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CuS nanostructures with high surface areas were produced through a hydrothermal method using simple materials. These included pure CuS, as well as CuS doped with Fe, Ag, and Mn, as well as dual-doped with Fe/Mn and Ag/Mn. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM), chemical composition (EDX) analysis, zeta potential, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra, and compositional chemicals (FTIR) have been used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. The XRD patterns indicate that the CuS is in hexagonal covellite polycrystalline phases with estimated crystalline sizes of 25.14–14.25 nm. The optical measurements showed that the band gaps ranged from 3.19 to 2.24 eV. The inhibitory effects of pristine CuS, as well as CuS doping with Fe, Ag, and Mn and dual-doping with (Fe/Mn, Ag/Mn), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, were evaluated using the inhibition zone method. All samples exhibited robust antibacterial activity against all strains. The highest level of inhibition against all strains was observed with a concentration of 4 mg/ml of copper sulfide. Out of all the tested samples, (Ag/Mn) dual-doped copper sulfide showed the highest antibacterial activity against both negative-gram and positive-gram bacteria. Hence, (Ag/Mn) dual-doped copper sulfide might be applied as an antibacterial agent with antibiotics to kill and prevent resistance bacterial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) derived from W. bifurcata fruit peel extract. ZnONPs are frequently synthesized utilizing a green technique that is both cost-effective and ecologically friendly. ZnONPs were characterized utilizing analytical techniques. Ultra Violet visible (UV-Vis) spectra showed peaks at 364 nm, confirming the production of ZnONPs. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis indicated that the nanoparticles generated were spherical/agglomerated, with diameters ranging from 11 to 25 nm. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the particular functional groups responsible for the nanoparticles' reduction, stabilization, and capping. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed that flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and resins were present. The antibacterial activity of W. bifurcata synthesised nanoparticles was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria. The ZnONPs antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed against prostate cancer PC3 cells. The wound healing potential was assessed by employing in vitro scratch assay and in vivo excision model in Wistar rats. Because of its environmentally benign production, low toxicity, and biocompatibility, ZnONPs exhibited potential antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound healing activities, indicating that they could be used in cancer treatment and wound management. Further study is required to examine the fundamental mechanisms and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the test sample in clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials based on metal oxides, especially Cu2O, have received much attention in recent years due to the many unique properties of the surface plasmon resonance they provide. The report presented the co‐precipitation method, a simple preparation method to produce Cu2O oxide particles. In addition, to improve the unique antibacterial properties of Cu2O, a proposed method is to attach Ag nanoparticles to the surface of Cu2O particles. The Cu2O and Cu2O−Ag particles were synthesized based on redox reactions using ascorbic acid (LAA) as a reducing agent. Moreover, in this experiment, two surfactants, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were added during the manufacturing process to create particle samples and particle combinations with better properties than the original sample. Changes in the characteristics and properties of particle samples are determined by many different physical and chemical methods such as ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), infrared spectroscopy (IR), noise X‐ray radiation (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, the activity against bacteria, including E. coli and S. aureus, was also tested using the agar well diffusion method to determine the zone of inhibition. The results improved the particle size value, which decreased by half to 200 nm when two additional surfactants, PEG and SDS, were added. In addition, the antibacterial ability has also been shown to increase significantly when the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone increased significantly, reaching values of 20 mm (Cu2O/Ag/SDS) and 32 mm (Cu2O/Ag/PEG) for the E. coli bacterial strain. The initial test sample was only about 14 mm in size. The S. aureus bacterial strain also had a similar improvement trend after adding Ag to the Cu2O surface with the appearance of two surfactants, SDS and PEG. The inhibition zone diameter values reached the optimal value at 36 mm in the Cu2O/Ag/PEG particle combination sample compared to only the initial 26 mm in the Cu2O particle sample. Finally, the particle samples are added to the acrylic emulsion paint film to evaluate the changes. Positive results were obtained, such as improvement in adhesion (1.22 MPa), relative hardness (240/425), and sand drop resistance (100 L/mil) in the Cu2O/Ag/PEG particle combination sample, which showed the correctness and accuracy of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of traditional chitosan, nano chitosan, and chitosan nanocomposites for consolidating aged papyrus samples. Cellulose-based materials, such as papyrus sheets and paper, which are the most common types of writing supports for works of art in many museums and archive. They are subjected to different types of deterioration factors that may lead to many conservation problems. Consolidation treatment is one of the most common conservation treatments, which should have perform after much testing to select the appropriate consolidants. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper aims to evaluate the resistance of traditional chitosan, nanochitosan and chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite as an eco-friendly papyrus strengthening. Untreated and treated papyrus was thermally aged and characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity of the papyrus specimens was also determined against four tested pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Findings: The results revealed that chitosan nanocomposite showed a remarkable enhancement of papyrus tensile properties and presence of ZnO prevents the effects of biodeterioration. Originality/value: Zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance the optical properties and increase the chemical reactions between the consolidating material and the treated papyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at investigating the idea of anti‐bacterial self‐healing coatings based on polyurea formaldehyde microcapsules (MCs), with the repair agent being ZnO‐containing linseed oil. ZnO nanoparticles were added to the repair agent with the idea of developing an antibacterial coating. The idea was to entrap some ZnO nanoparticles inside microcapsules, aiming for some local release of ZnO nanoparticles where the coating is damaged. The corrosion resistances of the coatings were studied using the Tafel polarization test. The structure of the coating samples was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. To check the antibacterial properties of ZnO‐containing self‐healing samples, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used. Results showed that ZnO nanoparticles were distributed not only inside microcapsules but also over the walls, inferring that overall protection can also be attained in addition to local anti‐bacterial performance. Results showed that the proposed multi‐functional coating has promising antibacterial and self‐healing responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the properties of B. griseipurpureus Corner concerning its efficacy against various bacterial strains and its antioxidant capacity, along with its phytochemical composition. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, revealing pronounced efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, particularly noteworthy against E. coli ESBL182, known for its antibiotic resistance. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract against E. coli ESBL182 were determined to be 75 and 300 mg/ml, respectively. The extract exhibited bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting cell growth, leading to a reduction in optical density at 600 nm. Additionally, examination of the supernatant from untreated and treated E. coli ESBL182 cells with B. griseipurpureus Corner extract indicated absorbance values of 0.088 and 0.248 at 260 nm, and 0.045 and 0.286 at 280 nm, respectively. Further investigation utilizing a scanning electron microscope revealed alterations in the morphology of treated cells, which displayed elongation and fragmentation, in contrast to untreated cells. The DPPH assay indicated that the IC50 of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 31.22 mg/ml. The IC50 value obtained from the ABTS assay was 47.31 mg/ml. Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed that the concentration of ascorbic acid equivalent in B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 1.06 mg/g crude extract. Phytochemical analysis, conducted using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 750 nm and 510 nm, respectively, indicated phenolic and flavonoid contents of 0.22 mg gallic acid/g fresh weight and 3.23 mg quercetin/g fresh weight in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting and treating intracellular pathogen infections has been long-standing challenge, particularly in light of the escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Herein, an optimum formulation of alginate (AL)-coated niosome-based carriers for delivery of herbal extract Gingerol (Gin) was developed to treat intracellular pathogen infections and cancer cells. We used Gin-Nio@AL as a model drug to assess its efficacy against Gram-negative/positive bacteria and breast cancer cell lines. Our investigation affirmed its heightened antibacterial and anticancer properties. The antibacterial activity of Gin-Nio@AL against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was also tested. In the current study, the niosome nanoparticles containing herbal extract Gingerol were optimized regarding lipid content and Surfactant per Cholesterol molar ratio. The developed formulation provided potential advantages, such as smooth globular surface morphology, small diameter (240.68 nm), pH-sensitive sustained release, and high entrapment efficiency (94.85 %). The release rate of Gin from AL-coated niosomes (Gin-Nio@AL) in physiological and acidic pH is lower than uncoated nanoparticles (Gin-Nio). Besides, the release rate of Gin from niosomal formulations increased in acidic pH. The Gin-Nio@AL demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and compared to Gin-Nio, the MIC values decreased to 7.82 ± 0.00 and 1.95 ± 0.00 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the time-kill assay results showed that the developed formulation significantly reduced the number of bacteria in both strains compared to other tested groups. The microtiter data and scanning electron microscope micrography showed that Gin-Nio@AL has a more significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation than Gin-Nio and Gin. The cell cytotoxicity evaluation showed that Gin-Nio@AL reduced the survival rate of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells to 52.4 % and 45.2 % after 48 h and 72 h, respectively. The elimination of intracellular pathogens was investigated through a breast cancer cell infection in an in vitro model. Gin-Nio@AL exhibited an enhanced and sustained intracellular antibacterial activity against pathogens-infected breast cancer cells compared to other tested formulations. Overall, Gin-Nio@AL enables the triggered release and targeting of intra-extra cellular bacteria and cancer cells and provides a novel and promising candidate for treating intracellular pathogen infections and cancer cells. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is an anaerobic and gram-positive bacterium involved in the pathogenesis and inflammation of acne vulgaris. This study particularly focuses on the antimicrobial effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LPH01 against P. acnes , a bacterium that causes acne vulgaris. Fifty-seven Lactobacillus strains were tested for their ability to inhibit P. acnes growth employing the Oxford Cup and double dilution methods. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. paracasei LPH01 demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect, with an inhibition zone diameter of 24.65 ± 0.27 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Among the CFS, the fraction over 10 kDa (CFS-10) revealed the best antibacterial effect. Confocal laser scanning microscopes and flow cytometry showed that CFS-10 could reduce cell metabolic activity and cell viability and destroy the integrity and permeability of the cell membrane. A scanning electron microscope revealed that bacterial cells exhibited obvious morphological and ultrastructural changes, which further confirmed the damage of CFS-10 to the cell membrane and cell wall. Findings demonstrated that CFS-10 inhibited the conversion of triglycerides, decreased the production of free fatty acids, and down-regulated the extracellular expression of the lipase gene. This study provides a theoretical basis for the metabolite of L. paracasei LPH01 as a potential antibiotic alternative in cosmeceutical skincare products. • MIC of L. paracasei LPH01 CFS was 12.5 mg/mL against P. acnes. • CFS was resistant to heat and acid, and not easily degraded by proteases. • Above 10 kDa CFS (CFS-10) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. • CFS-10 disrupted the cell membrane structure of P. acnes. • CFS-10 significantly inhibited the expression of extracellular lipase gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to enhance the bioactivity and antibacterial characteristics of titanium alloys, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) was employed to create Zn and Sr doped films on Ti6Al4V substrates fabricated by Selective laser melting (SLM). Using an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope, the composition and microstructure of the phases were analyzed, and the bioactivity and antibacterial properties were assessed through experiments involving contact angle measurement, cell viability tests, and plate colony counting. Results indicate elevated process voltages with Sr2+ addition, resulting in increased film thickness and surface roughness slightly. PEO films predominantly exhibit rutile and anatase phases. The films display a characteristic discharge microporous structure with an inner barrier layer and an outer porous layer. Elements doped by PEO are uniformly distributed on the film surface. Ca/P ratio of the films can be altered by modifying the concentration ratio of Sr/(Sr + Zn) in the electrolytes. Optimal corrosion resistance is observed at a concentration ratio of 1/4. Compared to SLM-formed titanium alloy substrates, the hydrophilicity of PEO films improves greatly, and co-doping with Sr and Zn significantly enhances cell viability for preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the PEO film exhibits notable antibacterial properties. • Films with Sr and Zn content formed on Ti6Al4V by plasma electrolytic oxidation. • Enhanced hydrophilicity of the films doped with Sr/Zn compared to the substrate. • The Sr and Zn co-doped film improved cell viability greatly. • The Sr and Zn co-doped film exhibited significant antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve different types of ZnO–Ag nanocomposites were prepared in the present work using thermal decomposition method. Three different types of ZnO nanoparticles were first synthesized using three different methods. Then, Ag nanoparticles were decorated on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of silver acetate (Agac) in diphenyl ether. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were used to characterize the synthesized ZnO–Ag nanocomposites. XRD results confirm the presence of silver nanoparticles in all the ZnO–Ag nanocomposites. FE-SEM and TEM images demonstrate the presence of Ag on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles in the ZnO–Ag nanocomposites. DRS results show characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption due to Ag nanoparticles in the ZnO–Ag nanocomposites. The synthesized ZnO–Ag nanocomposites were explored for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The originality of the present study is that the antibacterial activity of ZnO–Ag nanocomposites, prepared by the thermal decomposition method, has not been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The goal of this study is to synthesize Fe@CdS and S-g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites by using a co-precipitation approach. • An excellent visible-light-driven photocatalyst has been developed consisting of Fe@CdS NPs coupled with 50 % S-g-C 3 N 4. • The results showed that 9 % Fe@CdS with 50 % S-g-C 3 N 4 removes 94 % MB more efficiently. • The results demonstrated that composite synthesis and doping enhanced the antibacterial activity of cadmium sulphide. In the present study, nano-catalysts such as (purified CdS, S-g-C 3 N 4 , 9 %Fe@CdS NPs, and 9 %Fe@CdS with 50 % S-g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites) are created by the co-precipitation method. Thiourea was thermally decomposed to make Graphitic carbon nitride doped with sulphur. A distinct heterostructure emerged between Fe/CdS and Sulfur doped g-C 3 N 4 would result in a greater number of heterojunctions and more active areas to increase photocatalytic breakdown. The characterization techniques that were used include scanning electron microscope, EDX, XRD, Fourier transform Infrared, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The outcomes showed that iron infusion changed CdS's structural makeup. Using MB as a reference dye, the absorbance for photocatalytic oxidation behavior was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Among the doped NPs, 9 percent Fe-doped CdS with 50 % S-doped g-C 3 N 4 removes 94 % Methylene Blue (MB) dye. According to the results, the MB dye color entirely vanished after three hours. Additionally, doped CdS and composite were studied for their antibacterial characteristics. The bactericidal activity of 9 percent Fe-doped CdS with 50 percent SCN was exceptional. The standard (BHA) at the same concentration shows an inhibition value, IC 50 value = 44.2 ± 0.24 μM while for 9 % Fe-doped CdS nanocomposite with SCN, the DPPH scavenging activity was inhibited potently (IC50 value = 59.8.5 0.78 μM). SCN incorporation resulted in increased surface area of the composite and decreased e-/h + pair recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ag@Fe bimetallic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Palmyra sprouts extracts by single-step. • FT-IR, FESEM-EDS, XRD, VSM, TEM, and UV–Vis analysis were applied to the characterization of bimetallic nanoparticles. • The antibacterial activity of Ag@Fe BMNPs showed a significant against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. • Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using Ag@Fe bimetallic nanoparticles was studied. The present study aimed to biomimetic synthesis of silver-iron bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag@Fe BMNPs) was achieved by bio-reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO 3) and Ferric(III) nitrate Fe(NO 3) 3 using Palmyra sprout (PS) extract. The synthesized PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, High-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-TEM), Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The UV–Vis spectra of PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs showed a broad absorption peak at 310 nm and FT-IR represented bioactive functional groups. The results of the XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs. HR-TEM and FE-SEM results prove the spherical shape of PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs and the presence of Ag and Fe peaks at 3.0, 6.4, and 7.2 keV, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency of PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs against malachite green (MG) showed 91.23 % decolorization within 180 min of direct sunlight irradiation. In addition, antibacterial properties of PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs against human bacterial pathogens was evaluated. Hence, the green synthesized PS-Ag@Fe BMNPs were confirmed to be a potential substance for biomedical and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]