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New cellulose (CL) fibers are derived from Chamaerops humilis (Ch) rachis. They play an essential role in various industries to produce environmentally friendly products as an alternative to enhancing and strengthening lightweight composites, such as dashboards automotive. Distinctive properties of Ch fibers (ChFs) were determined by extracting fibers from dwarf palm plant branches using anaerobic analysis. This search comprehensively studies morphological, physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics and water absorption testing. The fiber diameter was 241.23 ± 34.77 μm, while the obtained linear density and density were 13.71 ± 0.57 T ex and 0.801 ± 0.05 g/cm 3 , respectively. The moisture content was 8.5 %, and the moisture regain was 9.29 %. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the fibers and smooth and rough surfaces. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the maximum degradation of 352 °C, thermal stability of 243 °C, and the kinetic activation energy reached (79.78 kJ/mol). X-ray diffraction proves the availability of CL, with a crystallinity index = 68.38 % and crystal size = 2.92 nm. Fourier transform infrared succeeded in detecting functional groups and chemical compounds of fibers. The fibers exhibited a tensile stress of 110.85 ± 77.08 MPa, an elongation at a break rate of 2.29 ± 1.27 %, and Young's modulus of 6.05 ± 3.9 GPa. The maximum likelihood method (2P-Weibull distribution) was employed to examine the distribution of mechanical properties of fibers. According to the results above, new ChFs are an excellent reinforcement for elaborating fiber-reinforced biocomposites., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene) have gained significant attention for their potential in constructing diverse functional materials, However, MXene is easily oxidized and weakly bound to the cellulose matrix, which pose challenges in developing MXene-decorated non-woven fabric with strong bonding and stable thermal management properties. Herein, we successfully prepared deep eutectic supramolecular polymer (DESP) functionalized MXene to address these issues. MXene can be wrapped with DESP to be insulated from water and protected from being oxidized. Subsequently, we achieved an efficient in-situ deposition of DESP-functionalized MXene onto fibers through a combination of dip coating and photopolymerization technique. The resulting nonwoven fabric (CNs-DESP@M) exhibited excellent photothermal conversion properties along with rapid thermal response and functional stability. Interestingly, the interface bonding between MXene and the fiber surface was significantly enhanced due to the abundant pyrogallol groups in DESP, resulting in the composite textile exhibiting commendable mechanical properties (2.68 MPa). Moreover, the as-prepared textile demonstrates outstanding bactericidal efficacy against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The multifunctional textile, created through a facile and efficient approach, demonstrates remarkable potential for applications in smart textiles, catering to the diverse needs of individuals in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Despite the tremendous efforts on developing antibacterial wearable textile materials containing Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, the singular antimicrobial mechanism, poor antibacterial durability, and oxidation susceptibility of MXene limits their applications. In this context, flexible multifunctional cellulosic textiles were prepared via layer-by-layer assembly of MXene and the in-situ synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). Specifically, the introduction of highly conductive MXene enhanced the interface interactions between the ZIF-8 layer and cellulose fibers, endowing the green-based materials with outstanding synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) activity and adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. In-situ polymerization formed a MXene/ZIF-8 bilayer structure, promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while protecting MXene from oxidation. The as-prepared smart textile exhibited excellent bactericidal efficacy of >99.99 % against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) after 5 min of NIR (300 mW cm -2 ) irradiation which is below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit. The sustained released Zn 2+ from the ZIF-8 layer achieved a bactericidal efficiency of over 99.99 % within 48 h without NIR light. Furthermore, this smart textile also demonstrated remarkable EMI shielding efficiency (47.7 dB). Clearly, this study provides an elaborate strategy for designing and constructing multifunctional cellulose-based materials for a variety of applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pilling is a form of textile mechanical damage, forming fibrous bobbles on the surface of garments, resulting in premature disposal of clothing by consumers. However, our understanding on how the structural properties of the cellulosic matrix compliment the three-dimensional shape of cotton pills remains limited. This knowledge gap has hindered the development of effective 'pillase' technologies over the past 20 years due to challenges in balancing depilling efficacy with fabric integrity preservation. Therefore, the main focus here was characterising the role of cellulose and the hemicellulose components in cotton textiles to elucidate subtle differences between the chemistry of pills and fibre regions involved in structural integrity. State-of-the-art bioimaging using carbohydrate binding modules, monoclonal antibodies, and Leica SP8 and a Nikon A1R confocal microscopes, revealed the biophysical structure of cotton pills for the first time. Identifying regions of increased crystalline cellulose in the base of anchor fibres and weaker amorphous cellulose at dislocations in their centres, enhancing our understanding of current enzyme specificity. Surprisingly, pills contained a 7-fold increase in the concentration of xyloglucan compared to the main textile. Therefore, xyloglucan offers a previously undescribed target for overcoming this benefit-to-risk paradigm, suggesting a role for xyloglucanase enzymes in future pillase systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Neil Lant reports financial support was provided by Procter and Gamble. Neil Lant reports a relationship with Procter and Gamble that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This novel research addresses the critical need for sustainable and efficient materials, aiming to enhance the optical and thermoelectric properties of Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (Al-doped ZnO) on cellulose fabric for diverse applications. At first stage, Cellulosic fabric of Al-doped ZnO were experimentally studied in detail with respect to varying levels of annealing temperature. Structural analysis unveiled structural evolution in hexagonal crystal formations with a reduction in particle size up to 27.5 % on average, with increased temperature. Further, Raman spectroscopy revealed the doping effects on the vibrational modes of ZnO, potentially due to alterations in lattice structure. The ZnO optical modes are found as E 2 (low) = 110 cm -1 with observed phonon frequency in the Raman spectra of ZnO at A 1 (TO) = 364 cm -1 . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of characteristic stretching of developed material. Furthermore, the optical characters revealed a decrement of 43.22 % in bandgap values with increasing annealing temperature. The analysis of thermoelectric attributes documented that the prominent sample annealed at 300°C exhibited the maximum Seebeck coefficient and power factor of 2.1 × 10 -3  μV/ o C and 5.8 × 10 -21 Wm -1  K -2 , respectively. At second stage the optical characteristics of experimentally optimized sample were rigorously studied through the application of Material Studio software, while varying the doping ratio., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest On behalf of all my co-authors I hereby declare that we have no conflict of interest for the manuscript being submitted for publication to the journal “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules”., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

As an important cellulose macromolecular-based material, cotton/polyamide and cotton/polyester fabrics are widely utilized in the textile and garment field due to their combination of the advantages of both cotton and synthetic fibers, such as excellent breathability, hygroscopicity, and abrasion performance. However, the synthetic dyes used in fabric coloration are derived from non-renewable resources, and the long-time dyeing procedure poses large pollution problems. Herein, microbial prodigiosins fermented by Serratia marcescens were employed for cotton/polyamide and cotton/polyester fabric dyeing and functionalizing. The results demonstrated that the prodigiosins suspension exhibited outstanding stability. Synthetic fibers contributed significantly to the overall color of fabrics and provided good dimensional stability and durability. In contrast, cotton fibers imparted relatively lighter color but played an essential role in enhancing the softness and comfort of fabrics. The dyed fabrics presented bright overall color light with good uniformity. Furthermore, the antibacterial rates of the dyed cotton/polyamide and cotton/polyester fabrics were 87.31 % and 89.70 %, respectively. The UPF values of the dyed cotton/polyamide and cotton/polyester fabrics were recorded as 52.3 and 93.5, respectively. This study provided a novel approach for cleaner functional dyeing of cotton/synthetic fiber two-component fabrics using prodigiosins., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose-based fabrics have significant advantages, but their application scenarios are limited due to their flammability. This work used biomass phytic acid and protein decomposition products, alkaline amino acids (arginine, lysine, histidine) to prepare alkaline amino acid flame retardants (PALA, PALL, PALH), and they were utilized to endow Lyocell fabrics with flame-retardant and antibacterial properties. When the weight gain was about 16.0 wt%, PALA exhibited better flame-retardant effect, and the limited oxygen index value of PALA-Lyocell reached 47.1 %. In the cone calorimetry test, PALA showed the best flame-retardant efficiency in reducing flame growth index with a 92.0 % decrease in peak heat release rate. The results of thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and char residues indicated that the flame-retardant property of alkaline amino acid flame retardants was formed through the combined action of gas and condensed phases. In the antibacterial test, PALA had the highest antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus at 97.2 %. Mechanical property, handle feeling, and whiteness results had indicated that alkaline amino acid based flame retardants had little effect on the physical properties of Lyocell fabrics. This work confirms alkaline amino acid based flame retardants have functions of flame-retardant and antibacterial properties, providing reference for the practical value of biomass in cellulose-based fabrics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rapid development of society and the improvement of people's living standards have stimulated people's keen interest in fashion clothing. This trend has led to the acceleration of new product innovation and the shortening of the lifespan for cotton fabrics, which has resulting in the accumulation of waste cotton textiles. Although cotton fibers can be degraded naturally, direct disposal not only causes a serious resource waste, but also brings serious environmental problems. Hence, it is significant to explore a cleaner and greener waste textile treatment method in the context of green and sustainable development. To realize the high-value utilization of cellulose II aerogel derived from waste cotton products, great efforts have been made and considerable progress has been achieved in the past few decades. However, few reviews systematically summarize the research progress and future challenges of preparing high-value-added regenerated cellulose aerogels via dissolving cotton and other cellulose wastes. Therefore, this article reviews the regenerated cellulose aerogels obtained through solvent methods, summarizes their structure, preparation strategies and application, aimed to promote the development of the waste textile industry and contributed to the realization of carbon neutrality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Currently the textile industry relies strongly on synthetic fibres and cotton, which contribute to many environmental problems. Man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCF) can offer sustainable alternatives. Herein, the development of Lyocell-type MMCF using bacterial cellulose (BC) as alternative raw material in the Ioncell® spinning process was investigated. BC, known for its high degree of polymerization (DP), crystallinity and strength was successfully dissolved in the ionic liquid (IL) 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate [DBNH][OAc] to produce solutions with excellent spinnability. BC staple fibres displayed good mechanical properties and crystallinity (CI) and were spun into a yarn which was knitted into garments, demonstrating the potential of BC as suitable cellulose source for textile production. BC is also a valuable additive when recycling waste cellulose textiles (viscose fibres). The high DP and Cl of BC enhanced the spinnability in a viscose/BC blend, consequently improving the mechanical performance of the resulting fibres, as compared to neat viscose fibres., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Smart photochromic and fluorescent textile refers to garments that alter their colorimetric properties in response to external light stimulus. Cotton fibers have been reported as a main resource for many textile and non-textile industries, such as automobiles, medical devices, and furniture applications. Cotton is a natural fiber that is distinguished with breathability, softness, cheapness, and highly absorbent. However, there have been growing demands to find other resources for cotton textiles at high quality and low cost for various applications, such as sensor for harmful ultraviolet radiation. Herein, we present a novel method toward luminescent and photochromic nonwoven textiles from recycled cotton waste. Using the screen-printing technology, a cotton fabric that is both photochromic and fluorescent was developed using aqueous inorganic phosphor nanoparticles (10-18 nm)-containing printing paste. Both CIE Lab color coordinates and photoluminescence spectra showed that the transparent film printed on the nonwoven fabric develops a reversible green emission (519 nm) under ultraviolet light (365 nm), even at low pigment concentration (2%) in the printing paste. Colorfastness of printed fabrics showed high durability and photostability., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The rise of polymer materials in modern life has drawn attention to renewable, easily biodegradable, environmentally-friendly bio-based polymers. Notably, significant research has been dedicated to creating green antimicrobial functional materials for the biomedical field using natural polymer materials. Cellulose is a rich natural biomass organic polymer material. Given its favorable attributes like film-forming capability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, it is extensively employed to tackle a wide range of challenges confronting humanity today. However, its inherent drawbacks, such as insolubility in water and most organic solvents, hygroscopic nature, difficulty in melting, and limited antimicrobial properties, continue to pose challenges for realizing the high-value applications of cellulose. Achieving multifunctionality and more efficient application of cellulose still poses major challenges. In this regard, the current development status of cellulose materials was reviewed, covering the classification, preparation methods, and application status of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials. The application value of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials in biomedicine, textiles, food packaging, cosmetics and wastewater treatment was summarised. Finally, insights were provided into the developing prospects of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials were provided., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recycling of waste cotton fabrics (WCFs) is a desirable solution to address the problems brought up by fast fashion, but it remains challenging due to inherent limitations in preparing stable and spinnable dopes by dissolving high molecular weight cellulose efficiently and cost effectively. Herein, we show that despite the prevailing concerns of cellulose degradation via glycosidic hydrolysis when dissolved in acids, fast and non-destructive direct dissolution of WCFs in aqueous phosphoric acid (a.q. PA) could be realized using a cyclic freeze-thawing procedure, which combined with subsequent adjustment of degree of polymerization (DP) and degassing yielded stable and spinnable dopes. Regenerated cellulose fibers (RCFs) with favorable tensile strength (414.2 ± 14.3 MPa) and flexibility (15.4 ± 1.5 %) could be obtained by carefully adjusting the coagulation conditions to induce oriented and compact packing of the cellulose chains. The method was shown to be conveniently extended to dissolve reactively dyed WCFs, showing great potential as a cheap and green alternative to heavily explored ionic liquids (ILs) and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)-based systems for textile-to-textile recycling of WCFs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that there are no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Sustainable, durable, and diverse photochromic smart textiles based on bacterial cellulose (BC) have emerged as attractive candidates in UV-sensing applications due to the green and easy functionalization of BC. However, existing BC-based photochromic textiles lack photochromic efficiency and combining fastness. In this study, a green strategy for in situ fermentation is developed to achieve the directional distribution of functional particles and remarkable photochromism in photochromic bacterial cellulose (PBC). The unique functional design obtained by regulating the photochromic dye distribution in 3D nanonetworks of PBCs during in situ growth affords a more uniform distribution and high fastness. Benefiting from the uniform distribution of photochromic dyes and adequate utilization of the 3D network structure, more surface area is provided to receive and utilize the photon energy from the UV rays, making the photochromic process more effective. The as-prepared PBCs exhibited rapid (within 1 min) and stable (30 cycles) discoloration and multicolor selectivity. Their simple preparation process and exceptional wearability, e.g., their flexibility, lightweight, and air permeability, make them suitable for various applications, including tunable color switching systems, photopatterning, and daily sunlight UV monitoring. This study provides empirical value for the biofabrication of photochromic textiles and wearable flexible UV sensors., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Nowadays, various harmful indoor pollutants especially including bacteria and residual formaldehyde (HCHO) seriously threaten human health and reduce the quality of public life. Herein, a universal substrate-independence finishing approach for efficiently solving these hybrid indoor threats is demonstrated, in which amine-quinone network (AQN) was employed as reduction agent to guide in-situ growth of Ag@MnO 2 particles, and also acted as an adhesion interlayer to firmly anchor nanoparticles onto diverse textiles, especially for cotton fabrics. In contrast with traditional hydrothermal or calcine methods, the highly reactive AQN ensures the efficient generation of functional nanoparticles under mild conditions without any additional catalysts. During the AQN-guided reduction, the doping of Ag atoms onto cellulose fiber surface optimized the crystallinity and oxygen vacancy of MnO 2 , providing cotton efficient antibacterial efficiency over 90 % after 30 min of contact, companying with encouraging UV-shielding and indoor HCHO purification properties. Besides, even after 30 cycles of standard washing, the Ag@MnO 2 -decorated textiles can effectively degrade HCHO while well-maintaining their inherent properties. In summary, the presented AQN-mediated strategy of efficiently guiding the deposition of functional particles on fibers has broad application prospects in the green and sustainable functionalization of textiles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not involve any research on human participants or animals. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to prepare biocomposites through the solution casting method followed by compression moulding in which bacterial cellulose (BC) deposited flax fabric (FF) produced through fermentation is coated with minimal amount of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Biocomposites incorporated with 60 % of PLA or PHB (% w/w) show enhanced tensile strength. Cross-sectional morphology showed good superficial interaction of these biopolymers with fibres of FF thereby filling up the gaps present between the fibres. The tensile strength of biocomposites at 60 % PLA and 60 % PHB improved from 37.97 MPa (i.e., BC deposited FF produced in presence of honey) to 67.17 MPa and 56.26 MPa, respectively. Further, 0.25 % of nalidixic acid (NA) (% w/w) and 6 % of oleic acid (OA) (% w/w) incorporation into the biocomposites imparted prolonged antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro cytotoxicity of biocomposites was determined using L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The 3-(4,5-cime- thylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity tests showed that the PHB derived biocomposites along with antibacterial compounds in it were non-toxic. In vitro degradation of biocomposites was measured for up to 8 weeks in the mimicked physiological environment that showed a gradual rate of degradation over the period., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

With the increment in global energy consumption and severe environmental pollution, it is urgently needed to explore green and sustainable materials. Inspired by nature, catechol groups in mussel adhesion proteins have been successively understood and utilized as novel biomimetic materials. In parallel, cellulose presents a wide class of functional materials rating from macro-scale to nano-scale components. The cross-over among both research fields alters the introduction of impressive materials with potential engineering properties, where catechol-containing materials supply a general stage for the functionalization of cellulose or cellulose derivatives. In this review, the role of catechol groups in the modification of cellulose and cellulose derivatives is discussed. A broad variety of advanced applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials, including adhesives, hydrogels, aerogels, membranes, textiles, pulp and papermaking, composites, are presented. Furthermore, some critical remaining challenges and opportunities are studied to mount the way toward the rational purpose and applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Despite considerable interest in medical and pharmaceutical fields, there remains a notable absence of functional textiles that concurrently exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Herein, a new composite fabric constructed using nanostructured bacterial cellulose (BC) covalently-linked with cerium oxide nanoparticles (BC@CeO 2 NPs) is introduced. The synthesis of CeO 2 NPs on the BC is performed via a microwave-assisted, in situ chemical deposition technique, resulting in the formation of mixed valence Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ CeO 2 NPs. This approach ensures the durability of the composite fabric subjected to multiple washing cycles. The Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of CeO 2 NPs and their rapid and efficient eradication of >99% model microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus remain unaltered in the composite. To demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating the fabric in marketable products, antimicrobial face masks are fabricated with filter layers made of BC@CeO 2 NPs cross-linked with propylene or cotton fibers. These masks exhibit complete inhibition of bacterial growth in the three bacterial strains, improved breathability compared to respirator masks and enhanced filtration efficiency compared to single-use surgical face masks. This study provides valuable insights into the development of functional BC@CeO 2 NPs biotextiles in which design can be extended to the fabrication of medical dressings and cosmetic products with combined antibiotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Cotton stalk (CS) is a global agricultural residue, with an annual production of approximately 50 million tons, albeit with limited economic significance. The utilization of cellulose derived from CS has gained significant attention in green nanomaterial technologies. This interest stems from its unique properties, including biocompatibility, low density, minimal thermal expansion, eco-friendliness, renewability, and its potential as an alternative source for chemicals, petroleum, and biofuels. In this review, we delve into various extraction and characterization methods, the physicochemical attributes, recent advancements, and the applications of cellulose extracted from CS. Notably, the steam explosion method has proven to yield the highest cellulose content (82 %) from CS. Moreover, diverse physicochemical properties of cellulose can be obtained through different extraction techniques. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis, for instance, yields nanocrystalline cellulose fibers measuring 10-100 nm in width and 100-850 nm in length. Conversely, the steam explosion method yields cellulose fibers with dimensions of 10.7 μm in width and 1.2 mm in length. CS-derived products, including biochar, aerogel, dye adsorbents, and reinforcement fillers, find applications in various industries, such as environmental remediation and biodegradable packaging. This is primarily due to their ready availability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainable nature., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

With the diversification of people's demand for textile functions, the preparation of multifunctional fabrics is still a current research hotspot. In this study, the water-soluble epoxy compound N 1 , N 6 -bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) hexane-1,6-diamine (EH) was introduced into cellulose macromolecule blended fabrics (cotton/modal) by two-phase vaporization technique, resulting in excellent wrinkle, hydrophobicity, and certain UV protection effects. It could be observed by electron microscopy that EH formed a polymer film on the fiber surface. In addition, the results of EDS scans and fiber swelling rate tests showed that EH was uniformly distributed and formed a cross-linked structure in the amorphous zones inside the fibers. Compared with the control fabrics, the wrinkle recovery angle of the EH-treated fabric was increased by 39.7 %. The fabrics could reach a contact angle of 136.9°, providing excellent hydrophobic effect. In addition, the fabrics achieved certain UV protection effects (UPF of 50+). The EH-treated fabrics were less stabilized in strong acid and alkali conditions, but exhibited greater durability in other environments. In summary, the internal and external synergistic effects of EH in forming polymer films on the fibers surface and internal cross-linking structures provided a cleaner, simple, and feasible method for the preparation of multifunctional cellulose macromolecule fibers textiles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Novel research has been conducted on Aloe vera, focusing on stems fiber (agricultural waste), for the extraction of cellulosic fiber, an area lacking prior scientific exploration. This fiber is being reported for the first time in the scientific community. Aloe barbadensis Miller variety was subjected to various cultivation methods, including the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers, along with the removal of lower leaves to promote stem growth. Stem fibers were extracted using the water retting method and subsequently analyzed. The moisture content was 55.35 % and 6.99 % ash content in the fibers. The bacteriostatic analysis of Aloe vera fibers was assessed against four bacterial strains, with both ethanol and water extracts showing varying degrees of inhibition zones. The UV–Visible spectrum exhibited a distinct λmax at 247 nm in ethanol, while FT-IR analysis provided characteristic peaks at 3759, 1590, 1750, 1663, 1250, 564, SEM images displayed the smooth surface morphology of the fibers, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a high degree of crystallinity (78.67 %), suggesting a well-structured and crystalline nature. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was conducted to determine the elemental composition of the fibers, revealing the presence of carbon, oxygen, calcium, and copper, with carbon being the predominant element in cellulose. These results showed promising properties suggesting potential applications in textile industry as an alternative sustainable natural cellulosic fiber.

The growing textile industry is polluting the environment and producing waste at an alarming rate. The wasteful consumption of fast fashion has made the problem worse. The waste management of textiles has been ineffective. Spurred by the urgency of reducing the environmental footprint of textiles, this review examines advances and challenges to separate important textile constituents such as cotton (which is mostly cellulose), polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), and elastane, also known as spandex (polyurethane), from blended textiles. Once separated, the individual fiber types can meet the demand for sustainable strategies in textile recycling. The concepts of mechanical, chemical, and biological recycling of textiles are introduced first. Blended or mixed textiles pose challenges for mechanical recycling which cannot separate fibers from the blend. However, the separation of fiber blends can be achieved by molecular recycling, i.e., selectively dissolving or depolymerizing specific polymers in the blend. Specifically, the separation of cotton and polyester through dissolution, acidic hydrolysis, acid-catalyzed hydrothermal treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis is discussed here, followed by the separation of elastane from other fibers by selective degradation or dissolution of elastane. The information synthesized and analyzed in this review can assist stakeholders in the textile and waste management sectors in mapping out strategies for achieving sustainable practices and promoting the shift towards a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile-based electrodes are the most important components of wearable and portable supercapacitors. Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have a great potential for the fabrication of high-performance textile supercapacitor electrodes. In this work, rGO was synthesized with the presence of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC dispersions with different rGO/CNC contents were prepared. The plain-woven cotton fabrics were coated by homogenous Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC dispersions (5% wt., 15% wt., 30% wt. and 50% wt. rGO/CNC content) and characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. The electrochemical characterization techniques showed that Ti3C2Tx/rGO/CNC loaded fabric electrodes up to 15 wt.% rGO/CNC content exhibited a high specific capacitance of 501.1 F g−1 at a current density of 0.3 A g−1 with low internal electrode resistance, and a good electrochemical stability. The results also showed that MXene/rGO/CNC based high-performance textile supercapacitor electrodes can be prepared by simple drop-casting method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recyclable yarn has become increasingly significant because of growing environmental consciousness and the necessity to acquire or enhance the qualities of woven materials in the years to come. A cotton yarn's tensile strength, rip strength, and permeability to air were examined to obtain the intended outcomes. The experiment was carried out on specimens with almost identical structures, and the impact of the weaving and various weft materials was evaluated. This endeavor aims to find the right blend or blends of regenerated fibers to substitute 100% cotton garments. The mechanical strength and physiological characteristics of Tencel textiles mixed with other regenerate cellulose yarns were compared to those of 100% cotton to attain the same or possibly superior end qualities. Thus, cotton fibers, viscosity, Tencel, modal, and hemp were used. Standard thread counts of 20 tex were used to make mixed plain woven textiles made of 100% cotton and 50:50 mixes of Tencel with other regenerating materials. The ergonomic qualities, such as air permeability, and mechanical characteristics (tension and tearing assets, pilling, abrasion resistance, and warp- and weft-wise) were assessed. It has been discovered that textiles combined with Tencel perform better than cotton ones. Consequently, it may be said that 100% cotton textiles can be replaced with a Tencel combination, using these regenerating fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wounds infected by resistant microbes have become a cost and health problem worldwide. In modern wound care, healing mechanisms require particular strategies, such as adding natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in a biocompatible biopolymer matrix mimicking extracellular tissue such as cellulose. Here, ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is a promising bioactive as a topical drug loaded in a cellulose‐based composite matrix for skin tissue repair. Ascorbic acid, cellulose, or cellulose composites enriched with ascorbic acid have shown better biocompatibility and biological effects for accelerating wound healing, making them promising as sustainable medical textiles. Future challenges relate to the ideal engineered wound dressing design, raw material toxicity, and 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury pollution, with India ranked as the world's second-largest emitter, poses a critical environmental and public health challenge and underscores the need for rigorous research and effective mitigation strategies. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, and stands out as an excellent choice for mercury ion remediation due to its remarkable adsorption capacity, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and abundant functional groups, enabling efficient Hg(II) ion removal from contaminated water sources. This review paper investigates the compelling potential of nanocellulose as a scavenging tool for Hg(II) ion contamination. The comprehensive examination encompasses the fundamental attributes of nanocellulose, its diverse fabrication techniques, and the innovative development methods of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. The paper further delves into the mechanisms that underlie Hg removal using nanocellulose, as well as the integration of nanocellulose in Hg detection methodologies, and also acknowledges the substantial challenges that lie ahead. This review aims to pave the way for sustainable solutions in mitigating Hg contamination using nanocellulose-based nanocomposites to address the global context of this environmental concern., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

[Display omitted] • Conductive cellulose yarns were fabricated using continuous dip-coating based on spinning from ionic liquid solution. • Uniform and interwelded AgNW networks were embedded on the surfaces of cellulose yarns. • The AgNW network and passivation layer provide superior performance to the conductive yarns. Electronic textiles are critical for wearable electronics and real-time health care monitoring. The use of cellulose fibers with conductive components to construct optimized materials for enhanced performance remains an ongoing mission. We report the use of continuous dip-coating of hydrogel fibers to fabricate conductive cellulose yarns (CCYs). Uniform, interwelded and compact silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are embedded on the surfaces of the cellulose yarns, after which a PEDOT:PSS passivation layer is applied to ensure the reliability and practicality of the CCYs. This unique AgNW network provids high electrical conductivity of the CCYs, high strain sensitivities and good Joule heating. Wearable fabric devices embroidered with CCYs exhibit superior performance in strain sensing and electrothermal insulation. This CCY realizes the organic combination of manufacturing, practicability and functionality in sustainable E-textiles. The CCY has the potential to enable scalable manufacturing of low-cost wearable sensors integrated into everyday clothes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black textile filaments having good mechanical strength and low water absorbency were spun from carboxymethylated cellulose cross-linked with amine functionalized carboxylated carbon nanotubes (afc-CNT). Incorporating 1 wt.% afc-CNT by crosslinking resulted in filaments with increased mechanical strength (tenacity ~ 1.2 cN/dtex) and a lower water absorbency (water absorbency ~ 0.62 g water/g fiber). The fabricated cellulosic textile filaments also demonstrated antibacterial activity and UV protection capability due to incorporation of afc-CNT. Excellent level of color fastness was achieved for the composite textile filaments because of a chemical bond formation between carboxymethylated cellulose and afc-CNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of physical fields on extraction of sodium hydroxide from cellulose fibrous materials were studied. Data on the equilibrium during sorption and desorption of sodium hydroxide by cotton cloth were analyzed. The choice of physical field as enhancer was justified. The kinetic coefficients in extraction with various enhancing effects were shown to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to enhance the aqua-jet/spunlace cellulose nonwoven fabric by deposition of copper coating by magnetron sputtering technology. Plasma technology facilitated the efficient distribution of copper particles on the surface of the cellulose nonwoven fabric, while maintaining free airflow and eliminating the need for additional layers. New cellulose-copper composites exhibit potential in biomedical applications, while minimizing their impact on biological processes such as blood plasma coagulation. Consequently, they can be utilized in the production of dressings, bandages, and other medical products requiring effective protection against bacterial infections. The cellulose-copper composite material was subjected to the physiochemical and biological investigations. The physiochemical analysis included the elemental analysis of composites, their microscopic analysis and the surface properties analysis (specific surface area and total pore volume). The biological investigations consisted of biochemical-hematological tests including the evaluation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and pro-thrombin time. Biodegradable materials based on cellulose nonwoven fabrics with the addition of copper offer a promising alternative to conventional materials. Their innovative properties, coupled with environmental friendliness and minimal impact on biological processes, offer vast application possibilities in healthcare and the production of hygiene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyocell fiber, hailed as the "verdant filament of the 21st century," boasts elevated tensile strength, environmentally conscientious production practices, and innate biodegradability. Nonetheless, its intrinsic combustibility constitutes a noteworthy impediment to its pervasive utilization across textile and industrial domains. In a concerted effort to surmount this challenge, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) underwent modification through the infusion of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) molecules, amplifying its dispersibility within lyocell solutions. The resultant NMMO‐coated ammonium polyphosphate (NAPP) underwent meticulous characterization of both its structure and properties. Remarkably, lyocell fiber impregnated with 30% NAPP exhibited exemplary flame retardancy, enduring through 30 laundering cycles. Notably, its tensile strength remained notably robust at 139 MPa, demonstrating a mere 6.1% reduction in comparison to its pristine lyocell counterpart. This study delineates a promising trajectory for the fabrication of mechanically resilient lyocell fibers endowed with commendable flame‐retardant attributes. Highlights: The raw material is waste cotton textiles, prepared on a green basis.The use of ultrasonic mixing and low‐speed stirring defoaming method and the use of room temperature spinning advantage of the production of flame retardant lyocell fiber.The amount of flame retardant is small, and the mechanical strength is reduced to a lesser extent.Good flame‐retardant effect and excellent water washing resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing mechanical properties without losing electrical properties is of great importance for the development of advanced electronic textile products and their use in different areas. In this study, a cost-effective and facile preparation of MXene/cellulose nanocrystal-coated cotton fabrics by drop-casting was carried out to investigate electrical and mechanical properties of plain woven cotton fabrics. MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and cellulose nanocrystal dispersions of MXene (5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% cellulose nanocrystal content) were applied to cotton fabrics, and the coated fabrics were characterized in terms of their morphological and structural properties for their suitability for wearable electronics. The surface resistivity and mechanical properties were also determined to evaluate the effectiveness of coating. Ti3C2Tx/cellulose nanocrystal dispersions are suitable to obtain a low electrical resistivity (186.4 Ω/sq) in cotton fabrics. The results also showed that increasing cellulose nanocrystal content results in a more stable coating layer on the cotton fabric and a high tensile (63.2 MPa) and elongation at break values are obtained (30.2%) as a result of that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton textile is very comfortable to wear, and also provides an ideal environment for bacterial propagation, easily causing harm to human health. In order to address this issue, various antibacterial techniques are employed for cotton finishing. However, some processes are complex and involve the use of environmentally unfriendly chemicals. In this work, a durable and efficient antibacterial cotton fabric was prepared via grafting of an amino-compound containing dynamic disulfide bonds, and then in-situ deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Briefly, the reactive α-lipoic acid-modified polyethyleneimine (mPEI) was introduced to the cotton fibers via thiol-ene click reaction. Subsequently, the amino groups and dynamically-generated sulfhydryl groups in the mPEI molecules were used to initiate the ultrafast reduction of silver ions without the participation of additional reductant, constructing a stable antibacterial layer on fiber surface. The results reveal that the amino and thiol groups of mPEI could form coordination bonds with the deposited silver nanoparticles, and the antibacterial ability of AgNP@cotton- g -mPEI fabric remains at a high level even after 20 washing cycles. After 30 min of contact with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the antibacterial rates against both bacteria reached 99.99 %. Meanwhile, the network matrix constructed by the recombination of the dynamic disulfide bonds in mPEI endows the cotton fabric with detectable wrinkle resistance and encouraging anti-ultraviolet effect. The present work provides a novel alternative for preparation of durable and efficient antibacterial textiles. [Display omitted] • A high reactive matrix layer on cellulose fibers was constructed via grafting lipoic acid-modified amino-compound. • Nanosilver deposition was well regulated by the grafted dynamic disulfide bonds on fiber surfaces. • Reconstruction of disulfide bonds realized the fixation of nanosilver on the surface of cotton textile. • The modified textile achieves durable antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet abilities while retaining its inherent property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cotton, polyester, and blends thereof are self-extinguished by a single polyelectrolyte complex. • Intumescence is observed on natural, synthetic, and blended fabrics. • Char yield, heat release, and volatile emission are improved for each textile. Inhibiting the flammability of natural, synthetic, and blended textiles with a single treatment is challenging because of differing fiber properties and chemistries. Intumescent surface treatments that promote char formation can be applied in the form of a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) containing nitrogen and phosphorus compounds that combat burning in both the condensed and gas phase. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium phosphate) (PSP) comprise a PEC that reduces the flammability of cotton, polyester, and polyester/cotton (PECO). The incorporation of melamine renders each substrate self-extinguishing. The degradation of PAH is seen to differ between substrates, with gas phase degradation being more prevalent on polyester and heterocyclization occurring on cellulose. Quantitatively, cotton flammability is reduced more than that of polyester, but significant improvements are made to the char yield, heat release, and volatile emission for all fabric types. This water-based coating is rapidly applied in two steps for fire protection. These results demonstrate the versatility of PEC coatings as environmentally-benign fire protection for a variety of chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its exceptional sensitivity and conductivity, flexible wearable sensors have received a lot of interest recently in the fields of human health monitoring and motion detection. In this work, a superhydrophobic and extremely permeable pressure sensor using multilayer hydroentanglement cellulose non-woven fabrics modified with carbon nanotubes was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted modification and impregnation. The sensor has high sensitivity (11.78 kPa-1 in 0-5.20 kPa and 0.058 kPa-1 in 5.20-210 kPa), fast response time (49 ms), ultra-wide pressure detection range (0–210 kPa), excellent air permeability (688 mm/s) and long-term reliability. With a 155° water contact angle, it also exhibits exceptional superhydrophobic characteristics, providing an outstanding self-cleaning effect. Importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to monitor weak movements (pulse, voice recognition) and joint movements in real-time, which has paved the way for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis. In addition, using the superhydrophobicity and sensitivity of the sensor, it can be connected to a mobile phone via Bluetooth for remote real-time monitoring and applied to drowning alarm monitoring in underwater environments, showing great promise in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polyamidoamine (PAA) coatings protect cotton fabrics from photo-oxidation. • Upon UV-irradiation, α-amino acid derived-polyamidoamines act as radical scavengers. • PAA ability to interfere with radical propagation is due to the tert-amine groups. • Only the glutamic-acid based PAA showed structural changes after photoaging. Four water-soluble α-amino acid-derived polyamidoamines (PAAs) obtained by reacting N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide with glycine, leucine, arginine and glutamic acid were studied as photostabilizers of cotton. Untreated and PAA-treated cotton strips with 10 % PAA add-on underwent accelerated photoaging by UV irradiation in air at temperature from 25 to 50°C and 30 % relative humidity. Irradiation was applied in consecutive 4 h cycles, after each of which samples were analyzed by different techniques. After 30 h irradiation, the whiteness index and colorimetric parameters indicated significant yellowing of cotton, which became slightly more intense after 100 h irradiation. On irradiation, PAA-treated samples showed only slow decrease in whiteness and increase in yellowing. After 100 h, yellowing achieved significantly lower levels than in untreated cotton. In no case did the infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy reveal detectable structural and morphological alterations, even after 100 h of UV exposure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed only little changes of thermograms following photoaging. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed slight deformation of the cellulose crystalline structure following both PAA treatment and UV irradiation. Finally, the PAA coatings were extracted from the cotton strips and analyzed by 1H-NMR analysis. Only the glutamic acid-derived PAA showed detectable structural changes that did not involve the main chain. The FT-IR spectra and white indexes of the washed cotton strips did not differ from those of untreated cotton. Overall, it was proven that α-amino acid-derived PAAs protect cotton from photo-oxidation. Their performance was attributed to the radical scavenging ability of tert-amine groups present in their repeat units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inkjet printing of cotton fabric is considered a cleaner, efficient and revolutionary technology in textile coloration industry. However, due to the good hydrophilicity of cotton fibers, ink droplet spreading was difficult to be prevented, causing the problems of poor image resolution, low dye utilization efficiency and reduced product quality. Hence, in this study, cellulose-based coatings were fabricated on the cotton surface to adjust the surface hydrophilicity and prevent ink droplet spreading. Results showed that, cellulose derivatives like hydroxypropyl cellulose (CMHPC) and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) could form continuous and uniform cellulose film coatings on fiber surface. Because there are fewer hydrophilic side groups in HEMC structure, the hydrophilicity of cotton fabric and the ink spreading was effectively controlled. From microscope observation, the spreading lengths of a single droplet were significantly decreased by HEMC from 276.27 to 66.95 μm. The K/S values representing color depth were improved from 9.44 to 19.41. Furthermore, industrial application was conducted to verify the laboratory results, showing that higher image quality was obtained in practical application using HEMC. This work provides a more potential and greener application of cellulose-based coatings to promote the development of textile inkjet printing. • An efficient method to improve the inkjet printing quality of cotton fabrics was proposed. • The diffusion and penetration of ink droplets on fabrics are effectively controlled. • Cellulose derivatives are cheap and come from a wide range of sources. • This method can be applied to industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical fabrics and gauze are some of the most utilized functional fabrics. In this study, an appropriate wound dressing for quick wound healing is produced utilizing natural materials that are compatible with human skin. Because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxic characteristics, gum tragacanth demonstrates a wide range of applications in a variety of sectors, including healthcare, pharmaceutical, and other fields. Chamomile extract is chosen from a variety of extracts and essences for this study. In situ composition of materials and plant extract are employed on cotton fabric. The optimal sample, which contains 0.5 w% gum tragacanth, 0.5 w% alginate, and 0.5 w% bacterial cellulose, has the best antibacterial features while being biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flame retardancy in various materials is becoming an increasingly important performance feature. In the textile industries, fire‐related problems have become an important concern over the decade. Herein, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and graphene‐supported material were functionalized with trimethyl phosphate (TMP) for the synthesis of flame retardant (FR) composite material [graphene polymer functionalized trimethyl phosphate (GPTMP)] in the aqueous medium, which improves the stability of cotton fabric against flame. Graphene and PVA fabricated with phosphorus functional groups make the fabric more comfortable against fire and help to avoid further spreading of fire. The composite‐coated fabric sustains for a long time on continuous flame with maintaining its initial shape and size. The GPTMP‐coated fabric shows flame retardancy for up to 540 s on constant flame exposure, whereas control samples such as PVA‐, graphene oxide‐, and TMP‐coated fabrics resist for up to 15, 20, and 14 s, respectively. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical flammability test (VFT) for synthesized composites were performed to confirm and support the flame retardancy property of GPTMP. The GPTMP shows the 35% LOI value and forms the char length of 2.6 cm during VFT. This work provides a simple and eco‐friendly method to obtain novel GPTMP, which has a high potential as a FR for different fabrics, including cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of cellulose-based adsorbents were prepared using cellulose-based waste cotton fabrics as raw materials through first swelling treatment to loosen the cotton fabrics and expose the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose, followed by loading polyethyleneimine (PEI) onto the swollen cellulose substrate through a cross-linking reaction. Amino Black 10B (AB10B) was used to simulate dye wastewater to evaluate the adsorption properties. In this study, the effects of different swelling methods (concentrated alkali, alkali urea and PEI) on PEI loading capacity and the performance of cellulose-based adsorbents were systematically investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent prepared by PEI swelling treatment had better adsorption properties. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of PEI dosage. Meanwhile, the adsorption performance of the adsorbent was positively correlated with the molecular weight of PEI. The removal rate of AB10B dye wastewater (100 mg/L) by the cellulose-based adsorbent prepared with PEI molecular weight of 10 000 could reach 99.63% within 2 h when the dosage was 1 g/L. The adsorption isotherm of adsorbent for AB10B dye wastewater was more in line with the Langmuir adsorption, and the adsorption kinetic model conformed to the quasi-second-order reaction model, which proved that the adsorption process belonged to chemical monolayer adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry has caused significant pollution and resource consumption. To address the issue of textile waste, it is crucial to effectively recycle most common natural fiber - cotton. However, current methods face limitations in terms of cost and efficiency. In this study, we developed a weldable and programmable humidity-actuated regenerated cellulose (RC) film based on discoloration, dissolution, regeneration, and vacuum filtration of cotton textiles waste. Therein, the dissolution of cotton waste by phosphoric acid (PA) offers advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and mild dissolution conditions. Especially, we proposed a water-assisted welding process to connect independent films, allowing for the design of a smart cuff with adjustable flaps showing the potential for improved thermal-moisture comfort. Furthermore, inspired by Chinese calligraphy, a hydrophobicity programming strategy is introduced, facilitating diverse actuation and the creation of an information encryption device. Overall, this work shows promise for efficient, cost-effective recycling and intelligent application of cotton textiles waste. The proposed water-assisted welding and calligraphy-inspired programming would pave the way to advance multiscale, adaptive, and intelligent actuation of cellulose materials. [Display omitted] • Waste cotton fabric were recycled by decolorizing and phosphoric acid dissolution. • Regenerated cellulose film has rapid and stable humidity-actuation behavior. • The welding cuff can be used in thermal-moisture management of human body. • Calligraphy-inspired programming enables diverse actuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]