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In the past two decades, digital libraries (DL) have increasingly supported computational studies of digitized books (Jett et al. The hathitrust research center extracted features dataset (2.0), 2020; Underwood, Distant horizons: digital evidence and literary change, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2019; Organisciak et al. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 73:317–332, 2022; Michel et al. Science 331:176–182, 2011). Nonetheless, there remains a dearth of DL data provisions or infrastructures for research on book reception, and user-generated book reviews have opened up unprecedented research opportunities in this area. However, insufficient attention has been paid to real-world complexities and limitations of using these datasets in scholarly research, which may cause analytical oversights (Crawford and Finn, Geo J 80:491–502, 2015), methodological pitfalls (Olteanu et al. Front Big Data 2:13, 2019), and ethical concerns (Hu et al. Research with user-generated book review data: legal and ethical pitfalls and contextualized mitigations, Springer, Berlin, 2023; Diesner and Chin, Gratis, libre, or something else? regulations and misassumptions related to working with publicly available text data, 2016). In this paper, we present three case studies that contextually and empirically investigate book reviews for their temporal, cultural, and socio-participatory complexities: (1) a longitudinal analysis of a ranked book list across ten years and over one month; (2) a text classification of 20,000 sponsored and 20,000 non-sponsored books reviews; and (3) a comparative analysis of 537 book ratings from Anglophone and non-Anglophone readerships. Our work reflects on both (1) data curation challenges that researchers may encounter (e.g., platform providers' lack of bibliographic control) when studying book reviews and (2) mitigations that researchers might adopt to address these challenges (e.g., how to align data from various platforms). Taken together, our findings illustrate some of the sociotechnical complexities of working with user-generated book reviews by revealing the transiency, power dynamics, and cultural dependency in these datasets. This paper explores some of the limitations and challenges of using user-generated book reviews for scholarship and calls for critical and contextualized usage of user-generated book reviews in future scholarly research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists very often have extra-curricular lives as musicians. This article explores the relationship between musical life and sociological identities. Through a range of examples from Howard Becker's grounding in field research as a pianist in the Chicago jazz clubs and his theories of deviance, to the connection between Emma Jackson's life as a bass player in Brit pop band Kenickie and her feminist punk sociology, an argument is developed about the things sociologists learn from music. Based on 28 life history interviews with contemporary sociologists this paper shows how sociologists learn – both directly and tacitly – to understand society through their engagement with music. Music offers them an interpretive device to read cultural history, a training in the unspoken and yet structured aspects of culture, and an attentiveness to improvised and interactive aspects of social interaction. For sociologists, involvement in music making is also an incitement to get off campus and encounter an alternative world of value and values. Music enables sociologists to sustain their research imaginations and inspires them to make sociology differently. However, the article concludes that in the contemporary neoliberal university it is harder for sociologists to sustain a creative hinterland in music. The tacit knowledges that often nourish sociological identities may run the risk of being depleted as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals facing socioeconomic hardship experience higher than average rates of chronic disease, such as diabetes, with less access to evidence-based treatment. One solution to address these inequities is a team-based care (TBC) model, defined as one in which at least two providers work collaboratively with a patient and their caregiver(s) to make healthcare decisions. This paper seeks to describe the implementation of a TBC model within a safety-net healthcare setting and determine the extent to which it can be an effective, patient-centered approach to treating individuals with diabetes. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff (n = 15) and patients (n = 18). Clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record of patients (n = 1,599) seen at a safety-net health system in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The mixed methods study was guided by implementation science and participatory research principles. Staff interviews were 60 min and covered patient care activities, work flow, perceived patient experience, and facilitators/barriers to care coordination. Patient interviews were 60 min and covered satisfaction, attitudes about diabetes management, quality of life, and technology. Patient interviews were co-analyzed by research staff and members of a patient advisory committee. Clinical data were collected at an index visit, two years prior and at one-year follow up (n = 1,599). Results: Four themes emerged from the interviews: (1) patients perceived the TBC model to be patient centered and of high quality; (2) technology can be an innovative tool, but barriers exist; (3) diabetes management is a complex process; and (4) staff communication enhances care coordination, but misinterpreting roles reduces care coordination. From pre-enrollment to the follow-up period, we found a statistically significant increase in missed visits, decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), decrease in body mass index, and decrease in the percent of patients with high blood pressure. We found that each medical visit during the follow-up period was associated with an HbA1c decrease of 0.26 points. Conclusions: A TBC model is a patient-centered approach to providing care to patients with complex health needs, such as diabetes, patients were satisfied with the care they were receiving, and the model was associated with an improvement in clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits the potential of Global Positioning System datasets sourced from mobile phones to estimate the racial composition of road users, leveraging data from their respective Census block group. The racial composition data encompasses approximately 46 million trips in the Chicago metropolitan region. The research focuses on the relationship between camera tickets and racial composition of drivers vs. police stops for traffic citations and the racial composition in these locations. Black drivers exhibit a higher likelihood of being ticketed by automated speed cameras and of being stopped for moving violations on roads, irrespective of the proportion of White drivers present. The research observes that this correlation attenuates as the proportion of White drivers on the road increases. The citation rate measured by cameras better matches the racial composition of road users on the links with cameras than do stops by police officers. This study therefore presents an important contribution to understanding racial disparities in moving violation stops, with implications for policy interventions and social justice reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the history of the Polish book collection at the Chicago Public Library (CPL) from the time the Foreign Language Section (FOL) in the main library was established, until the present. The author has used both primary and secondary sources. Many of them are archival materials still unpublished (FOL Annual Report Bulletin from the Office of the Librarian, etc.) and stored in the Special Collections and Preservation Division at the Harold Washington Library Center (HWLC) in Chicago. The names of many dedicated librarians who have worked and are working now at FOL are provided. The article tries to answer the question: How did they help new immigrants to adjust to the American way of life? A considerable part of this paper is devoted to the programming aimed at Chicago's Polish community. These programs took place at CPL from its beginning, but more were scheduled in the 1970s and the 1980s, when American libraries begin to promote multiculturalism and diversity. The establishment of the Polish American Services Committee (PASC) in 1995, which was organized and continues to function to the present time, is also covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The increasing pervasiveness of ICT technologies and sensor infrastructures is enabling police departments to gather and store increasing volumes of spatio-temporal crime data. This offers the opportunity to apply data analytics methodologies to extract useful crime predictive models, which can effectively detect spatial and temporal patterns of crime events, and can support police departments in implementing more effective strategies for crime prevention. The detection of crime hotspots from geo-referenced data is a crucial aspect of discovering effective predictive models and implementing efficient crime prevention decisions. In particular, since metropolitan cities are heavily characterized by variable spatial densities of crime events, multi-density clustering seems to be more effective than classic techniques for discovering crime hotspots. This paper presents the design and implementation of MD-CrimePredictor (Multi- Density Crime Predictor), an approach based on multi-density crime hotspots and regressive models to automatically detect high-risk crime areas in urban environments, and to reliably forecast crime trends in each area. The algorithm result is a spatio-temporal crime forecasting model, composed of a set of multi-density crime hotspots, their densities and a set of associated crime predictors, each one representing a predictive model to forecast the number of crimes that are estimated to happen in its specific hotspot. The experimental evaluation of the proposed approach has been performed by analyzing a large area of Chicago, involving more than two million crime events (over a period of 19 years). This evaluation shows that the proposed approach, based on multi-density clustering and regressive models, achieves good accuracy in spatial and temporal crime forecasting over rolling prediction horizons. It also presents a comparative analysis between SARIMA and LSTM models, showing higher accuracy of the first method with respect to the second one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An academic journal article on the technicalities of tax data is not usually cause for much excitement. Yet at the end of last year, one such publication in the Journal of Political Economy set #Econtwitter afire with debate, and prompted a full column in the Economist. The paper, by Gerald Auten and David Splinter, took aim at the famous studies on rising inequality conducted by Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. If one employs different assumptions, Auten and Splinter argued, post-tax income inequality in the United States appears not to have risen much since the 1960s. While Piketty and his collaborators systematically challenged the findings, their detractors were quick to the draw. "The Piketty and Saez work is careless and politically motivated," sniped James Heckman, a Nobel-winning Chicago School econometrician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicago, the "city of neighborhoods," was a center for 1970s community activism. This article uncovers the history of Northwestern University's Center for Urban Affairs (CUA), which worked behind the scenes to create networks—and supply research—that helped Chicago community organizations be so effective. Their work was directed by two veterans of the civil rights movement, John McKnight and Stanley Hallett. Both were committed to "liberating data" and sharing it with community organizations, who used it to remake institutions so that they served rather than exploited surrounding areas. CUA students and faculty pursued research questions raised by community organizations while questioning existing institutional arrangements. CUA activities cast new light on 1970s neighborhood activism in Chicago, which produced innovations in credit, housing, health, municipal resource allocation, and more. Their approach remains critical today, as urban universities again seek models for nonexploitative, mutually beneficial relationships with surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) digitization methodology for documenting the appearance and geometry of cultural heritage buildings using modern tools for data acquisition and processing. This work presents a method combining laser scanning of building dimensions with photographic texture acquisition techniques in order to develop accurate, photo-realistic 3D models. This work also presents a method for digital reconstruction of the elements of interiors. This case study presents the process and result of scanning the church of St Adalbert in Chicago along with its inner finishing elements, achieved during the interventional 3D scanning of a historical building interior. The obtained colorized point cloud has 3.5 billion points and a volume of 65 GB. Its creation took nearly 3.5 h on a high-end computer. The generated textured mesh model has 1.6 billion triangles and a volume of 60 GB. The analysis of the results showed that the elements of the church furnishings were reproduced with very high accuracy. The developed 3D model of the interior, appearance and dimensions of the church is its perpetual documentation. It can be used for various purposes, such as popularizing the appearance on the Internet, scientific research on interior artefacts, creating files for VR and shooting high-resolution films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine how structural and social-psychological factors combine to motivate urban environmental activism. Specifically, we argue that residents' everyday perceptions about environmental, social, and political conditions in their neighborhoods and cities are connected to their likelihood of involvement in environmental collective action. We use logistic regression models and original survey data from the 2021 Cook County Community Survey (n = 1,069) to investigate whether urban residents' perceptions of the conditions where they live are associated with their likelihood of participating in protests or public meetings around environmental issues. Our findings show that, in the context of the Chicago metropolitan area, residents who perceive worse environmental conditions in their communities, feel a greater sense of belonging to their neighborhoods, and feel they understand local politics and have political power are more likely to mobilize. In contrast, those who are pessimistic about the future of their neighborhoods are less likely to act. The study suggests that participation in urban environmental collective action is partly explained by how people interpret the daily surroundings they routinely navigate and experience where they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic models of urban inequality acknowledge the importance of politics for resource distribution and service provision. Yet, contemporary studies of spatial inequality rarely measure politics directly. In this paper, we introduce political dynasties as a way of integrating political economy approaches with ecological theory to better understand the political construction of urban spatial inequality. To do so, we examine the case of political dynasties within the Chicago city council. We show that, from 2011 to 2018, blocks in dynastic wards saw fewer homicides, assaults, robberies, and thefts relative to those in non-dynastic wards. We then leverage the 2015 ward redistricting to provide evidence that dynastic effects play some role in producing these outcomes: blocks annexed into dynastic wards experienced a decline in assaults and robberies and an increase in pothole coverings. While dynastic politicians improve outcomes for blocks they annex, they also withdraw power from those they displace; and displaced blocks had relatively higher levels of crime than annexed blocks in 2015. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that dynastic politicians are contributing to spatial inequalities within Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community-partnered participatory research (CPPR) is a research approach that supports equitable collaboration of community and academic co-leaders in research and policy. Despite CPPR's 25-year history, infrastructure supporting community members in bidirectional learning has not been formalized. Objective: This paper describes processes and procedures using CPPR to plan conferences to develop community leadership training infrastructure. Methods: We utilized rapid ethnographic analysis to examine conference planning processes for community leadership in CPPR. Community and academic leaders in Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Chicago met weekly over two months to plan, given COVID-19, three Zoom conferences on a leadership training institute for CPPR, with planning for (1) community co-leadership in research and policy; (2) local and national CPPR programs; and (3) models for bidirectional training. Results: The planning process emphasized bidirectional learning for community and academic members for research and services/policy to benefit communities, within a Community Leadership Institute for Equity (C-LIFE) to promote equity and power sharing for community leaders. The planning process identified major themes of framing of C-LIFE conference planning goals, developing the conference structure, promoting equity and diversity, envisioning the future of CPPR, challenges, collaborations, future curriculum ideas for C-LIFE, evaluation and next-steps for Zoom conferences in November 2020. Conclusions: It was feasible to use CPPR to plan Zoom conferences to promote community leadership training across multiple sites. Key planning themes included promoting equity, addressing structural racism, bidirectional learning and integrating community, academic, and policy priorities with community co-leaders as change agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy prices are booming to high levels with the ongoing global events and massive energy demand post-COVID, triggering panic among-st the general public. In this regard, energy demand management can play an important role here by letting both the entities (utility and customer) take control over the consumption pattern long enough until renewables take over the energy supply from the conventional resources using real-time device scheduling algorithms. To achieve this phenomenon, both participating entities need proper prioritization and their interests to be properly taken care of. In this paper sensitivity analysis of varying priorities to the objectives (customer cost and peak-to-average power ratio) representing both the entities has been carried out. A real-time device scheduling algorithm is implemented to improve the consumption pattern of appliances consisting of multiple objectives. Proper way of normalization is developed to retain the original essence of these objectives. The analysis embeds novel swap operations that are incorporated with standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) and its variants under varying pricing schemes. In order to demonstrate the proposed DR-based real-time optimization, a residence in Chicago, Illinois, USA is taken as a case study for this work. The results demonstrate the quickness and proper optimizations of the PSO variants with butterfly-PSO performing the best among-st the rest. Continuous real-time pricing obtained the best solution with apt quickness among-st its counterparts for each time-slot and for cumulative time of the day. An overall reduction in each entity's metrics is obtained in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering causal influences among internal variables is a fundamental goal of complex systems research. This paper presents a framework for uncovering hidden relationships from limited time-series data by combining methods from nonlinear estimation and information theory. The approach is based on two sequential steps: first, we reconstruct a more complete state of the underlying dynamical system, and second, we calculate mutual information between pairs of internal state variables to detail causal dependencies. Equipped with time-series data related to the spread of COVID-19 from the past three years, we apply this approach to identify the drivers of falling and rising infections during the three main waves of infection in the Chicago metropolitan region. The unscented Kalman filter nonlinear estimation algorithm is implemented on an established epidemiological model of COVID-19, which we refine to include isolation, masking, loss of immunity, and stochastic transition rates. Through the systematic study of mutual information between infection rate and various stochastic parameters, we find that increased mobility, decreased mask use, and loss of immunity post sickness played a key role in rising infections, while falling infections were controlled by masking and isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lack of sleep is a harm that can lead to chronic diseases ranging from diabetes to heart disease. We examined the exposure to interpersonal violence and its association with sleep, following the COVID-19 stay-at-home order. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Surveys were completed online and via paper-and-pencil in English and Spanish (N = 2049; RR = 68.4%). Subjects: Respondents were 18+ and residing in Chicago. Measures: The Chicago Department of Public Health's "2022 Healthy Chicago Survey COVID-19 Social Impact Survey". Analysis: We developed two weighted models. Model 1 examined the effects of neighborhood violence on meeting the national sleep recommendation. Model 2 examined the effects of violence in the home among friends or family on meeting the sleep recommendation, incorporating additional predictors: victimization, stress, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, and general health. Odds ratios were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Exposure to neighborhood violence and sleep was not significant, but knowing a friend or family member who experienced violence or mistreatment in their home affected the odds of meeting the sleep recommendation (OR =.61, 95% CI =.44-.84). Non-Hispanic Blacks had 52% lower odds of meeting sleep recommendations (OR =.48, 95% CI =.37-.63). Conclusion: Addressing the harms to sleep that followed COVID-19 should engage diverse stakeholders in implementing culturally responsive interventions to promote adequate sleep and prevent chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to reviews of Metamodernism: The Future of Theory. It examines the intersection of Metamodernism and pedagogy, drawing inspiration from Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed and other works. It explores how educational practices can contribute to societal transformation, emphasizing the role of humility, understanding the social world (especially process social kinds), compassion, hope, and critical consciousness in fostering revolutionary change. The paper advocates for a pedagogy that not only challenges existing power structures but also promotes the flourishing of diverse species, extending its concern beyond human-centric perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding battery locomotives to traditional diesel locomotives to form a hybrid consist has the potential to reduce fuel consumption and emissions in freight rail operations. This paper provides route-based estimates of diesel (hpd/ton) and battery (hpb/ton) power requirements and diesel (gal/ton) and battery (hpbhr/ton) energy requirements for hybrid consists. Given a route-specific power profile, the power split between the battery pack and the diesel engine is optimized to minimize fuel consumption by running the diesel engine at maximum efficiency during the entire route. Simulations for 200-mile round trips between Chicago and Harrisburg show that the diesel power is maximum in low-gradient regions at 1.05 (hpd/ton) and battery power is maximum in hilly regions at 2 (hpb/ton) for discharge and 6.5 (hpb/ton) for charge. Maximum fuel efficiency gains of approximately 60% are seen in the mountains, where 2.09 (hpbhr/ton) of battery energy is needed. Minimum fuel economy gains are observed in flat regions, with 20% fuel consumption reduction. With battery current and voltage limits, the battery pack size increases, and fuel savings decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the high‐rise elevator comprises a particularly important and yet heretofore undertheorised space for understanding narratives about failure and breakdown in public housing in the US and beyond. Using Chicago as a case study, I draw upon historical newspaper articles and interviews with former public housing tenants, as well as interviews with former police officers who worked in public housing developments, to show how broken and vandalised elevators became a metonym in public discourse for the widely perceived "brokenness" of high‐rise public housing writ large. Insofar as malfunctioning elevators symbolised social immobility, were seen as a locus of crime, and drained the housing authority's finances, they also became a site of intensive policing. When that intensive policing failed to solve structural problems in Chicago's public housing high rises, policymakers demolished them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on evolution of organizational forms has remained largely silent on where the first organizational instance of a new form comes from, treating it as either a given or an outcome of random variation. We challenge this agnostic assumption by putting the first organizational founding into a specific spatiotemporal context and revealing the role of provisional spaces, defined as small-scale, easily accessible settings where market pioneers temporarily experiment with applications of an innovation before dedicated organizations emerge. We theorize that provisional spaces disseminate necessary information about an innovation and enable potential entrepreneurs to envision a new template for organizing. Therefore, geographic communities with a higher number of provisional spaces are more likely to host the first organization embodying a new form sooner than others. Using archival data on all movie-showing venues in Chicago communities, 1896–1927, we find empirical support for our theorizing. Community variance in volume and types of provisional spaces for movie projectors, such as opera houses and penny arcades, led to community-level differences in the emergence of distinct movie theater forms: nickelodeon, movie house, and movie palace. We advance scholarship on organizational form emergence by uncovering the role of provisional spaces in shaping localized opportunity structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Cooper panel at the 2024 American Literature Association conference held in Chicago including the panel's theme "James Fenimore Cooper on Land and Sea," presentations on Cooper's works, and the potential publication of the presented papers.

"Democracy's Rebirth: The View from Chicago" by Dick Simpson is a book that explores the state of US democracy and offers solutions for its improvement. The author, a former Chicago alderman and political science professor, uses Chicago as a case study to illustrate the challenges facing democracy. Simpson discusses issues such as hyper-polarization and racial divisions in politics, but also highlights positive developments, such as the election of a Black, woman, lesbian mayor in 2019. The book emphasizes the importance of citizen participation and accountability in order to strengthen democracy. [Extracted from the article]

"A House for the Struggle: The Black Press and the Built Environment in Chicago" by E. James West explores the history of the Black press in Chicago and its connection to the built environment. The book examines the establishment of newspapers such as the Chicago Defender and their role in the Black community. It also delves into the rise of John H. Johnson and his publications Ebony and Jet, as well as the competition between Johnson and Robert Abbott's Defender. The book analyzes the design and construction of Johnson's headquarters on Michigan Avenue and its significance in the context of Black capitalism and the Civil Rights Movement. Overall, "A House for the Struggle" provides a comprehensive and well-researched exploration of the Black press and its impact on Chicago's history. [Extracted from the article]

This paper offers a strategic approach to Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging network planning, emphasizing the integration of demand and supply dynamics. This is accomplished through the utilization of continuous-time fluid queue models alongside discrete flow refueling location modeling, all in the context of innovation diffusion principles. Firstly, we employ a continuous-time approximation based on Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) to design multi-year supply curves, a method that stands in contrast to conventional practices which often overlook inter-year transitions and ongoing processes. Then, for medium-term charging station location planning (CSLP), we apply a flow refueling location model (FRLM) within grid-based multi-level networks, considering both multiple-path networks and capacity constraints. Furthermore, the grid-based network planning strategy uses a three-tier (Macro-Meso-Micro) approach for thorough EV charging station placement, with the macro-level covering entire cities, the meso -level assessing detailed EV routes and bridging the macro to micro levels, and the micro-level focusing on precise station placement for accessibility and efficiency. Lastly, our exploration of both overutilization and underutilization scenarios provides valuable insights for policymaking and conducting cost-benefit analyses. Illustrating our approach with the example of the Chicago sketch network, we introduce an integrated demand–supply model suitable for a single region and extendable to multiple regions, thereby addressing a gap in the existing literature. Our proposed methodology focuses on EV station placement, taking into account future needs, geographical capacities, and the importance of scenario analysis, which empowers strategic resource planning for EV charging networks over extended timeframes, thus aiding the transition towards a more sustainable and efficient transportation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gentrification precedes and follows the opening of new parks in Los Angeles. • Gentrification precedes the opening of new parks in Chicago. • Gentrification precedes and follows the opening of non-regional parks in Los Angeles. • Stronger evidence of gentrification preceding greening farther from downtown in Los Angeles. • Gentrification follows greening close to downtown but not farther away in Los Angeles. The health benefits of green space have led to calls for equitable access to parks. When new green spaces are built in low-income communities, however, gentrification often ensues. The "green gentrification" literature has paid little attention to gentrification that might occur before greening. In this paper, we explore whether and under which circumstances gentrification might precede and follow greening, a process known as the "green gentrification cycle." Focusing on Los Angeles and Chicago, we build hedonic models focused on single-family homes sold in 2010–2021 and run post-hoc pairwise comparison tests to assess price changes over time for homes within a half-mile of new parks (treatment) and farther (control). When considering all new parks, we find that gentrification is associated with subsequent greening and, to some extent, that greening is associated with ensuing gentrification in Los Angeles. In Chicago, gentrification is associated with subsequent greening, but new parks are not associated with ensuing gentrification. Models distinguishing larger regional from smaller non-regional parks show evidence of gentrification before and after non-regional parks were built in Los Angeles, but not for regional parks. In Los Angeles, we identify stronger evidence of gentrification preceding greening farther from downtown than closer to downtown, and signals of gentrification after greening near downtown but not farther away. Models focusing on new parks built near transit stations show inconclusive results. Despite methodological limitations (e.g., examining a single measure of gentrification and different park types together), our findings shed light on the complex spatiotemporal relationships between greening and gentrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of economic inequality in recent decades, dollar stores have flourished in the United States. Although the media has increasingly portrayed dollar stores as violent crime magnets, limited academic research has examined their impact on nearby crime. This study employed a difference-in-differences approach to investigate the impact of dollar stores on localized violent crime patterns in Chicago. Results showed a significant increase in violent crimes, especially robberies, in nearby areas relative to the control areas, following the opening of dollar stores. There were no signs of spatial crime displacement. Moreover, after the closing of dollar stores, the levels of violent crime in nearby areas relative to the control areas returned to those of the prestore opening period, regardless of the type of crime. This study also explored how the impact of dollar store openings on nearby crime rates evolves over time and varies according to the surrounding context of the store's location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of shared e-scooters with public transit is a promising solution for urban mobility's first/last-mile challenge. This study explores spatiotemporal factors influencing this integration, using 35-day e-scooter trip data from Chicago. Employing a random-effect negative binomial approach, we modeled the frequency of e-scooter trips to access/egress to/from bus stops and train stations. Results indicate that weather conditions, design features like intersection density, and multimodal network density significantly influence usage. The transit system characteristics such as service frequency have a positive effect on the integration of e-scooters and trains while a similar effect for bus and e-scooter integration was not significant. Furthermore, safety-related variables such as accident and crime rates as well as demographic characteristics were also revealed to be significant factors in our study. These findings offer vital insights to urban planners and policymakers for infrastructure, safety enhancements, and interventions to encourage efficient e-scooter-public transit integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to treatment and medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is essential in reducing opioid use and associated behavioral risks, such as syringe sharing among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Syringe sharing among PWID carries high risk of transmission of serious infections such as hepatitis C and HIV. MOUD resources, such as methadone provider clinics, however, are often unavailable to PWID due to barriers like long travel distance to the nearest methadone provider and the required frequency of clinic visits. The goal of this study is to examine the uncertainty in the effects of travel distance in initiating and continuing methadone treatment and how these interact with different spatial distributions of methadone providers to impact co-injection (syringe sharing) risks. A baseline scenario of spatial access was established using the existing locations of methadone providers in a geographical area of metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA. Next, different counterfactual scenarios redistributed the locations of methadone providers in this geographic area according to the densities of both the general adult population and according to the PWID population per zip code. We define different reasonable methadone access assumptions as the combinations of short, medium, and long travel distance preferences combined with three urban/suburban travel distance preference. Our modeling results show that when there is a low travel distance preference for accessing methadone providers, distributing providers near areas that have the greatest need (defined by density of PWID) is best at reducing syringe sharing behaviors. However, this strategy also decreases access across suburban locales, posing even greater difficulty in regions with fewer transit options and providers. As such, without an adequate number of providers to give equitable coverage across the region, spatial distribution cannot be optimized to provide equitable access to all PWID. Our study has important implications for increasing interest in methadone as a resurgent treatment for MOUD in the United States and for guiding policy toward improving access to MOUD among PWID. Author summary: Persons who inject drugs (PWID) such as heroin or other illicit substances are at increased risk of getting or transmitting HIV or hepatitis C (HCV) infection, because limited access to clean syringes and drug injection equipment means that PWID often share contaminated syringes. Public health interventions aimed at reducing injection drug use include medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that help to reduce cravings for opioids like heroin and fentanyl. However, resources like MOUD provider clinics are often unavailable to PWID due to factors such as the travel distance from home to clinic, frequent clinic visits, along with social phenomena such as degree of medical mistrust and stigma towards treatment. We use a computational simulation model of PWID social networks and drug use behaviors in Chicago, IL and suburbs to show how the geographic distribution of clinical providers of methadone, an MOUD, impacts the injection frequency of PWID. Our modeling results show that when PWID prefer a low travel distance to methadone providers, distributing providers near areas that have the greatest need is best at reducing syringe sharing behaviors. However, this strategy also decreases access across suburban locales, posing even greater difficulty in regions with fewer transit options and providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overdose deaths continue to rise within the United States, despite effective treatments such as buprenorphine and methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD). Mobile medical units with the ability to dispense buprenorphine have been developed to engage patients and eliminate barriers to accessing OUD treatment. This study reports survey responses of patients of a mobile medical unit dispensing buprenorphine in areas of Chicago, IL with high overdose rates. Methods: All patients who were dispensed buprenorphine via the mobile medical unit were invited to participate in a 7-item anonymous survey between May 24, 2023, and August 25, 2023. The survey included 5-point satisfaction scale, multiple-choice, and open-ended questions. Outcomes included satisfaction with buprenorphine dispensing from the mobile medical unit, satisfaction with filling buprenorphine at a pharmacy in the past, barriers experienced at pharmacies when filling buprenorphine, and whether the client would have started treatment that day if the mobile medical unit had not been present. Satisfaction scale and multiple-choice question responses were assessed using descriptive statistics. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare median satisfaction levels between receiving buprenorphine from the mobile medical unit versus filling a buprenorphine prescription at a community pharmacy. Open-ended questions were analyzed qualitatively using inductive thematic analysis. Results: 106 unique patients were dispensed buprenorphine from the mobile unit during the study period. Of these patients, 54 (51%) completed the survey. Respondents reported high satisfaction with the buprenorphine dispensing process as a part of a mobile medical unit. Of those who had previously filled buprenorphine at a pharmacy, 83% reported at least one barrier, with delays in prescription dispensing from a community pharmacy, lack of transportation to/from the pharmacy, and opioid withdrawal symptoms being the most common barriers. 87% reported they would not have started buprenorphine that same day if the mobile medical unit had not been present. Nearly half of survey participants reported having taken buprenorphine that was not prescribed to them. Qualitative analysis of open-ended survey responses noted the importance of convenient accessibility, comprehensive care, and a non-judgmental environment. Conclusions: Mobile medical units that dispense buprenorphine are an innovative model to reach patients with OUD who have significant treatment access barriers. This study found that patients who experienced barriers to accessing buprenorphine from a pharmacy were highly satisfied with the mobile medical unit's buprenorphine dispensing process. Programs seeking to develop mobile buprenorphine dispensing programs should consider patient priorities of accessibility, comprehensive care, and welcoming, non-judgmental environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Differences in Sex Development (DSD) is a heterogeneous group of congenital alterations that affect inner and/or outer primary sex characters. Although these conditions do not represent a mortality risk, they can have a severe psycho-emotional impact if not appropriately managed. The genetic changes that can give rise to DSD are diverse, from chromosomal alterations to single base variants involved in the sexual development network. Epidemiological studies about DSD indicate a global frequency of 1:4500–5500, which can increase to 1:200–300, including isolated anatomical defects. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe epidemiological and genetic features of DSD in a cohort of Mexican patients of a third-level care hospital. Methods: Descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study that analyzed DSD patients from 2015 to 2021 attended a Paediatric Hospital from Mexico City. Results: One hundred one patients diagnosed with DSD were registered and grouped into different entities according to the Chicago consensus statement and the diagnosis defined by the multidisciplinary group. Of the total, 54% of them belong to the chromosomal DSD classification, 16% belongs to 46, XX and 30% of them belongs to the 46, XY classification. Conclusion: The frequency for chromosomal DSDs was consistent with the literature; however, we found that DSD 46, XY is more frequent in our cohort, which may be due to the age of the patients captured, the characteristics of our study population, or other causes that depend on the sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the intersection of policing and politics in the United States, with a specific focus on New York City and Chicago. It introduces four books that explore the relationship between policing and politics, emphasizing how police practices are influenced by electoral politics and power dynamics within society. The books also delve into the role of police departments in shaping public perception and popular culture. The article concludes by discussing the activism and movements for police accountability that have emerged in response to these issues, highlighting successful efforts to abolish the death penalty and reach reparations for victims of police torture. It also explores the development of youth policing teams and the influence of policing and crime on contemporary political discourse. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores legal approaches to draining food swamps in Chicago, Illinois. Topics discussed include food insecurity as a national health problem in the U.S., food swamps as a legal issue, potential policies to address food swamps, and the use of a convenience-store based approach to address food swamps in the city.

The proliferation of multimodal big data in cities provides unprecedented opportunities for modeling and forecasting urban problems, such as crime prediction and house price prediction, through data-driven approaches. A fundamental and critical issue in modeling and forecasting urban problems lies in identifying suitable spatial analysis units, also known as city region partition. Existing works rely on subjective domain knowledge for static partitions, which is general and universal for all tasks. In fact, different tasks may need different city region partitions. To address this issue, we propose JLPR, a task-oriented framework for Joint Learning of region Partition and Representation. To make partitions fit tasks, JLPR integrates the region partition into the representation model training and learns region partitions using the supervision signal from the downstream task. We evaluate the framework on two prediction tasks (i.e., crime prediction and housing price prediction) in Chicago. Experiments show that JLPR consistently outperforms state-of-the-art partitioning methods in both tasks, which achieves above 25% and 70% performance improvements in terms of mean absolute error for crime prediction and house price prediction tasks, respectively. Additionally, we meticulously undertake three visualization case studies, which yield profound and illuminating findings from diverse perspectives, demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness and superiority of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate shared micromobility demand predictions are essential for transportation planning and management. Although deep learning methods provide robust mechanisms to tackle demand forecasting challenges, current models based on graph neural networks suffer from limited scalability and high computational cost. There is both a need and significant potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of existing shared micromobility demand forecasting models. To fill these research gaps, this paper proposes a deep learning model named Interactive Convolutional Network (ICN) to forecast spatiotemporal travel demand for shared micromobility. The proposed model develops a novel channel dilation method by utilizing multi-dimensional spatial information (i.e., demographics, functionality, and transportation supply) based on travel behavior knowledge for building the deep learning model. We use the convolution operation to process the dilated tensor to simultaneously capture temporal and spatial dependencies. Based on a binary-tree-structured architecture and interactive convolution, the ICN model extracts features at different temporal resolutions and then generates predictions using a fully-connected layer. We conducted two practical case studies from Chicago, IL, and Austin, TX to test the proposed model. The results show that the ICN model significantly outperforms all benchmark models. The model predictions have the potential to assist micromobility operators in developing efficient vehicle rebalancing strategies, while also providing cities with guidance on enhancing the management of their shared micromobility system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developed a RAD generation framework to generate traffic crash characteristics. • Used a multi-layered decision process for developing a RAD dataset. • Can serve as a universal benchmark system for model frameworks in safety research. In this paper, a framework is outlined to generate realistic artificial data (RAD) as a tool for comparing different models developed for safety analysis. The primary focus of transportation safety analysis is on identifying and quantifying the influence of factors contributing to traffic crash occurrence and its consequences. The current framework of comparing model structures using only observed data has limitations. With observed data, it is not possible to know how well the models mimic the true relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Further, real datasets do not allow researchers to evaluate the model performance for different levels of complexity of the dataset. RAD offers an innovative framework to address these limitations. Hence, we propose a RAD generation framework embedded with heterogeneous causal structures that generates crash data by considering crash occurrence as a trip level event impacted by trip level factors, demographics, roadway and vehicle attributes. Within our RAD generator we employ three specific modules: (a) disaggregate trip information generation, (b) crash data generation and (c) crash data aggregation. For disaggregate trip information generation, we employ a daily activity-travel realization for an urban region generated from an established activity-based model for the Chicago region. We use this data of more than 2 million daily trips to generate a subset of trips with crash data. For trips with crashes crash location, crash type, driver/vehicle characteristics, and crash severity. The daily RAD generation process is repeated for generating crash records at yearly or multi-year resolution. The crash databases generated can be employed to compare frequency models, severity models, crash type and various other dimensions by facility type – possibly establishing a universal benchmarking system for alternative model frameworks in safety literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is one of the most important control tools to reduce Salmonella in poultry production. In order for a live vaccine to be licensed for field use it should be provided with the detection methods to differentiate it from field strains. This paper aims to describe the validation of an alternative method for the differentiation of the Salmonella 441/014 vaccine strain from field strains, using a chromogenic Media, ASAP from bioMérieux. The ASAP-based differentiation method was compared with already authorized methods, namely the Anicon SE Kylt PCR DIVA 1 assay and Ceva S-Check Salmonella differentiation kit , following the ISO 16140-6:2019 validation method guidelines. A Generalised Linear Model was fitted to the data to determine the inclusivity and exclusivity of differentiation methods (PCR Kylt vs. S-Check vs. ASAPTM). Statistical differences were based on a P-value level of < 0.05 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In this study, we show that the ASAP media was able to differentiate Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine strains from field strains, obtaining 100% agreement between the three differentiation assays. This differentiation approach is quicker, easier to deploy and cheaper as compared to alternative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific publications, specifically journal papers, are facing increasing challenges in a number of ways for both authors and publishers, and one of them is the friendliness of the format requirements by different journals even under the same editorial management system of the same publisher. At our most recent editors' meeting of this journal, decision were made and agreed upon for the following three items: 1) requirements on the physical form and style of manuscript will be relaxed immediately on the presentation of Results and Discussion, so that either combined or separation of them into 2 different sections are accepted for further processing; 2) citations of references in text will not be mandatorily to any specific one, so citations using Harvard or Chicago styles will be both acceptable from now on; and 3) a new category of publication will be started for a testing on experimental stage as Fast-track results. With all these new changes, it is hoped that publication will be less time consuming for authors so that precious time can be used in research than formatting or re-formatting the style for a submission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban energy demand aggregation (UEDA) is a key aspect of urban sustainability, as it can help to improve the energy efficiency of urban systems and reduce their environmental impacts. However, UEDA is a challenging task, as it involves aggregating heterogeneous and diverse energy demands of individual buildings into a collective demand at a given spatial scale. This paper proposes a novel entropy-based method for UEDA that quantifies the information loss or distortion resulting from this aggregation process. The method also identifies the optimal spatial scale for UEDA that minimizes information loss or distortion, and evaluates the quality and reliability of UEDA results using entropy-based metrics. We apply the method to a case study of Chicago, where we estimate and analyze the energy demand of buildings at 10 spatial scales, ranging from 1.5 km to 15 km, and for different types of energy sources. We calculate the entropy for each spatial scale and energy source, and compare it with building characteristics and ZIP codes. We also assess the quality and reliability of UEDA results using entropy-based metrics, such as information gain ratio and normalized mutual information. Our results show that different spatial scales reveal different patterns and relationships of energy demand, and that choosing an appropriate scale can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of UEDA. Our results also show that there is an optimal spatial scale for UEDA that balances information preservation and reduction, and that this scale may vary depending on the type of energy source and the urban context. Our findings contribute to the field of UEDA and urban sustainability by developing a novel perspective on urban energy dynamics, revealing the complexity and diversity of urban systems, such as population, land use, transportation, and energy demand. • Introduced an entropy-based approach for urban energy demand analysis. • Optimized spatial scales in energy planning for urban sustainability. • Examined energy consumption patterns across diverse urban scales. • Explored policy implications for efficient urban energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The hemibiotrophic Basidiomycete pathogen Ganoderma boninense (Gb) is the dominant causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease. Here, we report a complete chromosomal genome map of Gb using a combination of short-read Illumina and long-read Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequencing platforms combined with chromatin conformation capture data from the Chicago and Hi-C platforms. The genome was 55.87 Mb in length and assembled to a high contiguity (N50: 304.34 kb) of 12 chromosomes built from 112 scaffolds, with a total of only 4.34 Mb (~ 7.77%) remaining unplaced. The final assemblies were evaluated for completeness of the genome by using Benchmarking Universal Single Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) v4.1.4, and based on 4464 total BUSCO polyporales group searches, the assemblies yielded 4264 (95.52%) of the conserved orthologs as complete and only a few fragmented BUSCO of 42 (0.94%) as well as a missing BUSCO of 158 (3.53%). Genome annotation predicted a total of 21,074 coding genes, with a GC content ratio of 59.2%. The genome features were analyzed with different databases, which revealed 2471 Gene Ontology/GO (11.72%), 5418 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Orthologous/KO (25.71%), 13,913 Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins/COG (66.02%), 60 ABC transporter (0.28%), 1049 Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes/CAZy (4.98%), 4005 pathogen–host interactions/PHI (19%), and 515 fungal transcription factor/FTFD (2.44%) genes. The results obtained in this study provide deep insight for further studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assumes that the native language of immigrants and their descendants in the US is not equally cherished as the dominant language of the host country. The goal of the study was to examine English as a second language (ESL) high school Hispanic students' attitudes towards their home language (L1), English (L2), and bilingualism in their high school in the Chicago area, USA. The research, which includes sixty respondents, was based on an online questionnaire that was conducted in the selected high school. The results of the study showed generally positive attitudes towards the L1, L2, and bilingualism/the bilingual program by the English language learners. However, the results suggest a need for a different bilingual program, more additive in nature, which will include L1 instruction and offer better support, particularly for the lower English proficiency learners. In turn, it will prevent students from becoming monolingual in their second language. Moreover, the results also suggest that further research is needed after integration of the proposed bilingual program, which would prompt changes that would increase its effectiveness and measure students' achievement patterns. This study offers suggestions for teachers and policymakers for improvement of their bilingual program at their school, while keeping the students' interests in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and spatial and temporal clustering of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household cats within 63 counties in Illinois from October 2021 to May 2023. The analysis followed a stepwise approach. First, in a choropleth point map, we illustrated the distribution of county-level seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Next, spatial interpolation was used to predict the seroprevalence in counties without recorded data. Global and local clustering methods were used to identify the extent of clustering and the counties with high or low seroprevalence, respectively. Next, temporal, spatial, and space-time scan statistic was used to identify periods and counties with higher-than-expected seroprevalence. In the last step, to identify more distinct areas in counties with high seroprevalence, city-level analysis was conducted to identify temporal and space-time clusters. Among 1,715 samples tested by serological assays, 244 samples (14%) tested positive. Young cats had higher seropositivity than older cats, and the third quarter of the year had the highest odds of seropositivity. Three county-level space-time clusters with higher-than-expected seroprevalence were identified in the northeastern, central-east, and southwest regions of Illinois, occurring between June and October 2022. In the city-level analysis, 2 space-time clusters were identified in Chicago's downtown and the southwestern suburbs of Chicago between June and September 2022. Our results suggest that the high density of humans and cats in large cities such as Chicago, might play a role in the transmission and clustering of SARS-CoV-2. Our study provides an in-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in Illinois household cats, which will aid in COVID-19 control and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the clinical experiences of foreign-trained dentists (FTDs) enrolled in an Advance Standing DMD Dental Program (DMDAS) with those of the domestic dental students (DMD) at the University of Illinois Chicago, College of Dentistry (UIC-COD). A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of patients treated by 295 DMD and 253 DMDAS predoctoral dental students was completed at the UIC-COD. The data were retrieved from the electronic health record system (axiUm) for the graduated classes of 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 on various performed clinical procedures as measured by relative value units (RVUs). The retrieved data were used to compare the clinical experiences of DMDAS vs. DMD students. Descriptive (mean) and statistical (independent t-test) analyses were used (α = 0.05). The results indicated that DMD and DMDAS students had comparable clinical experiences in several disciplines, including diagnosis, prevention, direct/indirect restorations, endodontics, periodontics, complete dentures, removable partial dentures, implants/fixed partial dentures, and oral surgery. There was a statistical difference in total RVUs for diagnosis (p = 0.002) and direct restorations (p < 0.001), in which DMD students had more experience. The 28 month program for FTDs appeared to be a reasonable timeframe to obtain an adequate number of varied clinical experiences as compared with the traditional four-year program at the UIC-COD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do patterns of unequal policing persist or transform within gentrifying neighborhoods? Using an original survey of Chicago residents, we assess whether gentrifiers and longtime residents experience policing differently. Building on macro-level studies which rely on aggregate population data and micro-level studies which rely on ethnographies and interviews, we conduct a meso-level study that compares the experiences and views of differently positioned residents. We find that the phenomenon of being "over-policed and under-protected" that characterizes race-class subjugated neighborhoods is replicated within gentrifying neighborhoods for longtime residents. Meanwhile, gentrifiers express less concern about crime and report fewer interactions with police. While the average gentrifier has low levels of police contact, we find some evidence that a subset of gentrifiers are more likely to call the police about quality-of-life issues compared to neighbors. Our methodological approach provides a blueprint for how survey research can provide insights on individual-level experiences and attitudes in gentrifying neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of shared electric scooters (E-scooters) has brought convenience to urban transportation but has also introduced challenges such as disorderly parking and an imbalance between supply and demand. Given the current inconsistent quantity and spatial distribution of shared E-scooters, coupled with inadequate research on deployment stations selection, we propose a novel maximal covering location problem (MCLP) based on distance tolerance. The model aims to maximize the coverage of user demand while minimizing the sum of distances from users to deployment stations. A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) was devised to address this optimization model. An experiment was conducted focusing on areas with high concentrations of shared E-scooter trips in Chicago. The solutions of location selection were obtained by DRL, the Gurobi solver, and the genetic algorithm (GA). The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in optimizing the layout of shared E-scooter deployment stations. This study provides valuable insights into facility location selection for urban shared transportation tools, and showcases the efficiency of DRL in addressing facility location problems (FLPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection, with the greatest impact on infants, immunocompromised individuals, and older adults. RSV prevalence decreased substantially in the United States (US) following the implementation of COVID-19-related non-pharmaceutical interventions but later rebounded with abnormal seasonality. The biological and epidemiological factors underlying this altered behavior remain poorly defined. In this retrospective cohort study from 2009 to 2023 in Chicago, Illinois, US, we examined RSV epidemiology, clinical severity, and genetic diversity. We found that changes in RSV diagnostic platforms drove increased detections in outpatient settings post-2020 and that hospitalized adults infected with RSV-A were at higher risk of intensive care admission than those with RSV-B. While population structures of RSV-A remained unchanged, RSV-B exhibited a genetic shift into geographically distinct clusters. Mutations in the antigenic regions of the fusion protein suggest convergent evolution with potential implications for vaccine and therapeutic development. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 also impacted the transmission of other viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here the authors describe the changing epidemiology, clinical severity, and genetic diversity of RSV in Chicago, Illinois, from July 2010 to April 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]