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American Bullfrogs, Aquarana catesbeiana, are invasive anuran species distributed worldwide. One of the adverse impacts that this species causes in native communities is as a reservoir host for pathogens and parasites. Here, we report the coinfection of two pathogenic organisms in A. catesbeiana : Ranavirus and the nematode Eustrongylides. Bullfrogs were collected in the wild in a pond close to the urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence of both pathogens was high: 77% were infected with ranavirus with a mean viral load of 1010.3 viral copies, and 100% of the bullfrogs were infected by Eustrongylides sp. with a mean intensity of infection of 13.4 specimens per host. Four host specimens (31%) presented pathological signs that seemed to be related to the Eustrongylides sp. infection, such as internal organs adhered to each other due to high intensity and large size of the nematodes, ulcers, and raw flesh wounds caused by the nematode. The pathogenic and concomitant infections have potential zoonotic implications and raise concerns about human infection risks for Eustrongylides infection. Moreover, such infections may represent an additional level of threat to native communities through the potential shifts in patterns of parasite and pathogen transmission. Future research involving the native anuran community is essential to ascertain whether invasive bullfrogs are attenuating or exacerbating diseases such as ranavirosis and eustrongylidiosis. [Display omitted] • Invasive American Bullfrogs in Brazil are infected with ranavirus and Eustrongylides sp. • Prevalence and intensity of infection are high. • Coinfections led to severe pathologic manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of simply transfering agricultural innovation from suppliers to receivers as a strategy to improve agri-food systems globally has been strongly criticized and has raised debates in the field of agricultural technology development and innovation. Previous studies have shown that there is translational work to be done within agricultural innovation systems when technologies travel from one context to another, and they have also increasingly focused on how public research and technology institutions (PRTIs) participate in such efforts. However, previous literature has not sharpened such translation roles played by PRTIs into local innovation systems to interpret and adapt foreign agricultural technologies. This study aims to analyze translation roles played by Embrapa (a pivotal PRTI in Brazil) into the innovation system linked to Brazilian pig production. It analyses how Embrapa took part in the decontextualization and recontextualization of the pyramid model and hybrid pigs in the Brazilian setting. This study applies a qualitative research approach based on a case study method. Its primary data sources are 21 in-depth interviews with key actors involved with Brazilian pig production. Furthermore, interviewee's content was triangulated with secondary data and interpreted using our conceptual understanding as an analytical lens. Our findings add to theory on agricultural technology development and innovation systems in threefold way: 1) we show that PRTIs get involved in what we dub 'translation ecosystems' when helping to interpret and adapt imported innovations; 2) we uncover that PRTIs may present a 'translation flexibility' and perform more than a single translation role simultaneously within translation ecosystems; and 3) we propose more fine-grained translation roles (orchestrator and supporter) by observing how Embrapa contributed to translation ecosystems functioning. This study enhances previous knowledge on how PRTIs can better deal with global flows of knowledge and traveling of innovation. It also evidences that PRTIs should be highly regarded in terms of how to approach imported innovations in terms of scaling readiness as they can perform pivotal functions to assist actors who may become marginalized by innovations from abroad, by providing options that suit local contexts. [Display omitted] • Innovations go through translational processes when going to scale. • This study unravels how research institutes deal with global flows of knowledge. • Analysis of translational roles played by Embrapa in unpacking and repacking innovation. • Translation processes unfold through translation ecosystems. • Research institutes perform translation roles as supporter and orchestrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Five precipitation datasets were evaluated on 714 basins across Brazil. • CHIRPS, MERRA-2 and IMERG excelled in hydrological simulations. • Hydrologic modelling presented KGE > 0.5 for 78 % of the catchments. • The worst hydrological performances were in the most arid hydrographic regions. • Parameter sensitivity varies with catchment climate and aridity. Satellite-based and reanalysis precipitation products are widely adopted as complementary information to in situ measurements for estimating river discharge using hydrological modelling. However, there is still a notable research gap in the literature associated with assessing the accuracy of satellite-based or reanalysis products in different tropical and sub-tropical catchments at large-sampling hydrological modelling with sensitivity analysis. We investigated the accuracy of precipitation, hydrological model performance and parameter sensitivity related to seven precipitation data sets based on satellite and reanalysis products, i.e., CHIRPS, TRMM, GLDAS, IMERG, MERRA-2, PERSIANN-CDR, and ERA5 over 714 contrasting tropical and subtropical catchments located in Brazil. We used the Génie Rural Journalier 4 (GR4J) hydrological model to simulate the hydrological processes of the different catchments with two approaches for the calibration: using measured ground-based precipitation data (approach I) or using each individual satellite/reanalysis precipitation products (approach II) to calibrate the models. The results showed that the precipitation products tend to overestimate precipitation, with the exception of ERA5 and MERRA-2. CHIRPS is the only product that produces unbiased precipitation estimates for most catchments. The model calibration using each precipitation product individually improved the hydrological model performance. CHIRPS, IMERG, and MERRA-2 showed good accuracy in terms of both, precipitation estimation and hydrological simulation performance in the calibration period. In the validation period, the best products in terms of KGE were CHIRPS, IMERG and TRMM (KGE > 0.64). The errors in precipitation products are better compensated via hydrological modelling in wet regions. The model parameter sensitivity varies according to precipitation input, climate, and catchment aridity. Overall, all seven products exhibited their worst hydrological performance in arid regions. This study helps to improve our understanding of the catchment response in tropical and subtropical regions while also providing key insights into the reliability of satellite/reanalysis rainfall products for streamflow simulation. This study is valuable in hydrometeorological applications, climate change assessment, water resources and disaster management, especially in regions with a relatively sparse density of precipitation stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]