritant to skin or eyes. However, the Panel cannot assess the irritation potential of other possible preparations. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that Loigolactobacillus coryniformis DSM 34345 has the potential to improve the production of silages prepared from all fresh plant materials at a minimum concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/kg fresh material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]