9 results on '"CLAY soils"'
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2. Soil stabilization using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), lime & bagasse ash.
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Zahoor, Sabah and Sharma, Tarun
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SOIL stabilization , *BAGASSE , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *CLAY soils , *SLAG - Abstract
Since clayey soils are highly plastic therefore they are unstable for the purpose of construction. These soils continuously keep on changing temporarily or permanently once they come in contact with water. Soil stabilization is a process of enhancing the properties of soil especially from engineering point of view. This literature review scientifically scrutinizes the functioning features of clayey soils made using industrial wastes such as lime, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GBFS) and bagasse ash. The organized exploration was incorporated from Web of Science and SCOPUS by means of altered keywords, and 111paperworkshave been recognized. Following the screening and suitability progression in consistency with PRISMA guidelines, 30 papers have been chosen carefully and hence chosen to be assessed and explored. Here the working features of the soil keeping in view the physical properties, mechanical properties, durability criteria, microstructural examination, statistical examination, cost determination, etc. were scrutinized. Most of the studies using different industrial wastes in soil stabilization have seen to be emphasizing on determining the compressive strength, water absorption, Atterberg's Limits, strength and durability by wetting drying cycles. The PH, electrical conductivity, maximum dry density and optimum water content, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and flexural strength have also been assessed in latest studies and recounted in this paper. The research papers used industrial wastes such as lime, GBFS, bagasse ash etc and conducted several tests for each of the materials like unconfined compressive strength(UCS), compressibility indices, Atterberg's limit, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, California Bearing ratio(CBR) test, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) test, SPC test, and many more tests and microstructural analysis during the stabilization of clayey soil via distinctive industrial wastes for advanced findings found to be short of in existing writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Investigation of High Plasticity Clay Stabilized with Cement and Zeolite Using Time-Dependent Pressure Wave Velocity.
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MolaAbasi, Hossein, Ataee, Omolbanin, Mirsadeghi, Majid Naghdipour, Masrour, Farimah Fattahi, Marani, Afshin, and Nehdi, Moncef L.
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ZEOLITES , *ULTRASONIC testing , *BUILDING foundations , *SWELLING soils , *VOLTERRA series , *CLAY soils - Abstract
Enhancing the dynamic properties of expansive soils using cementitious materials has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past few decades. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can be used as partial substitutes for cement owing to their pozzolanic activity that further improves the mechanical performance of cement-stabilized soils upon curing. In this study, the effect of cement and zeolite incorporation on the mechanical behavior of expansive clay was quantified using the pressure wave velocity (Vp) indicator obtained from ultrasonic pulse velocity tests performed at different curing times. Furthermore, a polynomial model was developed to establish the relationship between Vp and zeolite replacement levels at specific curing times and cement contents. The results show that a polynomial function captured the decreasing trend of Vp upon the increase in zeolite at curing times below 14 days. Additionally, the developed equation explained the upward trend of Vp owing to the pozzolanic activity of zeolite at later curing times with an accuracy of over 92%. The coefficients of the polynomial model also increased with the increment of the cement percentage which conformed to the consecutive rise in Vp. Ultimately, the polynomial coefficients were expressed in terms of cement content and curing time using the Volterra series. Using this model, the optimum percentage of cement replaced with zeolite (Zopt), the efficiency of using Zopt instead of cement, and the percentage of zeolite replacement to achieve equivalent Vp of cemented clay samples (ZC) were estimated. The findings of this study contribute to promoting geotechnical sustainability by replacing cement with zeolite that has a considerably lower environmental footprint. Clay is a type of soil that can be found in many construction projects. For instance, many roads and buildings' foundations are constructed on clay soils. To ensure the necessary strength of the clay under the main structure, the soil should often be stabilized using adhesive construction materials such as cement. Interestingly, a portion of the cement could be replaced with other minerals not only to improve engineering performance but also to promote sustainability by lowering cement consumption. In this study, the effect of zeolite as a partial replacement for cement on the strength of clay soils was experimentally evaluated. The effect of various design parameters, such as cement replacement level and curing time, on the stability of clays was investigated using an advanced technique called the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. Furthermore, a simple mathematical model was proposed based on the experimental results to help engineers design the stabilization plan and timely decide about the next steps of the construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Experimental investigations on physico-mechanical properties of kaolinite clay soil stabilized at optimum silica fume content using clamshell ash and lime.
- Author
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Zaini, Muhammad Syamsul Imran, Hasan, Muzamir, Almuaythir, Sultan, and Hyodo, Masayuki
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SILICA fume , *KAOLINITE , *CLAY soils , *SOIL conditioners , *FIELD emission electron microscopy , *SOIL stabilization , *SOIL mechanics - Abstract
This investigation examines the effect of clamshell ash (CSA) and lime additives on the physico-mechanical characteristics of kaolinite clay soil stabilized at the optimum silica fume content. Laboratory tests were performed to assess plasticity, shrink-swell characteristics, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear strength characteristics, mineralogical and morphological microstructure characteristics of stabilized soil specimens. The kaolinite clay soil was stabilized at its optimum silica fume content (6%) to produce the highest strength and was altered with three non-identical proportions of clamshell ash and lime (3%-9%). Cylindrical soil specimens, 76 mm in height and 38 mm in diameter, were moulded and treated for curing periods of 1, 7, 14, and 30 days to examine the strength of the altered soil. The findings revealed that, adding clamshell ash and lime significantly alters the plasticity, shrink-swell, maximum dry unit weights, and optimum moisture contents of the silica fume-stabilized soil. In terms of strength, the beneficial effects of CSA and lime additives were found to be more significant with more extended curing periods. Incremental increases in curing periods resulted in further enhancements in UCS, cohesion, and internal friction angle, indicating continued strength development over time. Microstructural analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction provided insights into the interparticle bonding mechanisms and microstructural changes induced by the addition of CSA and lime. The emergence of cementitious phases and pozzolanic responses between soil particles and stabilizers contributed to the densification and strengthening of the stabilized soil matrix. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential of clamshell ash and lime additives to enhance the engineering properties of kaolinite clay soil stabilized with silica fume. These results have implications for sustainable soil stabilization practices, offering a promising approach to improve the performance of soils for various engineering applications, including construction and geotechnical projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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5. Piping Stabilization of Clay Soil Using Lime.
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Aqel, Rawan, Attom, Mousa, El-Emam, Magdi, and Yamin, Mohammad
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SOIL stabilization , *CLAY soils , *LIMING of soils , *SHEAR strength of soils , *STRUCTURAL failures , *LIME (Minerals) - Abstract
Construction of earth fill dams offers a cost-effective solution for various purposes. However, their susceptibility to internal soil erosion, known as piping, poses a significant risk of structural failure and resultant loss of life and property. Soil stabilization emerges as a practical technique to fortify these dams against such threats. This study investigated the impact of lime on the internal erosion properties of clay soils, focusing on CH and ML soil types. Specimens of different lime content were prepared and remolded at 95% relative compaction and optimum moisture content. Hole Erosion tests at varying lime concentrations and curing durations were adapted to conduct the investigation. This investigation aims to optimize lime content and curing time for cohesive soil stabilization against internal erosion. Findings revealed that 2% and 5% of quicklime, by dry weight of the soil, effectively stabilized CH and ML soils, respectively, against internal erosion, with a two-day curing period proving optimal. Furthermore, the addition of lime significantly enhanced erosion rate index and critical shear strength in clay soil, underscoring its efficacy in soil stabilization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Stabilization of clayey soil by incorporating shredded aluminium and LDPE waste.
- Author
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Mahajan, Tushar and Tangri, Amanpreet
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CLAY soils , *SOIL stabilization , *ALUMINUM , *LANDFILLS , *WASTE recycling , *ALUMINUM alloys , *ALUMINUM recycling , *WASTE products - Abstract
Clayey soils are recognized to have undesirable technical characteristics. They have a poor shear strength, which is worsened by moisture or other physical stress. Soil stabilizing procedures are required to improve the technical properties of the soil prior to construction. Additionally, waste product creation is rising daily as modernized regions of the world expand. As a result, the price of land filling and the transportation of the garbage would go up. Reusing waste resources for development purposes is a good idea. The primary goals of this study are to analyze how LDPE and aluminium waste are used in geotechnical applications in a way that is environmentally sustainable and to assess how these waste materials influence tests for the Atterberg limit, shear strength, compressibility, and unrestrained compression. India generates hundreds of tons of LDPE and aluminium waste annually, which is difficult to dispose of and has a negative effect on the environment. Aluminium scrap is acquired in the form of shreds and put to the soil in various amounts, as well as LDPE in powder form, to determine the ratio where the soil achieves its maximum strength. Additionally, the traits of dirt made of clay that hadn't been modified by LDPE and scrap aluminium were contrasted with those of untreated clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Mechanical and microstructure analysis of mass-stabilized organic clay thermally cured using a ternary binder.
- Author
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Núñez, Victor, Lotero, Andres, Bastos, Cezar Augusto, Sargent, Paul, and Consoli, Nilo Cesar
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MICROSTRUCTURE , *POZZOLANIC reaction , *CLAY soils , *SOIL stabilization , *CLAY , *CEMENT mixing - Abstract
The technique of mass soil stabilization using alternative binders to Portland cement (PC) has been used successfully in the past. However, knowledge gaps exist regarding the design of these binders. Ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has been widely used as a substitute for PC; however, it requires an alkaline activator (e.g. lime and PC) to promote pozzolanic reaction and strength enhancement. A candidate that presents a less energy-intensive manufacturing and carbon footprint is carbide lime (CL), a by-product of acetylene gas production, rich in Ca(OH)2. The main problem with the pozzolanic binder in the stabilization technique is its slow reaction kinetics and the long time required for laboratory-scale investigations before in situ application. Therefore, this research presents a dosing study of a ternary binder (TB) comprising CL, GGBS and PC type III (CEM-III) to mass-stabilize a clayey organic soil using thermal curing as an innovative technique to improve the feasibility of laboratory-scale investigations. The effects of binder composition and thermal curing time on the evolution of strength, stiffness, mineralogy, and microstructure were determined. The results, supported by a statistical analysis (ANOVA) and by a multivariate regression analysis (MRA), have shown that the new TB produced a superior mechanical response to soil samples stabilized exclusively with CEM-III. This was evidenced by a less porous microstructure (more reaction products) and mainly the formation of a C–A–S–H gel, as a product of CEM-III hydration and alkaline activation of GGBS (blended cement), whereby the CL content played a key role for the development of the long-term pozzolanic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Alkali-activated Hybrid Slag/Cement.
- Author
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Yıldırım, Eray, Bol, Ertan, Avcı, Eyübhan, and Özocak, Aşkın
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CLAY soils , *SOIL stabilization , *SLAG , *CEMENT , *PORTLAND cement , *SOLUBLE glass - Abstract
This study investigates the stabilization performance of clayey soil treated with alkali-activated hybrid slag/cement. Sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) are used as alkali activators, whereas ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are used as sources of aluminosilicate. A total of 27 different types of mixtures are used for stabilization. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of untreated clay and stabilized soils are performed at immediately, 3-, 7-, 28-, and 90 days curing times under air-dried and wet-cured conditions. In addition, 90-d volume and mass changes in the samples are measured. Stabilized samples with an SS/SH ratio of 1 under air-dried conditions reveal moistening at early curing ages (=28 days); afterward, sodium carbonate crystals appear in these samples at longer curing ages. Geopolymer-treated clayey soil exhibits lower volumetric and mass changes compared with OPC. Most of the stabilized clayey soil with alkali-activated hybrid slag/cement exhibits higher strength compared with OPC under air-dried and wet-cured conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Microstructural and mechanical analysis of magnesium chloride stabilization in highly plastic swelling clayey soils.
- Author
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Soltani-Jigheh, Hossein, Salimnezhad, Araz, Arekhlou, Samira Jahangirzadeh, Abri, Abdolreza, Asadiyan, Ayat, and Milani, Ali Alami
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CLAY soils , *BENTONITE , *SWELLING soils , *MAGNESIUM chloride , *COHESION , *SPINEL , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy - Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the use of non-traditional additives for stabilizing problematic soils. As the demand for eco-friendly alternatives to cement rises, magnesium chloride, a widely used deicer and dust suppressor, has emerged as a potential choice. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microstructural changes that occur and affect the macro behavior of treated bentonite (B) and yellow marl (YM). To achieve this, MgCl 2 solution was added to the soils at 3, 6, 9, and 12 percent by dry weight of the soil, and samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days at 5° C , 25° C , and 35° C. The mechanical properties of the treated soils were then evaluated using the unconfined compression test, direct shear test, and pressure chamber test (SWCC), while microstructural analysis techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to examine the mechanism of MgCl 2 stabilization. The results indicate that adding MgCl 2 and extending the curing period significantly increased both soils' unconfined compressive strength (UCS). However, the UCS value decreased for treated samples cured at temperatures higher than 25°C due to an incomplete cation exchange process and the reduction of apparent cohesion. A part of the gained strength from apparent cohesion and matric suction in the unsaturated samples was lost when the samples reached full saturation during the direct shear test. Changes in the particle size, pore size, and pore void distribution due to the MgCl 2 stabilization affected the SWCCs of the treated soils. Microstructural analyses revealed the formation of magnesium hydration products, such as magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) and magnesium aluminate hydrate (M-A-H), which contributed to the strength increase by increasing grain size, filling the pores, binding fine particles within coarse grains, and forming a flocculated structure through recrystallization of MgCl 2 and the formation of cementitious gel. Additionally, for B, adding MgCl 2 led to soil flocculation through ion exchange, while for YM, the same process occurred due to the greater surface tension of the saline solution encircling the particles. • Microstructural analyses indicated the production of cementitious hydration products M-S-H and M-A-H. • Increasing curing temperature reduced the strength by decreasing the apparent cohesion. • The treatment of the B and YM with MgCl 2 decreased the LL and PI. • Stabilized soil structure changed to a flocculated, interlocked, and denser one. • UCS of both soils improved up to 110 % due to recrystallization and cementation of MgCl 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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