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Artificial Intelligence (AI) carries the potential for unprecedented disruption in radiology, with possible positive and negative consequences. The integration of AI in radiology holds the potential to revolutionize healthcare practices by advancing diagnosis, quantification, and management of multiple medical conditions. Nevertheless, the ever-growing availability of AI tools in radiology highlights an increasing need to critically evaluate claims for its utility and to differentiate safe product offerings from potentially harmful, or fundamentally unhelpful ones. This multi-society paper, presenting the views of Radiology Societies in the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, defines the potential practical problems and ethical issues surrounding the incorporation of AI into radiological practice. In addition to delineating the main points of concern that developers, regulators, and purchasers of AI tools should consider prior to their introduction into clinical practice, this statement also suggests methods to monitor their stability and safety in clinical use, and their suitability for possible autonomous function. This statement is intended to serve as a useful summary of the practical issues which should be considered by all parties involved in the development of radiology AI resources, and their implementation as clinical tools. This article is simultaneously published in Insights into Imaging (DOI 10.1186/s13244-023-01541-3), Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology (DOI 10.1111/1754-9485.13612), Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal (DOI 10.1177/08465371231222229), Journal of the American College of Radiology (DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.12.005), and Radiology: Artificial Intelligence (DOI 10.1148/ryai.230513). Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Radiology, Automation, Machine Learning Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. ©The Author(s) 2024. Editor's Note: The RSNA Board of Directors has endorsed this article. It has not undergone review or editing by this journal.

Background & Aims: Individuals with obesity may develop intrapancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) and fatty pancreas disease (FPD). Whether this causes inflammation and fibrosis and leads to pancreatic dysfunction is less established than for liver damage in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Moreover, the interrelations of FPD and MASLD are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to assess IPFD and fibro-inflammation in relation to pancreatic function and liver disease severity in individuals with MASLD., Methods: Seventy-six participants from the Amsterdam MASLD-MASH cohort (ANCHOR) study underwent liver biopsy and multiparametric MRI of the liver and pancreas, consisting of proton-density fat fraction sequences, T1 mapping and intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI)., Results: The prevalence of FPD was 37.3%. There was a clear correlation between pancreatic T1 relaxation time, which indicates fibro-inflammation, and parameters of glycemic dysregulation, namely HbA1c ( R  = 0.59; p < 0.001), fasting glucose ( R  = 0.51; p < 0.001) and the presence of type 2 diabetes (mean 802.0 ms vs . 733.6 ms; p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no relation between IPFD and hepatic fat content ( R  = 0.03; p  = 0.80). Pancreatic IVIM diffusion (IVIM-D) was lower in advanced liver fibrosis ( p < 0.05) and pancreatic perfusion (IVIM- f ), reflecting vessel density, inversely correlated to histological MASLD activity ( p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Consistent relations exist between pancreatic fibro-inflammation on MRI and endocrine function in individuals with MASLD. However, despite shared dysmetabolic drivers, our study suggests IPFD is a separate pathophysiological process from MASLD., Impact and Implications: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and 68% of people with type 2 diabetes have MASLD. However, fat infiltration and inflammation in the pancreas are understudied in individuals with MASLD. In this cross-sectional MRI study, we found no relationship between fat accumulation in the pancreas and liver in a cohort of patients with MASLD. However, our results show that inflammatory and fibrotic processes in the pancreas may be interrelated to features of type 2 diabetes and to the severity of liver disease in patients with MASLD. Overall, the results suggest that pancreatic endocrine dysfunction in individuals with MASLD may be more related to glucotoxicity than to lipotoxicity., Clinical Trial Number: NTR7191 (Dutch Trial Register)., Competing Interests: ES is employed by Perspectum Ltd., who provided some of the MRI protocols used for the multiparametric MRI data reported in this paper. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Staphylococcus aureus can readily form biofilm which enhances the drug-resistance, resulting in life-threatening infections involving different organs. Biofilm formation occurs due to a series of developmental events including bacterial adhesion, aggregation, biofilm maturation, and dispersion, which are controlled by multiple regulatory systems. Rapidly increasing research and development outcomes on natural products targeting S. aureus biofilm formation and/or regulation led to an emergent application of active phytochemicals and combinations. This review aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of biofilm formation and regulation mechanisms for S. aureus , outlining the most important antibiofilm strategies and potential targets of natural products, and summarizing the latest progress in combating S. aureus biofilm with plant-derived natural products. These findings provided further evidence for novel antibiofilm drugs research and clinical therapies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and D4 (PLD4) are endolysosomal exonucleases of ssDNA and ssRNA that regulate innate immunity. Polymorphisms of these enzymes are correlated with numerous human diseases, including Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Pharmacological modulation of these immunoregulatory proteins may yield novel immunotherapies and adjuvants. A previous study reported a high-throughput screen ( N = 17,952) that discovered a PLD3-selective activator and inhibitor, as well as a nonselective inhibitor, but failed to identify selective modulators of PLD4. However, modulators selective for PLD4 are therapeutically pertinent, since recent reports have shown that regulating this protein has direct implications in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the high expression of PLD4 in dendritic and myeloid cells, in comparison to the broader expression of PLD3, presents the opportunity for a cell-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we describe screening of an expended diversity library ( N = 45,760) with an improved platform and report the discovery of one inhibitor and three activators selective for PLD4. Furthermore, kinetic modeling and structural analysis suggest mechanistic differences in the modulation of these hits. These findings further establish the utility of this screening platform and provide a set of chemical scaffolds to guide future small-molecule development for this novel immunoregulator target., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Background: Cancer is most commonly associated with aging. It is necessary to gain a better understanding of cancer's trend and distribution among elderlies and provide comprehensive cancer care for this population., Aims: The aim of the current study was to show the trends in cancer incidence focusing on the population aged 60+ from 1990 to 2016 in Iran., Material and Results: We used the dataset of the Iran Cancer Registry to estimate cancer incidences by sex, age, province, and year. In order to account for incomplete data we used a two-stage spatiotemporal model along with random intercept mixed effect models. We calculated annual age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for age groups 60+ and 5-interval age groups. There was an increasing trend of 25.3% to 936.9% (95% uncertainty interval: 769.6-1141.8) in ASIR in the elderly in 2016. ASIR of all cancers were 889.7 (731.3-1083.6) in women and 988.1 (811.1-1205) in men in 2016, per 100 000 respectively, which had an increasing trend comparing 1990. Skin, breast, and stomach cancers in women and prostate, skin, and stomach cancers in men were the most common types in 2016. All the most incident cancer subtypes underwent an increasing trend in both sexes, except for the bladder, esophageal, and skin cancers which almost had a similar level in 1990 and 2016. Most provinces had an increasing trend in ASIR in all cancers combined from 1990 to 2016 except Zanjan with a decreasing trend., Conclusion: Regarding the persistent increasing trend of most elderly cancers' incidence, this is crucial for policymakers to establish preventive plans, determine proper resource allocation, and develop specific treatments for elderly cancer patients., (© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The recent rise of powerful large language model (LLM)-based AI tools, exemplified by ChatGPT and Bard, poses a great challenge to contemporary dental education. It simultaneously offers a unique resource that potentially complements today's teaching and learning, where existing widely available learning resources have often fallen short. Although the LLM tools will shape both the clinical and educational aspects of dentistry profoundly, the didactic curricula, which primarily rely on lecture-based courses where instructors impart knowledge through presentations and discussions, need to be upgraded urgently. In this paper, we used dental course materials, syllabi, and textbooks adopted currently in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College to assess the potential utility and effectiveness of ChatGPT in dental education. We collected the responses of the chatbot to questions as well as students' interactions with it for assessment. Our results showed that ChatGPT can assist in dental essay writing and generate relevant content for dental students, in addition to other benefits. The limitations of ChatGPT were also discussed in the paper.

Oral health plays a crucial role in overall well-being. One of the goals set by the US Department of Health and Human Service, Healthy People 2030 is to reducing dental caries in children and adolescents. The study aims to investigate the accessibility of pediatric dental care in neighborhoods with mixed-race and predominantly African American populations in the Washington District of Columbia (DC) area. Our objective is to uncover and highlight the disparities that exist in pediatric dental care within these communities. We have specifically examined the geographic and socio-demographic aspects of pediatric dental care facilities, utilizing geospatial tools such as modeling and mapping, as well as data from the clinical database at Howard University College of Dentistry. The detailed analysis of dental care access revealed significant disparities among various Wards in the region. Specifically, Wards 5, 7, and 8 stood out as having both the highest concentrations of African American residents and the lowest availability of pediatric dentistry providers when compared to the more affluent Wards 1, 2, and 3. Howard University College of Dentistry's pediatric dentistry department played a crucial role in providing dental care services to the community. Over the course of the year 2022, they recorded a total of 3,855 visits from residents of the DC area. Notably, a substantial portion of these visits, specifically 1,566 visits, were from individuals residing in Wards 5, 7 and 8. This data underscores the significant demand for pediatric dental services in these underserved communities and highlights the importance of addressing the disparities in access to care., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have an influence on the work reported in this paper.

Introduction: ANGPTLs (Angiopoietin-like proteins) 3 and 4 play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. These glycoproteins affect the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. They inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and provoke lipolysis. This study was aimed to investigate the protein levels of ANGPTL3 and 4 in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome in comparison to the type 2 diabetic patients without metabolic syndrome and the control group., Methods: Three groups of individuals were included in this study; Group I: 47 patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; Group II: 25 patients with type 2 diabetes without metabolic syndrome; Group III: 40 non-diabetic healthy people without metabolic syndrome as a control group. After collection of 5 mL fasting blood samples, serum concentrations of fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol) and LDL-C (Low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol) were measured by the enzymatic method; blood pressure (BP), height and weight with stadiometers; and ANGPTL3 and 4 by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: The serum levels of ANGPTL3 was significantly different among our three groups (p = .000). In patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Group I), ANGPTL3 and 4 levels were lower than the control group. The serum levels of the parameters evaluated in this study (except HDL-C) was lower in the group II in comparison with the group I, and this difference was significant for TG, Chol, BP and BMI between these two groups. Also, our results revealed that there was a negative correlation between FBS, TG, Chol, LDL-C and BMI with ANGPTL3 and 4. While, there was a significant positive correlation between ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3., Conclusion: Altogether, our findings suggest that the decreased levels of ANGPTL3 and 4 may be a causative factor for type 2 diabetes., (© 2023 The Authors. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The chrono-cultural sequence of the Levantine Upper Paleolithic went through several major revisions during approximately a century of focused research, each revision contributing to shedding light on the mosaic of cultural entities and the complex social and cultural dynamics composing the Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The current state of research suggests the co-inhabitance of two cultural groups: the Early Ahmarian and the Levantine Aurignacian. Two other cultural entities, the Arkov-Divshon and the Atlitian, are regarded as younger manifestations and were tentatively suggested to relate to the Levantine Aurignacian. This paper presents a research synthesis of two case studies: Manot Cave, located in western Galilee, Israel, and Nahal Rahaf 2 Rockshelter in the Judean Desert. The application of high-resolution excavation methods, alongside detailed documentation of the stratigraphy and site-formation processes and wide-scale radiocarbon-based absolute dating, marked these sites as ideal for chrono-cultural study through the analyses of flint industries. The results indicate a clear distinction between the Levantine Aurignacian and the Arkov-Divshon/Atlitian industries and a chronological overlap between the Arkov-Divshon, Levantine Aurignacian, and possibly with the Early Ahmarian. Subsequently, we suggest another revision of the currently accepted chrono-cultural model: not two, but at least three cultural entities co-inhabited the Levant at ca. 40-30 ky cal BP. This study further suggests an evolvement of the Atlitian flint industries from the Arkov-Divshon and stresses the foreign cultural features of the Levantine Aurignacian. These results were used to construct an updated model of migration and possible interaction patterns., Competing Interests: Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2024.)