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As water pollution is increasing due to industrialization, there is a high demand for easy-processing photocatalytic materials to clean wastewater. Here, the improvement in the photocatalytic dye degradation effect of graphene oxide (GO) surfaces, made of ultra-sonication assisted modified Hummer's method, is demonstrated with increasing alumina (Al2O3) concentration in the range of 4–30 wt. %. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction results suggest a gradual increment in crystalline Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) by reducing GO, in good agreement with the first-principles calculations. Moreover, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the appearance of oxygenated functional groups with increasing Al2O3 concentration, leading to the formation of defect-rich GO as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy further reflects a maximum reduction in the optical bandgap from 1.88 to 1.56 eV up to a concentration of 15 wt. % Al2O3. Interestingly, the methylene blue degradation efficiency of GO under ultraviolet irradiation is also found to be improved from 45% to 64% with 15 wt. % Al2O3, whereas the formation of Al2O3 NPs in the range of 100–300 nm with 30 wt. % Al2O3 is found to be detrimental for photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of layers present in a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial plays a critical role in applications that involve surface interaction, for example, gas sensing. This paper reports the synthesis of 2D WS2 nanoflakes using the facile liquid exfoliation technique. The nanoflakes were exfoliated using bath sonication (BS-WS2) and probe sonication (PS-WS2). The thickness of the BS-WS2 was found to range between 70 and 200 nm, and that of PS-WS2 varied from 0.6 to 80 nm, indicating the presence of single to few layers of WS2 when characterized using atomic force microscope. All the WS2 samples were thoroughly characterized using electron microscopes, x-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, and thermogravimetric analyser. Both the nanostructured samples were exposed to 2 ppm of NO2 at room temperature. Interestingly, BS-WS2 which comprises of a greater number of WS2 layers exhibited −14.2% response as against −3.4% response of PS-WS2, the atomically thin sample. The BS-WS2 sample was found to be highly selective towards NO2 but was slower (with incomplete recovery) as compared to PS-WS2. The PS-WS2 sample was observed to exhibit −11.9% to −27.4% response to 2–10 ppm of CO and −3.4%–35.2% response to 2–10 ppm of NO2 at room temperature, thereby exhibiting the potential to detect two gases simultaneously. These gases could be accurately predicted and quantified if the response times of the PS-WS2 sample were considered. The atomically thin WS2-based sensor exhibited a limit of detection of 131 and 81 ppb for CO and NO2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate novel structures based on 2-methylbenzylamine cations [(C8H12N)2Co(SCN)4] (1) and [(C8H12N)SCN] (2). The novel complexes were characterized and investigated by various techniques such as differential thermogravimetry analysis, FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, impedance complex analysis, molecular modeling based on DFT calculations, and molecular docking as potent anti-inflammatory agents. Based on the reported results of these characterization tools, the desired complex phases were confirmed. These novel compounds were characterized by FTIR analysis, which supported the presence of surface ligand groups of thiocyanates, and UV-visible spectroscopy showed the optical transparencies of the titled compounds in addition to the confirmation of the electronic transition. Complex packing occurred through the N–H⋯S and N–H⋯N H-bond interactions, forming a ring in addition to CH-interactions, resulting in a 3-D network. Finally, molecular docking occurred for both complexes, which suggests that the complexes have anti-inflammatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide are both important raw materials for industrial production and have a wide range of applications in several fields. Owing to their damage to the human body and cellular functions by excessive exposure or ingestion, it is essential to develop an efficient and rapid assay for the detection of hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. Fluorescence switches have been applied in many fields including for metal ion detection. However, the assembly of Prussian blue (PB) and carbon quantum dots (CDs) has never been reported for the fabrication of a fluorescence switch for the detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. In this work, a fluorescent switch PB@CD/SiO2 based on PB and CDs was constructed, which could be used as a detection platform for hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. The surface of PB was coated with a silica layer, which contained CDs to fabricate PB@CD/SiO2 nanoparticles. The composite demonstrated reversible switching between fluorescence quenching and recovering states through the mutual conversion of PB and Prussian white (PW). The prepared composite was utilized for the detection of N2H4 and H2O2 by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. It is worth-mentioning that the detection limit for N2H4 is calculated to be 0.15 μM (fluorescence) and the detection limit for H2O2 can reach 0.93 μM (UV). Moreover, both detection methods showed low detection limits, wide detection ranges and a short response time for N2H4 and H2O2. The proposed fluorescence switch system exhibits good performance towards the dual-spectral determination of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, which may be beneficial for further application in practical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide are both important raw materials for industrial production and have a wide range of applications in several fields. Owing to their damage to the human body and cellular functions by excessive exposure or ingestion, it is essential to develop an efficient and rapid assay for the detection of hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. Fluorescence switches have been applied in many fields including for metal ion detection. However, the assembly of Prussian blue (PB) and carbon quantum dots (CDs) has never been reported for the fabrication of a fluorescence switch for the detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. In this work, a fluorescent switch PB@CD/SiO2 based on PB and CDs was constructed, which could be used as a detection platform for hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. The surface of PB was coated with a silica layer, which contained CDs to fabricate PB@CD/SiO2 nanoparticles. The composite demonstrated reversible switching between fluorescence quenching and recovering states through the mutual conversion of PB and Prussian white (PW). The prepared composite was utilized for the detection of N2H4 and H2O2 by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. It is worth-mentioning that the detection limit for N2H4 is calculated to be 0.15 μM (fluorescence) and the detection limit for H2O2 can reach 0.93 μM (UV). Moreover, both detection methods showed low detection limits, wide detection ranges and a short response time for N2H4 and H2O2. The proposed fluorescence switch system exhibits good performance towards the dual-spectral determination of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, which may be beneficial for further application in practical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel neural network adaptive filter algorithm is proposed to address the challenge of weak spectral signals and low accuracy in micro-spectrometer detection. This algorithm bases on error backpropagation (BP) and least mean square (LMS), introduces an innovative BP neural network model incorporating instantaneous error function and error factor to optimize the learning process. It establishes a network relationship through the input signal, output signal, error and step factor of the adaptive filter, and defines a training optimization learning method for this relationship. To validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, experiments were conducted on simulated noisy signals and actual spectral signals. Results show that the algorithm effectively denoises signals, reduces noise interference, and enhances signal quality, the SNR of the proposed algorithm is 3-4 dB higher than that of the traditional algorithm. The experimental spectral results showed that the proposed neural network adaptive filter algorithm combined with partial least squares regression is suitable for simultaneous detection of copper and cobalt based on ultravioletvisible spectroscopy, and has broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, zinc nanoparticles were prepared using the low-temperature plasma method at different times 3 min, 5 min, 7 min, 9 min, where the initial reactions of zinc lead to the formation of nanoparticles. The metal interacts with the ionized plasma under different conditions and may turn into an oxide such as exposing the sample to air and raising the temperature of the solution a few degrees as a result of high voltage and within a certain range. The atmospheric pressure plasma system acts as the cathode, while the zinc metal strip acts as the anode. A series of techniques were used, including the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples have polycrystalline structures with hexagonal and cubic structures with a time difference, and the X-ray diffraction results showed the conversion of zinc particles into zinc oxides. FESEM images reveal particle size and shape. The ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the mentioned method seem to form different nanoshapes such as starfish and mushroom nanoparticles. The UV-visible results showed that the samples had an energy gap of about 3.4 eV at a time of 3 min, and this value decreases with increasing reaction time. The appearance of zinc oxides increases gradually with the passage of time. These results provide credibility for the fabrication of ZnO nanostructures for use in future gas sensing applications, despite the inhomogeneity of particle size among ZnO particles, the sensor was also fabricated to detect nitrogen gas (NH3) with different concentrations (17.25 ppm, 46.38 ppm, 78.58 ppm). at room temperature. The ZnO sample showed the highest sensitivity (88.1%) at 7 min. The sensitivity showed different results and increased with reaction time and gas concentration. However, response and recovery time are moderate and decrease as reaction time increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of p-type transparent semiconductors is utilized in various fields, and enhancing their performance holds industrial significance. Thus, improving the versatility and efficiency of the p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCO) has become critical for the semiconductor industries and technologies. To be used as hole carrier layes in optoelectronic devices, this study aimed to modify the physical features of nickel oxide (NiO) through a doping approach which may broaden and strengthen the usage of NiO. A cost-effective ultrasonic pyrolysis spray technique was employed for pure and lead (Pb) doped nickel oxide thin film production. The influence of the lead concentration on optical, structural, and morphological traits of the NiO nanostructures was examined via various analyses, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence, UV–visible spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, were utilized to investigate the optical and structural characteristics of these films. In correlation, the X-Ray Diffraction results indicated that the Pb doping induced strain and altered lattice parameters of the grown nanostructures while the cubic phase of NiO maintained. The crystallite size of NiO samples ranged from 31.49 nm to 18.75 nm based on Pb doping concentration which was notably influenced by species and doping content. The UV–vis measurements demonstrated that optical parameters, such as optical band gap, were sensitive to Pb doping ratios. The Raman spectrum analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of Pb ions into NiO. Additionally, the intensity of the PL spectra decreased with increasing Pb content, offering potential applications as window layers in solar cells, smart windows, and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of impurity iron in different valence states on the coloration mechanism of quartz, colorless synthetic quartz fabricated via ion implantation and its natural counterpart citrine with iron were compared after heating under different atmospheres. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the absorption property, valence states of iron, and type of O of both natural citrine and ion-implanted quartz. Experimental results showed the yellow color in quartz was mainly related to the charge transfer between Fe3+ and Fe2+, oxygen vacancies and the lattice oxygen, whereas the pink color in quartz was related to oxygen vacancies at a high temperature of 1200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of extended viologen, N,N′-2,5-bis(3-pyridinium)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole dipropionate, (m-H2TTzPA)(HSO3)2 (1), was synthesized, and two new coordination polymers, {[Cd(m-TTzPA)Br2]·H2O}n (2) and {[Zn(m-TTzPA)Br2]·H2O}n (3), were prepared based on the m-TTzPA ligand. Compounds 1–3 exhibit photochromic behaviors, which were proved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy and EPR characterizations. Furthermore, all the compounds have obvious fluorescence quenching behaviors upon irradiation using a xenon lamp, where compound 1 exhibits a significant quenching efficiency of 95.84%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although molecular tetrahedral Ti-oxo species exhibit unique electronic and photochemical properties due to their discrete energy levels, which are different from those of anatase and rutile, such Ti-oxo species are generally unstable and readily transformed to amorphous/crystalline TiO2 (bulk phases, nanoparticles and clusters) via hydrolysis and condensation. Here, molecular Ti-oxo species were immobilised within mesoporous silica SBA-15 by grafting titanium(IV) oxyacetylacetonate using the surface silanol groups of SBA-15 as a scaffold, followed by chemical etching with dilute hydrochloric acid to form molecular TiO4 species. These Ti species mainly exist as isolated tetrahedrally coordinated structures, as was confirmed by diffuse reflectance UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy. The SBA-15-immobilised molecular TiO4 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution than conventional Ti-incorporated mesoporous silica (Ti-MCM-41) and reference TiO2 (P25). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn order to meet the demands of the expanding population, nanotechnology-based materials are being investigated for a potential solution to enhance crop yield. This study examines the effect of different concentrations (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, and 1.4 mM) of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) on mung plants using confocal micro Raman and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The analysis shows that the biochemical profile of the plants is altered. The increased intensity values of carotenoids, pectin, lignin, proteins, cellulose, carbohydrates, and aliphatics observed in Raman spectroscopy, along with increased concentrations of photosynthetic pigments in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, suggest that Fe2O3 NPs positively impact mung. In agro-related studies, Raman spectroscopy in assistance with chemometric analysis provides a reliable, noninvasive, fast, and label-free recognition and classification of plants under biotic or abiotic stress. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) were applied to the Raman spectra of treated and untreated mung leaves for rapid categorization and precise prediction. The results show that PCA-LDA achieved superior predicting performance and visualization, with an accuracy of 70%, along with higher recall, precision, f1 score, and area under receiver operating characteristics curves compared to LDA. The study reveals that spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics have great potential for confirmatory, nondestructive, and label-free assessments of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were elaborated using a simple, low-cost, and reproducible method by thermal treatment at 90°C of chitooligosaccharides (COSs), produced by chitosan depolymerization using the digestives chitosanases from Portunus segnis viscera, in the presence of AgNO3. The characterization of the obtained AgNPs, using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, showed that they are crystalline, spherical and stable for a month at 4°C. Moreover, the biological properties of the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated, proving that they exhibited interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The present investigation suggested that COSs will be a good source for the preparation of AgNPs that could be useful in different industrial and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, phytosynthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were obtained in facile and sustainable way utilizing leaves of Ocimum sanctum, to detect heavy metals from surface water. The presence of phytochemicals in the green extract helps in stabilizing the nanoparticle by reducing metallic Cu2+ to CuO-NPs. Further standard physical techniques like XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV-Vis spectroscopy and FESEM (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) confirmed the formation of CuO-NPs. The phytosynthesized CuO-NPs revealed spherical conformation with 40 nm average crystallite size, calculated by Scherrer's formula. A linear colorimetric behaviour of CuO-NPs was observed in the range of (10–400 nM) Pb2+ ions and the R2 value of 0.992 with limit of detection of 60 nM was observed. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results confirmed pronounced sensitivity and selectivity for Pb2+ ions among all the metals tested (Ba2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, Ni2+ and Zn2+). Interference tests indicated no interference on adsorption of Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions from other metal ions tested. Kinetic studies on Pb2+ adsorption by CuO-NPs revealed best fit to the equilibrium data of Freundlich isotherm. Besides, Pseudo 2nd order kinetics was observed to be much appropriate with R2 (linear regression coefficient) equal to 0.999 for the adsorption process. Thus, in this study phytosynthesized CuO-NPs could be a promising candidate for effective detection and elimination of Pb2+ ions from surface water making it potable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paramagnetic A3B-type Mn(III)-porphyrin was synthesized and characterized by physical–chemical methods (UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy). The obtained compound was tested as a sensitive material for the spectrophotometric and potentiometric detection of iodine species. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, the triiodide anions could be detected with high precision in the concentration interval of 1.02 × 10−5 to 2.3 × 10−5 M, with an LOD of 9.44 × 10−6 M. The PVC-based electrode using DOP as a plasticizer showed a sensitivity toward iodide in a wide concentration range of 1.0 × 10−5 to 1.0 × 10−1 M, with an LOD of 8.0 × 10−6 M. Both methods are simple, low-cost, and efficient for the detection of iodine species in synthetic samples and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is widely accessible and used by natural health professionals for a range of medicinal purposes. The purpose of the current study to use a derivatization method in conjunction with FT-IR, colorimetry, and UV-Visible spectroscopy to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of various pomegranate sections. Pomegranate is used to treat ulcers, diarrhoea, Male infertility and so on. Currently, pomegranate is marketed in different novel drug formulations such as nanoparticles for local mucosal drug delivery, niosomes, hydrogels for chronic ınflammation, microemulsion for skin care and analytical techniques using HPLC, GC and GC-MS, LC-MS for carrying out the various quantitative and qualitative analyses are some examples of these developments. In this study, a part of pomegranate was extracted and evaluated by using Microscopical and Macroscopical evaluation, Fluorescence Analysis, FT-IR studies using derivatisation method and finally quantified the phenol and flavonoid content using UVVisible Spectroscopy. Results of the study revealed that the pomegranate extract gives data about the linearity, precision, accuracy of peel and bark ethanolic and aqueous extract gives linearity 1-5µg/ml, Regression 0.998, LOD 0.691µg/ml, LOQ 1.32µg/ml. Through the appropriate selection of Solvents, we successfully developed a stable and effective method for the determination and estimation of phenol and flavonoid content by derivatization and FTIR studies. Method was developed, optimized and validated with its parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by Pterocarpus santalinus leaf extract following the green method as a reducing and capping agent. Analytical methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy were followed for characterization of synthesized nanoparticles. Outcomes demonstrated that crystalline CuO and ZnO nanoparticles with distinct morphologies have successfully formed. The ability of metal oxide nanomaterials against the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus was tested by agar diffusion method on PDA plates. Pure culture of the isolated fungus from onions was used in this experiment. Fungal inoculum was prepared and spread on PDA plates and tested for growth inhibition with varying concentrations of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles using Disk Diffusion Method. A successful growth inhibition was identified in plates treated with CuO and ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the use of MFI zeolite as a catalyst modified with tin and iron. Sn‐MFI and Fe‐MFI catalysts were obtained by ion exchange under hydrothermal conditions with and without ammonium exchange. Catalytic materials were characterized with the use of analytical techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet‐visible range (DRS UV–visible), hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), or Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The one‐pot catalytic conversion of fructose was performed at 220 °C for 1–5 h. Based on the results, the influence of time and material selection on the products obtained can be seen. Lactic acid (LAC) was obtained with a yield of 68.7% (after 2 h) and levulinic acid (LA) with a yield of 70.9% (after 5 h) with the participation of MFI. In turn, formic acid with a yield of 28.5% (after 5 h) was obtained with the participation of Fe‐MFI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, diverse functionalized states of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were employed in fabricating glass/epoxy composites, with the MWCNT consistently incorporated at a 0.5 wt.% concentration. These functionalization states included pristine, hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic conditions, systematically compared against neat glass/epoxy composites. The findings elucidated that all three functionalizations positively influenced the enhancement of interlaminar shear strength, mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, and mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness properties. Notably, the amine-functionalized MWCNT exhibited superior performance relative to other formulations. The composite reinforced with amine MWCNT demonstrated significant improvements in ILSS, mode-I ILFT, and mode-II ILFT by 41.82%, 37.75%, and 40.93%, respectively. These enhancements are attributed to factors such as the presence of a more functional group, the quantity of individual MWCNT, and the introduction of additional damage mechanisms, including MWCNT pullout and bridging. Highlights: Improvement in ILSS of glass/epoxy composite by functionalized MWCNT by 20.11-41.82% range. Improvement in mode-I ILFT of glass/epoxy composite by functionalized MWCNT by 5.54-30.81%. Improvement in mode-II ILFT of glass/epoxy composite by functionalized MWCNT by 8.46-40.93%. Microscopic characterization using field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed existence of MWCNT pullout and bridging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to study a few advantages of bulk nanoparticles of Cu-doped SnO2 using the solid-state reaction method. Many innovative methods were employed to evaluate the special tuning of the bandgap and other structural and morphological properties of the material. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) confirmed that tin oxide has a rutile-type tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P42 / mnm. The average crystallite size was calculated which was found to increase from 53 to 80 nm by increasing the Cu-doping from x = 0 to x = 0.30. SEM images specified that nanoparticles are inhomogeneous and densely close to each other and the average particle size was found to be in the range of ~225–430 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the grains present in a few cubic and spherical shapes and grain size was increased (~20–90 nm) with doping of copper in the SnO2 lattice. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the band gap increased from 3.531 to 3.701 eV for pure SnO2 and Cu-doped SnO2, respectively. XPS identified the electronic state of Sn as well as Cu atoms as 4 + and 2 + , respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed that only three vibrational modes, i.e., A1g, B2g and doubly degenerate Eg, exist in a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Aloe vera-coated curcumin encapsulated nanoparticles in mitigating Alzheimer's disease progression in mice, by examining behavioural changes, biochemical markers, and histopathological alterations, thus elucidating its potential as a treatment strategy. The green synthesis method was used to synthesise this nanoformulation, which was then characterised using a variety of techniques, including percentage encapsulation efficacy, UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, FT-IR, FESEM, and EDX. Several in-vivo assessments, including behavioural evaluations, dose optimisation studies, oxidative stress marker estimation, and histological studies, were conducted to determine the potential therapeutic impact of nanoformulation on the Alzheimer-induced mice model. The synthesised nanoparticles show a mean diameter of 76.12 nm ±1.23, a PDI of 0.313 ± 0.02, a zeta potential of 6.27 ± 0.65 mV, and the percentage encapsulation efficiency between 90% and 95% indicating good stability of synthesised nanoformulation. With the help of Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition assay, the learning capacity and memory were assessed, and the results show that the synthesised nanoformulation significantly decreased the transfer latency to reach baited arm or to the hidden platform within 7 days. The formulation demonstrated significant biochemical benefits and remarkable cognitive advantages, establishing it as a prospective therapeutic intervention option that is both safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to explore the interactions between a wide-spectrum bactericidal drug, gemifloxacin (GMF), and micelles of cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB) and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) surfactants at the molecular level under physiological conditions (using a phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). Various physical parameters are calculated from volumetric and acoustic data. These include apparent molar volume ( ɸ V ), apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( ɸ K ), isentropic compressibility ( K s ), specific acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA), intermolecular free length (Lf) and sound velocity number (U). The obtained quantities are interpreted regarding of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions employing the cosphere overlap model and electrostriction effect. Further, normal and differential UV-visible spectroscopy is employed to predict GMF locus in ionic micelles and to find the binding constant (Kb) and partition coefficient (Kc) along with the corresponding free energy changes of GMF-ionic micelle systems. The results demonstrate that the binding and partitioning of GMF with SDS is more significant than DTAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid economic development and urbanization, water pollution has posed a significant threat to public health and social stability. Therefore, accurate and rapid monitoring of water quality becomes particularly important and significant. As an environmentally friendly, nondestructive and efficient detection technology, spectral analysis technology provides an effective tool for qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of pollutants in water environment. In this paper, the principle of UV-Vis spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and their application in water quality detection are studied. UV-Vis and NIR spectroscopy techniques for the detection of many kinds of water quality parameters are discussed according to the classification of chemical oxygen demand, organic matter, microbial pollutants, heavy metals and emerging pollutants. The information of light source in spectroscopy measurement and the algorithms used in spectral data processing are summarized. Finally, the application tendency of spectrum technology in water pollution detection is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to study a few advantages of bulk nanoparticles of Cu-doped SnO2 using the solid-state reaction method. Many innovative methods were employed to evaluate the special tuning of the bandgap and other structural and morphological properties of the material. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) confirmed that tin oxide has a rutile-type tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P42 / mnm. The average crystallite size was calculated which was found to increase from 53 to 80 nm by increasing the Cu-doping from x = 0 to x = 0.30. SEM images specified that nanoparticles are inhomogeneous and densely close to each other and the average particle size was found to be in the range of ~225–430 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the grains present in a few cubic and spherical shapes and grain size was increased (~20–90 nm) with doping of copper in the SnO2 lattice. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the band gap increased from 3.531 to 3.701 eV for pure SnO2 and Cu-doped SnO2, respectively. XPS identified the electronic state of Sn as well as Cu atoms as 4 + and 2 + , respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed that only three vibrational modes, i.e., A1g, B2g and doubly degenerate Eg, exist in a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most microorganisms that cause food decay and the lower the shelf life of foods are fungi. Nanotechnologies can combat various diseases and deal with the application of nanomaterial to target cells or tissues. In this study selenium nanoparticles (Se‐NPs) were synthesized using ascorbic acid and characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction and zeta potential. The different concentrations of As/Se‐NPs were tested against various fungi, including Alternaria linicola, Alternaria padwickii, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sp., Cephalosporium acremonium, Fusarium moniliform and Fusarium semitectum. This study tested the influence of coated As/Se‐NPs on healthy strawberry fruits and those infected with Botrytis cinerea during 16 days of storage, with regard to shelf life, decay percentage, weight loss, total titratable acidity percentage, total soluble solids content (TSS) and anthocyanin content. RESULTS: Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis showed only two elements: selenium and oxygen. TEM images showed that the nanoparticles ranged in size between 26 to 39 nm and were rhombohedral in shape. Se‐NPs showed antifungal activity against all tested fungi, the most effective being against Botrytis cinerea, Cephalosporium acremonium and Fusarium semitectum. During storage periods of strawberries fruits coated with As/Se‐NPs, the shelf life was increased, and the number of decaying fruits was less than in control (uncoated) and coated infected fruits. The decline in weight loss was lower in coated fruits than in control fruits. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that As/Se‐NPs could effectively maintain the postharvest quality of strawberries, even when the fruit was infected with B. cinerea. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of in situ techniques to quantitatively characterize the heterogeneous reactions is essential for understanding physicochemical processes in aqueous phase. In this work, a new approach coupling in situ UV–vis spectroscopy with a two‐step algorithm strategy is developed to quantitatively monitor heterogeneous reactions in a compact closed‐loop incorporation. The algorithm involves the inverse adding‐doubling method for light scattering correction and the multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) method for spectral deconvolution. Innovatively, theoretical spectral simulations are employed to connect MCR‐ALS solutions with chemical molecular structural evolution without prior information for reference spectra. As a model case study, the aqueous adsorption kinetics of bisphenol A onto polyamide microparticles are successfully quantified in a one‐step UV–vis spectroscopic measurement. The practical applicability of this approach is confirmed by rapidly screening a superior adsorbent from commercial materials for antibiotic wastewater adsorption treatment. The demonstrated capabilities are expected to extend beyond monitoring adsorption systems to other heterogeneous reactions, significantly advancing UV–vis spectroscopic techniques toward practical integration into automated experimental platforms for probing aqueous chemical processes and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel iron-based spiky microparticles (approximately 1–2μm in diameter) were synthesized using iron oxalate precursors using a straightforward one-step hydrothermal reaction. The microparticles’ morphological, mineralogical and chemical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The physico-chemical characteristics of spiky microparticles were also compared with cubic iron microparticles synthesized using standalone iron as well as with the addition of glycine. XRD and Raman analyses identified substantial presence of humboldtine, a type of ferrous oxalate dehydrate mineral, in the resultant yellowish solid hydrothermal product. The mechanism involving reactions of species in the hydrothermal process was described herein. The results described in this study afford vital insights into the design of iron oxalate-based microparticles synthesis processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D-printed microfluidic tool for assessing local drug delivery systems (LDD) in simulated in vivo conditions was developed and evaluated. The device was designed considering the oral environment and dental applications, and it was fabricated with a high-precision resin 3D printer. Chitosan scaffolds loaded with different concentrations of doxycycline were used for evaluating our device. The concentration of the released drug was measured through in-line UV-VIS spectroscopy, and to verify the repeatability and accuracy of our measurements, comparisons with standard HPLC results were made (5% deviation). Cumulative drug release profiles in steady-state conditions were obtained and compared to the Weibull model. The behaviour of the LDD system in a dynamic environment was also evaluated during experiments where step changes in pH were introduced. It was demonstrated that under infection-like conditions, there is an immediate response from the polymer and a clear increase in the concentration of the released drug. Continuous flow and recirculation experiments were also conducted, revealing significant differences in the drug release profiles. Specifically, in the case of continuous flow, the quantity of the released drug is much higher due to the higher driving force for diffusion (concentration gradient). Overall, the proposed microfluidic tool proved to be ideal for evaluating LDD systems, as the in vivo microenvironment can be replicated in a better way than with currently used standard systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the solvatochromic behavior of a new D1 disperse dye, focusing on the 4-nitro-2-cyano-azo-Benzene-metaToluidine type. Using UV-visible spectroscopy, we analyze the dye's performance in single solvents and binary mixtures. Our analysis includes the evaluation of solvent polarity parameters and dye structure parameters, with emphasis on the longest wavelength intramolecular charge transfer absorption band. We identify nonlinear and linear patterns in the electronic transition energies plots with respect to solvent composition. Statistical analysis considers correlation coefficients, root mean squared error, mean absolute percentage error, and other parameters, providing insights into data accuracy and precision. This experimental and statistical study explores the absorption spectrum, wavelength characteristics, absorption energy, and polarity of a novel azo dye across various solvent and solute environments. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the dye's photophysical and photochemical properties, potentially enabling applications in optical sensors and advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae-mediated nanoparticle (NP) biosynthesis is a promising green synthesis method that overcomes the challenges of conventional synthesis methods. The novel Desmochloris edaphica strain CCAP 6006/5 was isolated, purified, and characterized morphologically and genetically. GC-MS analysis of the algal biomass (DBio) phytochemicals showed the abundance for elaidic acid (18.36%) and monoolein (17.37%). UV-VIS spectroscopy helped analyze the effects of the AgNO3 concentration, algal/silver nitrate ratio, temperature, reaction time, illumination, and pH on AgNP synthesis. DBio extract or cell-free medium (DSup) of D. edaphica successfully biosynthesized small silver NPs (AgNPs), namely, DBio@AgNPs and DSup@AgNPs, under optimum reaction conditions. TEM and SEM showed a quasi-spherical shape, with average diameters of 15.0 ± 1.0 nm and 12.0 ± 0.8 nm, respectively. EDx and mapping analyses revealed that silver was the main element, the NP hydrodynamic diameters were 77.9 and 62.7 nm, and the potential charges were −24.4 and −25.8 mV, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the DBio@AgNPs, and DSup@AgNPs were coated with algal functional groups, probably derived from algal proteins, fatty acids, or polysaccharides, representing reductant and stabilizer molecules from the synthesis process. They showed significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), low toxicity against normal kidney cells (Vero), and potent inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Shigella flexneri. D. edaphica is a novel biomachine for synthesizing small, stable and potent therapeutic AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural aromatic polymer lignin and its lignin-like oligomeric fragments have attracted attention for their antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities. In this study, a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to assess the antioxidant capacity of fractionated and partially depolymerized organosolv lignin by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show significant antioxidant activity for both the lignin and oligomeric fragments, with the EPR measurements demonstrating their efficiency in quenching the free radicals. The EPR data were analyzed to derive the kinetic rate constants. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of lignins was then determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the results were compared with the EPR method. This two-method approach improves the reliability and understanding of the antioxidant potential of lignin and its derivatives and provides valuable insights for their potential applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the potential for the use of N-chlorotaurine (NCT) in healthcare, a better understanding of the long-term stability of the compound in water is needed. An array of analytical procedures is required that can measure changes in NCT concentration over time and allow for the detection and identification of contaminants and likely degradation end products. We used UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy, HPLC, and LCMS to establish the stability of NCT in solutions subjected to prolonged ambient and elevated temperatures. Stability proved to be dependent on concentration with half-lives of ~120 days and ~236 days for 1% and 0.5% solutions of NCT at ~20 °C. Regardless of initial pH, all solutions shifted toward and maintained a pH of ~8.3 at 20 °C and 40 °C. NCT at 500 µg/mL and 250 µg /mL inhibited biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus but did not disperse established biofilms. NCT exposure to the biofilms had profound effects on the viability of both bacteria, reducing live organisms by >90%. Exposure of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) to 11 µM NCT reduced the binding of IL-6 to an immobilized specific antibody by ~48%, which is 5× the amount required for HOCl to bring about the same effect in this test system. Our data demonstrate the potency of the compound as an antimicrobial agent with potential benefits in the management of infected chronic wounds and suggest that NCT may contribute to anti-inflammatory processes in vivo by direct modification of cytokine mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, following the discovery of the important biological roles of carbon monoxide (CO), metal carbonyl complexes have been intensively studied as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) for therapeutic applications. To improve the properties of "bare" low molecular weight CORMs, attention has been drawn to conjugating CORMs with macromolecular and inorganic scaffolds to produce CO-releasing materials (CORMAs) capable of storing and delivering large payloads of the gasotransmitter. A significant obstacle is to obtain CORMAs that retain the beneficial features of the parent CORMs. In the present work, a crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) formulated as Mo(CO)3(4,4′-bipyridine)3/2 (Mobpy), with a structure based on Mo(CO)3 metallic nodes and bipyridine linkers, has been prepared in near quantitative yield by a straightforward reflux method, and found to exhibit CO-release properties that mimic those typically observed for molybdenum carbonyl CORMs. Mobpy was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FT-IR, FT-Raman and diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-vis spectroscopies, and 13C{1H} cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. The release of CO from Mobpy was studied by the deoxy-myoglobin (deoxy-Mb)/carbonmonoxy-myoglobin (MbCO) UV-vis assay. Mobpy liberates CO upon contact with a physiological buffer in the dark, leading to a maximum released amount of 1.3–1.5 mmol g−1, after 1.5 h at 37 °C, with half-lives of 0.5–1.0 h (time to transfer 0.5 equiv. of CO to Mb). In the solid-state and under open air, Mobpy undergoes complete decarbonylation over a period of 42 days, corresponding to a theoretical CO-release of 7.25 mmol g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, illicit fentanyl is often trafficked as blue tablets mimicking the legitimate M‐30 oxycodone tablet produced by Mallinckrodt. The analysis of dyes extracted from seized fentanyl tablets could provide a useful tool for law enforcement to establish linkages between cases and could prove useful for attributing a seizure to a given trafficking organization. Fentanyl tablet seizures associated with a particular drug trafficking organization (DTO), either through investigative or intelligence information, were used as the sample set for this study. The blue dye from the tablets was isolated by solid phase extraction and then qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. This research revealed that the illicit tableting facilities use a different dye than several known pharmaceutical companies. The concentration of dye in individual tablets within a seizure proved to be very minimal, and the small sample size made it difficult to draw linkages from case to case. Analysis of the dyes could not effectively differentiate between the drug trafficking organizations in the tested population due to each DTO using the same dye; however, it is important to note that the dye found was consistent between illicit tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of the interaction between protocatechuic acid (PCA) and gelatin on the functional properties and stability of gelatin-PCA complexes. Gelatin-PCA complexes were prepared by non-covalent and covalent binding. Afterward, the interaction between PCA and gelatin was analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Meanwhile, an analysis was also performed on the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and stability of the complexes. The findings showed a higher PCA binding rate for the covalent complexes than the non-covalent complexes. Additionally, the interaction between PCA and gelatin resulted in the fluorescence quenching of gelatin, with a higher level of fluorescence quenching observed for the covalent binding. Moreover, in addition to excellent DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging abilities. Compared with GPCA-2, the noncovalent complex GPCA-1 showed more significant (P<0.05) scavenging abilities against DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals, with clearance rates of 49.71%±2.9% and 38.39%±0.57%, respectively. Gelatin-PCA complexes also exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of GPCA-1 was more significant (P<0.05), with inhibition zone diameters of 11.31±0.91, 12.57±0.93 and 8.83±0.35 mm for E. coli, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella, respectively. Despite reducing the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of PCA to some extent, the interaction between PCA and gelatin significantly (P<0.05) improved the photostability and thermal stability of PCA. Specifically, the retention rates of PCA in gelatin-PCA covalent complexes after 80 min of UV and heat treatment were 92.58%±0.62% and 90.30%±0.97%, respectively. In conclusion, these findings provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of functional gelatin-PCA complex products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a cladding-modified fiber-optic sensor is reported for NO2 gas detection. Monitoring the purity of air is the need of the hour, with the growing technologies. Hence, in this work, Ag-doped CdS is coated over the cladding-removed region of 3cm length by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) which acts as the gas-sensing medium. Ag–CdS is coated over four fibers each with a different coating duration of 10min, 20min, 30min and 40min. Characterization of Ag–CdS is done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy. The spectral response for different concentrations of NO2 is studied on the four fibers separately, and it is analyzed and compared. The minimum detection limit is 100ppm and the response time is 10min. Out of the four fibers, Ag–CdS-30 exhibited the best response with a sensitivity of 15.5%. The results are compared with cladding-modified fiber coated with CdS, which was reported previously. The effect of Ag-doping is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Ocimum sanctum extract as fuel, magnesium-doped manganese ferrite nanoparticles with the chemical formula MgxMn1−xFe2O4, where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, were synthesized using a green microwave-assisted combustion method and named MF, MMF-1, MMF-2, and MMF-3 NPs, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM with EDS, TEM, CV, PL, and UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD patterns illustrated that lattice parameters increase as the magnesium dopant level increases, and the average crystallite sizes of NPs range from 4.51 to 6.98 nm. FT-IR spectra exhibited the stretching modes of the manganese-oxygen bond for octahedral sites at 426–456 cm−1 and the iron–oxygen bond for tetrahedral sites at 566–589 cm−1. SEM and HRTEM images showed that the structure resembles nanoflakes with porous structures, and EDS confirmed the presence of Mg, Mn, O and Fe elements in MDMF NPs. Bandgap was determined through UV-visible spectroscopy, and it displayed a decline with an increase in magnesium doping levels (3.76–3.41 eV). The synthesized NPs exhibited good electrochemical behaviour in CV studies; the peak intensity of the luminescence spectra decreased with an increase in the dose of magnesium dopants, with red emissions at 488 nm and blue emissions at 533 nm, corresponding to the recombination of photoexcited holes and electrons. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized MMF-2 nanoparticles was assessed with methylene blue dye under visible light illumination (98.88%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of Baicalin derivative (Baicalin butyl ester, BE). Methods: BE was synthesized and identified using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Its anti-inflammatory potential was explored by an in vitro inflammation model. Network pharmacology was employed to predict the anti-inflammatory targets of BE, construct proteinprotein interaction (PPI) networks, and analysis topological features and KEGG pathway enrichment. Additionally, molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding affinity between BE and its core targets. qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to validate the network pharmacology results. The organizational efficiency was further evaluated through octanol-water partition coefficient and transmembrane activity analysis. Results: UV-Vis, FT-IR, MS, and HPLC analyses confirmed the successfully synthesis of BE with a high purity of 93.75%. In vitro anti-inflammatory research showed that BE could more effectively suppress the expression of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, and iNOS. Network pharmacology and in vitro experiments validated that BE's anti-inflammatory effects was mediated through the suppression of SRC, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA, JAK2, AKT1, and NF-κB via PI3K-AKT pathway. Molecular docking results revealed that the binding affinities of BA to the core targets were lower than those of BE. The Log p-value of BE (1.7) was markedly higher than that of BA (-0.5). Furthermore, BE accumulated in cells at a level approximately 200 times greater than BA. Conclusion: BE exhibits stronger anti-inflammatory activity relative to BA, possibly attributed to its better lipid solubility and cellular penetration capabilities. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of BE may be mediated through the PI3K-AKT pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) in chitosan-copper (CS-Cu2+) complex solution were prepared by hydrolysis of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) in an acidic medium of CS-Cu2+ complex. The size of SNPs was inversely proportional to the Cu2+/−NH2 molar ratio, decreasing from 35 to 22 nm corresponding to the Cu2+/−NH2 molar ratio increasing from 0/1 to 1/1. The SNPs/CS-Cu2+ complex was characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The nematicidal activity against Pratylenchus pratensis in vitro was investigated by treating the CS-Cu2+ complex and SNPs/CS-Cu2+ complex with Cu2+/−NH2 molar ratio of 0.5/1. Results showed that the nematicidal activity of the SNPs/CS-Cu2+ complex was higher than that of the CS-Cu2+ complex, particularly the 50 % lethal dose (LC50) after 48 h of treatment was 77 and 89 mg/L, respectively. The results demonstrated that the prepared SNPs/CS-Cu2+ complex can be used as a nematicide for plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ink as an important part of documents is a key material evidence in the field of forensic science. Its in-depth study and accurate identification are of great significance for the detection and trial of cases. Different inks may have different volatile components, so these volatile components play an important role in the identification of ink and the judgment of the writing age. According to the different application fields and components, the types and components of ink are sorted out, and various instrument methods for the identification of volatile components are introduced, mainly including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, gas chromatography，gas-liquid combination method, mass spectrometry，etc. These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and are suitable for different inks. In addition, the development of ink volatile component testing methods is prospected, and the existing defects in the current methods are pointed out, in order to provide reference for forensic science document testing workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]