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Different grain sources of whiskey have great potential for aroma expression. In this paper, four whiskeys fermented from different raw materials (barley, wheat, highland barley, and sorghum) were compared. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory evaluation were used to determine the composition of the aromatic compounds. A correlation analysis was further conducted between the aromatic compounds and sensory evaluations. Barley whiskey and wheat whiskey had more pronounced fruity, floral, and grain aromas, attributed to esters and terpenes. Barley whiskey had the most compounds (55), followed by highland barley whiskey (54). Highland barley whiskey had the greatest number of unique aroma compounds (seven). It exhibited a unique cocoa aroma related to concentrations of trans-2-nonenal, γ-nonanolactone, 1-nonanol, isoamyl lactate, 2-butanol, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Sorghum whiskey had a specific leather and mushroom aroma attributed to 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, ethyl lactate, ethyl caprate, phenethyl octanoate, farnesol, α-terpineol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, and methyleugenol. Alcohols were the main aroma components of grain whiskeys. Isoamyl alcohol (231.59~281.39 mg/L), phenylethyl alcohol (5.755~9.158 mg/L), citronellol (0.224~4.103 mg/L), β-damascenone (0.021~2.431 mg/L), geraniol (0.286~1.416 mg/L), isoamyl acetate (0.157~0.918 mg/L), phenylacetaldehyde (0.162~0.470 mg/L), linalool (0.024~0.148 mg/L), 1-octen-3-ol (0.016~0.145 mg/L), trans-2-nonenal (0.027~0.105 mg/L), and trans-2-octen-1-ol (0.011~0.054 mg/L) were all important aroma compounds in the whiskeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of phenotyping methods is necessary for large-scale screening studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) drought tolerance. The objective of our research was to find out whether it is possible to use chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters instead of biochemical indicators of drought tolerance when screening wheat. We measured shoot biomass, gas exchange, as well as biochemical and Chl fluorescence indicators in 11 wheat genotypes grown under contrasting water supplies and differing in drought tolerance. The effect of drought on the traits was evaluated using the effect of size index. We made two independent rankings: one based on biochemical indicators and the other on Chl fluorescence parameters. The positions of the three genotypes with the highest comprehensive drought tolerance index in the two independent rankings coincided completely. It is concluded that Chl fluorescence methods are suitable for identifying soft wheat genotypes that differ significantly in their ability to activate cellular defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ultrasound (5, 10, and 20 min, intensity 25 kW/m2, frequency 26.1 kHz) on the dynamics of the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and the expression of the genes encoding them (SOD-1, CAT, POD), was studied in germinating seeds and wheat sprouts. Ultrasound after one hour predominantly suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes, with subsequent restoration and increase (after one and six days) of activity. The content of mRNA transcripts of the studied genes predominantly increased one hour after exposure, and subsequently (after one and six days) it was either higher or remained equal to the control. The results obtained apparently indicate that ultrasound triggers eustress mechanisms; i.e., the stimulating effect led to the mobilization of protective processes of cells, hormesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our comprehensive meta-analysis, we initially collected 177 publications focusing on the impact of melatonin on wheat. After meticulous screening, 40 published studies were selected, encompassing 558 observations for antioxidant enzymes, 312 for reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 92 for soluble biomolecules (soluble sugar and protein). This analysis revealed significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 > 99% for enzymes, ROS, and soluble biomolecules) and notable publication bias, indicating the complexity and variability in the research field. Melatonin application generally increased antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] in wheat, particularly under stress conditions, such as high temperature and heavy-metal exposure. Compared to control, melatonin application increased SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities by 29.5, 16.96, 35.98, and 171.64%, respectively. Moreover, oxidative stress markers like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased with melatonin by 23.73, 13.64, and 21.91%, respectively, suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress. The analysis also highlighted melatonin's role in improving carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant defenses. Melatonin showed an overall increase of 12.77% in soluble sugar content, and 22.76% in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity compared to the control. However, the effects varied across different wheat varieties, environmental conditions, and application methods. Our study also uncovered complex relationships between antioxidant enzyme activities and H2O2 levels, indicating a nuanced regulatory role of melatonin in oxidative stress responses. Our meta-analysis demonstrates the significant role of melatonin in increasing wheat resilience to abiotic stressors, potentially through its regulatory impact on antioxidant defense systems and stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Phytochemical characterization and end use evaluation of native and fermented cereal brans" published in the Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization. The corrected tables in the document present the chemical composition of native and fermented cereal brans, including moisture, fat, protein, ash, and fiber content. The tables also include information on the phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity, and antinutritional factors of the brans. The article provides comparisons between different types of brans and their treatments with yeast and bacteria. This information can be useful for library patrons conducting research on the nutritional composition of cereal brans. [Extracted from the article]

Common wheat, consumed widely as a human food is severely affected by biotic stresses. The use of plant beneficial bacteria in the management of biotic stresses is increasing due to its abundance, low inoculant production cost and no environmental risks. This study assessed the impact of bacterial phytopathogen, Xanthomonas sp. on the performance of wheat including phytocompound production and evaluated the biocontrol potential of beneficial rhizobacteria against Xanthomonas induced bacterial leaf streak (BLS) disease. The rhizobacteria, Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck, Bacillus megaterium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens produced biocontrol related antimicrobial compounds (ammonia and hydrogen cyanide) and hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase and amylase). In-planta, infected plants had visible BLS symptoms which included yellowing of leaves and necrotic lesions etc. Upon foliar inoculation, Xanthomonas sp. adversely affected growth and significantly reduced dry biomass, plant length, total chlorophyll content and seed yield by 42%, 26%, 59%, and 16%, respectively, over uninfected control. The Xanthomonas infection significantly enhanced the secretion of non-enzymatic and enzymatic phytocompounds, proline, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) processing enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in BLS wheat. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) showed cellular damage in Xanthomonas infected leaf tissues. The bacterial inoculations profoundly enhanced the biological and physiological growth of stressed wheat plants but significantly declined the production of phytocompounds and the activity of the three ROS processing enzymes. These findings demonstrate that microbial antagonists, A. chroococcum, B. megaterium, and P. fluorescens, endowed with potential biocontrol activity provides a promising option for the long-term management of BLS disease, optimize wheat production and fulfil human food demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to assess the efficacy and to identify the toxic mechanisms of action of some plant-derived monoterpenes and yucca extract as alternatives to chemical insecticides against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, and linalool, as well as Yucca schidgera extract, were the control agents whose efficacy against the red flour beetle was tested in the laboratory and compared to malathion. The criteria for evaluating efficacy were the effects of the tested compounds on adult mortality and red flour beetle progeny. Furthermore, the effects of the control agents on some enzymes (Acetylcholinesterase,-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase) in T. castaneum were investigated. Moreover, the effect of the tested control measures on weight loss of treated wheat grain was studied. The tested substances showed a high ability to control T. castaneum with regard to adult mortality and offspring production, especially when used as fumigants. For adult mortality, malathion showed the highest potential against T. castaneum as a fumigant, followed by carvone, yucca extract, cuminaldehyde, linalool, and 1,8-cineole with LC50 values of 0.05, 331.5, 365.1, 372.2, 460, and 467.5 mg · 1000 cm-2 after 72 hours, respectively. The highest reduction in progeny was for malathion followed by carvone, linalool, cineole, yucca extract, and cuminaldehyde with reduction percentages of 100, 90, 89.3,79.4 and 65.8%, respectively. The tested compounds significantly affected acetylcholinesterase activity, alpha-amylase activity, and alkaline phosphatase in the red flour beetle. There was no significant reduction in the weight of wheat grains treated with the tested materials compared to the untreated healthy grains. Finally, the tested compounds as fumigants, especially 1,8-cineole, can be considered as effective alternatives to control the red flour beetle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The varieties of colored wheat registered are very limited, and those available have a low agronomic value. The anthocyanin compounds present in colored wheat vary depending on the wheat variety as well as the growing conditions. Due to their antioxidant activity, anthocyanins are of increasing interest to nutritionists, food researchers and plant breeders. The objective of this work was to determine some bioactive compounds from wheat genotypes H171-I with purple grains and H171-III - with red-purple grains. The samples were evaluated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry for anthocyanins, phenols, enzymes and total antioxidant capacity. The determinations showed that the highest level of anthocyanins was found in the genotype H171-I, followed by Pitar and H171-III; phenolic compounds were present in all wheat genotypes, but unlike the other samples, they were synthesized at higher levels in the genotype H171-I. This genotype also had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Data on the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes showed a high level for both enzymes in the red grains Pitar genotype. The analyzed compounds varied according to the investigated wheat variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) is a crucial enzymatic antioxidant of the ascorbate-glutathione pathway involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging. Herein, we identified 15 TaMDHAR genes in bread wheat. Phylogenetic analysis revealed their clustering into three groups, which are also related to the subcellular localization in the peroxisome matrix, peroxisome membrane, and chloroplast. Each TaMDHAR protein consisted of two conserved domains; Pyr_redox and Pyr_redox_2 of the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family. The occurrence of diverse groups of cis -regulatory elements in the promoter region and their interaction with numerous transcription factors suggest assorted functions of TaMDHARs in growth and development and in light, phytohormones, and stress responses. Expression analysis in various tissues further revealed their importance in vegetative and reproductive development. In addition, the differential gene expression and enhanced enzyme activity during drought, heat, and salt treatments exposed their role in abiotic stress response. Interaction of MDHARs with various antioxidant enzymes and biochemicals related to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle exposed their synchronized functioning. Interaction with auxin indicated the probability of cross-talk between antioxidants and auxin signaling. The miR168a, miR169, miR172 and others interaction with various TaMDHARs further directed their association with developmental processes and stress responses. The current study provides extensive information about the importance of TaMDHARs , moreover, the precise role of each gene needs to be established in future studies. • Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) is an enzymatic antioxidant involved in ROS scavenging during stress conditions. • The phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, and physicochemical properties of TaMDHARs revealed their conserved nature. • The expression profiling and enzyme assay suggested their involvement in stress response. • The miRNA, TF interaction and cis- regulatory elements analyses revealed their involvement in various developmental processes and stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]