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The development of efficient and reliable online assessments has become increasingly important in the digital era. We developed a 10-min online word reading assessment of global English based on the existing paper-and-pencil version of our English silent word reading test. The test includes two parts, namely, random word recognition and contextual word reading. A total of 889 participants (437 children and 392 adults; 62.7% female) took part in the study. They were from various regions including mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Poland, the United States, and the Philippines. Reliability and validity analyses on various demographics samples (by age and country/region of origin) demonstrated that the WordSword Test is highly reliable and valid (e.g., the correlation of this test with other English reading measures were above.80). Education level was positively correlated with test performance, while the correlations between age and test performance were not consistent. Ninety-seven children participants also took the paper-and-pencil version of the WordSword Test. The correlation between performances on the online and paper-and-pencil versions of the test was.879, one year apart. With more children and adults taking the WordSword Test, we ultimately hope to establish norms by area, grade level, and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study examines the prevalence and underlying factors of loneliness among Polish adolescents in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of loneliness experienced by Polish students depending on the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various aspects of life. Material and methods. Utilizing data from a representative sample of over 6,200 students aged 11 to 17, as part of the global Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey for the 2021/2022 school year, the study investigates how the pandemic has affected the lives of young people, particularly in fostering feelings of loneliness. Results. The findings indicate that almost one-third of Polish school students report feeling lonely “often” or “always”. Key factors contributing to this loneliness include gender, age, the level of support from family and peers, as well as the amount of time spent on social media. Notably, the study uncovers that girls are more likely to feel lonely – especially those in secondary school and living in larger cities. There is also a noticeable link between heavy social media usage and heightened loneliness. Conclusions. The pandemic’s toll on mental health, family dynamics, and academic life has emerged as a significant concern. This paper underscores the urgent need for dedicated programs and support mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of the pandemic on the mental health and overall well-being of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the first terrestrial record of millennial-scale palaeo-ice margin oscillations at the southern fringe of the last Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) during the last glacial cycle. The study area is located in northern Poland close to the last FIS maximum limit. The chronology and dynamics of palaeo-ice margin oscillations at the southern fringe of the FIS are based on combined luminescence and 10 Be surface exposure dating. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was used to date sandy deposits (fluvioglacial sediments and aeolian deposits filling fossil periglacial wedges) intercalating basal till layers. The most likely age of the tills was constrained by Bayesian modelling of the sequence of OSL ages and lithostratigraphy. 10 Be surface exposure dating was used on erratic boulders left during the final retreat of the last FIS and resting on the surface of glacial landforms. Our results, which are mainly based on OSL chronology and Bayesian modelling, indicate millennial-scale oscillations of the last FIS in northern Poland between ∼19 and ∼17 ka. The last FIS retreated and re-advanced over a relatively short period of time (2–3 ka), leaving lithostratigraphic records (basal tills) of three ice re-advances over a millennial-scale cycle: 19.2±1.1 , 17.8±0.5 and 16.9±0.5 ka. Despite 10 Be surface exposure ages obtained for 14 erratic boulders being poorly clustered, the main mode of age distribution occurs at ∼18 ka and indicates a possible signal of the ice sheet retreat after one of the re-advances. We explore the dynamics of these oscillations and compare the proposed cycles of the southern FIS advances and retreats with existing patterns of the last deglaciation and millennial-scale fluctuations of the last FIS inferred from marine records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition caused by progressive cutaneous hypomelanosis. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine its epidemiology and clinical aspects. As considerable progress has been made in understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo and its classification as an autoimmune disease, the paper pays particular attention to coexisting autoimmune or atopic diseases. Material and methods: The study included 55 patients attending the Diagnostic and Treatment Center of Skin Diseases in Lodz. Data were collected during outpatient dermatological consultation. Results: The most common type of vitiligo was nonsegmental (85.5%) followed by segmental (12.7%) and unclassified (2.1%). The first skin lesions were mostly located on the hands (45.5%) and face (38.2%). Older patients with higher body mass index tended to demonstrate a higher body surface area. Of the patients, 63.6% demonstrated an autoimmune or atopic comorbidity, the most common of which were type 1 diabetes mellitus (18.2%), psoriasis (16.4%) or Hashimoto's thyroiditis (14.5%). Location on the face was associated with a significantly greater incidence of autoimmune or atopic co-morbidities. Conclusions: A facial location may serve as a predictive factor for other autoimmune or atopic diseases in vitiligo patients. Determining clinical factors in vitiligo patients which could be associated with a higher risk of autoimmune comorbidities may allow for their early diagnosis and suitable treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The conflict of the Russian–Ukrainian War that began on 24 February 2022 has profoundly changed Europe. The primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety, stress, depression, and insomnia among a group of surveyed Poles in the first months after the outbreak of war in 2022. The secondary goal was to analyze potential risk factors for these mental disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted. An anonymous questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed through social media from March 2022 to June 2022. The questionnaire included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and an evaluation of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Results: Overall, 11.26% of 311 participants had depression, 10.29% had anxiety, and 24.12% experienced stress. Further, 62.05% of them declared sleep disturbances, and about 60% of them reported experiencing fears associated with the war. The outcomes of the assessment of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress and sleep disturbance) were associated with following factors: self-reported health status, fear of Russian invasion of Ukraine, and fear of the war extending to Poland. When the results for psychiatric symptoms were categorized into two groups, severe and non-severe, logistic regression analysis was only feasible for the insomnia variable. For this variable, multivariate logistic regression identified key potential factors: age, stress, and fear of Russian invasion of Ukraine. Conclusions: The respondents were found to be highly concerned about the war. In total, almost half of them manifested symptoms of anxiety, depression, and/or stress. Slightly less than two-thirds had sleep disorders. This study confirms that in a crisis situation, mental health screening is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A healthy lifestyle is a key determinant of health, especially for people with chronic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. The health behaviours which contribute to a healthy lifestyle include the following: regular physical activity, preventive examinations, maintaining a proper diet and avoiding the consumption of alcohol or cigarettes. They have a significant impact on the disease process, controlling symptoms and preventing complications. The aim of this study was to examine the health behaviours related to diet, physical activity and prevention among Polish primary health care patients and to identify predictors of health behaviours. For this reason, the standardized Health Behaviour Scale (HBS) questionnaire was used. The study was conducted among 269 patients (including 61.71% women) in primary health care facilities. The mean age of participants was 52.89 years (±17.76). The mean HBS score was 36.93 ± 9.66. A statistically significant association was found between HBS scores and such sociodemographic variables as education (p = 0.0061, r = 0.17), body mass index (p = 0.0018, r = −0.20, β = −0.36) and self-assessed economic status (p = 0.0094, r = 0.16). Women's health behaviours as measured by HBS were significantly better than men's (p < 0.001, β = −6.82). A special focus should be given to the groups manifesting poorer health behaviours (e.g., men, older people and persons with low socioeconomic status) by offering them tailored health-promoting interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the screening approach to the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was subject to emergency simplifications. We aimed at assessing the effectiveness of two of these temporary pandemic protocols—namely the Australian and UK, and to examine the insights they gave into the effectiveness of the more standard WHO-outlined GDM diagnosis protocol. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 432 GDM patients attending the outpatient clinic at the University Hospital of Cracow, Poland throughout 2020. Results: When applying the UK criteria, 272 (63.0%) of 432 GDM cases would be missed. Women with missed-GDM by UK criteria were slightly older, had lower BMI, and had lower use of insulin. The frequency of child perinatal complications was lower in the missed GDM group (7.6% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.042) when compared to the non-missed cases group. When applying the Australian criteria, 86 of 432 (19.9%) GDM cases would be missed. Women with missed-GDM by the Australian criteria had lower BMI and less commonly used insulin than the women not missed. There were no differences in the frequency of child and maternal complications. Conclusions: Modifications proposed from the UK and Australia resulted in varying decreases and delays in GDM diagnoses, but with no apparent harm to mothers and offspring. More studies are required to investigate the impact of the simplification of GDM diagnosis on pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although biobanks have become fundamental to many research centers and contribute to medical development, they generate many ethical and legal issues that may discourage patients from donating. Materials and Methods To understand patients' perception of ethical and legal issues related to biobanks we conducted a survey among 548 Polish patients with cancer. Results While 93.1% of patients with cancer declared themselves willing to donate biospecimens left over after a medical procedure to a biobank, most opted for one-time consent or study-specific consent, blanket consent being less frequently preferred. Many patients believed that future use of previously collected tissues require second contact. Most patients preferred pseudonymization over anonymization of the data, and supported donors' right to withdraw informed consent at any given moment. Finally, while personal health information was the most expected form of compensation for donation, most patients suggested that all parties, including the biobank concerned, the sponsors of the research, and the donors, should own the rights to cancer tissues donated and profit from the biobank research. Patients' opinions on the ethical and legal issues related to biobank research were associated with age, sex, religiosity, education level, and place of residence. Conclusions Since biobanks generate ethical and legal issues related to informed consent, data protection and storage, as well as the sharing of biosamples, tissue ownership, and profit sharing, that may discourage patients from donation, when asking a patient for a donation, healthcare professionals should communicate in a donor-centered manner and address patients' ethical and moral concerns related to donation and offer resources to help manage these concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to show the degree of advancement of pain and social problems of medical employees. Material and methods. The study was conducted in one of the hospitals in Lesser Poland. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1.11.2021 to 31.01.2022. The study group consisted of 106 participants (93 (87.7%) women and 13 (12.3%) men) from hospital wards, emergency ambulance stations, administrative employees and an analytical laboratory. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire in the Polish version – NMQ survey was used to survey employees. The survey was conducted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and respondents were included in the research voluntarily. Results. Pain in the last 7 days was confirmed by 65% of the respondents, in more than 65% of the respondents the pain occurs during rest and sleep. In 64% of the subjects, pain was present on both sides of the body. The greatest pain was related to the lumbar spine in 54% of the respondents. The average pain is almost 5.35 on the Visual Analog Scale – VAS scale. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic may have had a negative impact on the physical and mental condition of medical workers. Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders - WRMSD ailments are common and are a serious, constantly growing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing valid and reliable measures of psychological responses to climate change is of high importance, as this facilitates our understanding of people's psychological responses, including their pro-environmental behavior. Recently, the Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) was introduced. This study aimed to develop the first Polish version of the CCWS and explore its psychometric properties. Our sample comprised 420 Polish adults aged 18–70, with a mean age of 26.20 (standard deviation = 10.61) years. The CCWS's factor structure was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis. McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were computed to assess internal consistency reliability. Pearson correlations between climate change worry (CCW) and experience of climate change (i.e., an individual's level of perception of being affected by climate change), pro-environmental behavior, ill-being (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), and well-being were calculated. Our results support the strong factorial validity of the CCWS, conforming to its intended one-factor solution, with excellent internal consistency reliability for the total scale score (i.e., McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha values of 0.93). We noted large positive correlations between CCW and experiences of climate change, as well as pro-environmental behavior, and medium positive correlations with psychopathology symptoms. CCW scores were not associated with well-being. As the CCWS represents a measure of a specific manifestation of worry, we also examined its discriminant validity against more general psychological distress markers, and it evidenced strong validity in this regard. Overall, the Polish version of the CCWS appears to have strong psychometric properties, and will therefore be a useful tool to use in research on psychological responses to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is a treatment method for patients with chronic respiratory failure. HMV is a challenge for both patients and their caregivers. Some studies have shown a higher risk of depression, job loss, or lifestyle disturbance in family members caring for HMV patients. The purpose of the study was to measure caregiver burden, perceived social support, and coping strategies. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 58 caregivers (65.52% female) of HMV patients treated at five healthcare institutions were surveyed. The questionnaires including patient/caregiver demographic data, the type and duration of MV, the Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), the Social Support Scale (SSS), and the Brief-COPE questionnaire were applied. For statistical analysis, the Mann‒Whitney U test, the Kruskal‒Wallis H test, Dunn's test, and Spearman correlations were used. Results: In the CBS, a high level of burden was observed mainly in the isolation and disappointment subscales. The female caregivers achieved a higher score for general strain than did the male caregivers (p = 0.023). Differences in the distribution of the isolation (p = 0.028) and disappointment (p = 0.03) variables between the financial situation groups were observed. The older the patient, the lower the burden in the domains of isolation (p = 0.015) and disappointment (p = 0.005) was elicited. Invasive MV was associated with greater burdens of general strain (p = 0.005), isolation (p = 0.001), and disappointment (p = 0.001). A medium total SSS score was shown (74.5 ± 7.56). Caregivers used various coping strategies. The most common were planning, acceptance, and active coping. Self-blame and denial were positively related to several CBS subscales, whereas acceptance of difficult situations and positive reframing were related to lower scores. Conclusions: Caregivers most frequently experienced a medium level of burden. Female caregivers were characterized by higher level of burden. Invasive ventilation increased the burden. Respondents who assessed their financial situations as good, had lower burden in the selected subscales. Using some positive coping strategies may reduce the level of burden. Interventions to ensure that caregivers overcome these burdens should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parents of children suffering from congenital heart disease experience high levels of stress and negative emotions. Therefore, recognition of parents' emotional states and their ways of coping with it is becoming more and more important. Methods: The study group consisted of 154 parents of newborns and infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, before and after cardiac surgery (partial or full). To assess parental negative emotions, the level of stress, and strategies of coping with it, standardized questionnaires, such as HADS-M, PSS-10, and COPE, were used. Results: Stress levels in parents were high and associated with negative emotions (anxiety, depression, irritability), as well as the choice of non-constructive coping strategies, which was observed especially in younger parents. Conclusions: Assessing parents' stress levels and ways of coping with stress can improve family functioning and provide better development conditions for the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus that can cause chronic pain, dysmenorrhea, fatigue, and infertility. The aim of this study was to assess diet quality and nutritional knowledge of women with endometriosis. A questionnaire was used to collect data on lifestyle, dietary habits and nutritional knowledge from 90 women. More than 80% of women with endometriosis (82.2%) confirmed that diet and lifestyle are related to the progression of endometriosis. After being diagnosed with endometriosis, 77.3% of respondents reported a change in their dietary habits and made various changes to their diet by increasing or eliminating the consumption of certain foods. The majority declared reducing pro-inflammatory products, increasing anti-inflammatory foods, including the consumption of vegetables and fruits, avoiding white/or red/or processed meat, and avoiding sweets. Nevertheless, diet quality as assessed by the pro-healthy diet index (pHDI-10) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) showed a low intensity of consumption of pro-healthy food (average pHDI-10 value 31.4%; MDS 7.55/14 points, p = 0.0001). Women with endometriosis reported lower than recommended consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and whole grains. A higher percentage of healthy controls had a "good" level of nutritional knowledge than women with endometriosis. The results of our study highlight the need to improve diet quality and nutritional knowledge among women with endometriosis as well as developing targeted dietary recommendations to help improve well-being and reduce the pain symptoms of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a constantly growing problem in contemporary health care. This research attempts to determine risk factors for HAIs in one ward of a university hospital. Materials and methods: The study included 631 inpatients hospitalized between 2017 and 2018 who had been assigned an even number for their medical record when they were admitted, and who gave informed consent to participate in the study. The following were assessed for each patient included in the study: demographic, clinical and anthropometric data; parameters of body composition; biochemical parameters; functional status (e.g., activities of daily living [ADL] and Norton scale scores); nutritional risk score (NRS- 2002); comorbidity scale scores (Charlson Comorbidity Index and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale); and ATLAS scale score. Remote follow-up was conducted by telephone interview after 14, 30, 90, and 365 days. Results: The prevalence of HAIs was 17.9%. The occurrence of HAIs was shown to be more strongly related to iatrogenic factors (e.g., urine bladder catheterization [UBC] or central venous cannulation [CVC]) than to the 'patient-dependent' factors included in commonly used HAI risk scales. The 'Czerniak-score,' which extends the ATLAS score to include comorbidity analysis, the patient's functional status, and the need for CVC or UBC, allows the identification of a significant majority of patients at risk (≥ 3 points) and not at risk (< 3 points) of HAI, with 82.2% sensitivity, 94.02% specificity, a positive predictive value of 74.17%, and a negative predictive value of 95.68%. Conclusions: Holistic HAI risk stratification included in the Czerniak-score can identify the majority of patients at risk (≥ 3 points) of HAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the influence of a diversified diet, changes in the consistency of introduced foods, and the method of meal preparation during infancy on the development of sensitization and/or allergy in toddlers. Introducing more product groups into the diet reduced the risk of allergy at 6 months of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.71; P = 0.015) and at 12 months (aOR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.03-0.57; P = 0.006). Children with allergy and/or sensitization had been introduced to fewer product groups at 6 months (P = 0.003; P < 0.001; P = 0.008) and at 12 months (P = 0.001, P < 0.001; P = 0.001) compared with those without allergy and/or sensitization. Children with allergy and/or sensitization were fed ready-made, ie, purchased, products significantly more often than self-prepared foods compared with children without allergy and/or sensitization (P = 0.001; P = 0.006). Allergic and/or sensitized children tended to be switched to solids later (11 vs 10 months, P = 0.041; P = 0.037) (12 vs 10 months, P = 0.013) than children without sensitization and/or allergy. The earlier introduction of a varied diet reduced the risk of allergy and/or sensitization. Delaying the introduction of solid foods and using ready-made products instead of self-prepared ones increases the risk of allergy in toddlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: this study aimed to assess the physical activity of obese pediatric patients under specialized outpatient care and its potential determinants. (2) Methods: A total of 83 subjects aged 7–18 years with simple obesity and their parents were enrolled. Data were collected with the use of physical activity questionnaires (PAQs) for children and adolescents and additional questions concerning selected socio-demographic characteristics. (3) Results: The mean final PAQ score was 2.09 ± 0.69. The most frequently chosen types of physical activity included walking, gymnastics, and jogging or running. We found a weak correlation inversely proportional between the child's age and mean final PAQ score (r = −0.25; p = 0.02). Younger children were more active during lunchtime at school and after school compared to adolescents (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04). The final PAQ score differed according to the place of residence; the lowest score was obtained by subjects living in cities >100,000 inhabitants (p = 0.025). We found a positive correlation between PAQ-Ch score and the father's physical activity, and between PAQ-A score and the mother's education. (4) Conclusions: The physical activity of obese pediatric patients is low, particularly in adolescents. It seems that age and place of residence have an impact on the physical activity of obese children and adolescents. The PAQs used in this study are useful in physical activity assessment and identification of time segments during the day in which activity might be improved. However, this requires confirmation in a larger group of pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The restrictions introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic were supposed to prevent the spread of infections, but they may have contributed to increased negative emotions. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of negative emotions and sleeping difficulties and their determinants in the adult Polish population. Material and methods: A survey was conducted among 323 adult Poles using an Internet surveying technique, CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). Some of the questions came from standardized forms applied in surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS). The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived emotions was investigated. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between nominal variables (p<0.05). One-dimensional logistic regression was used to determine the effect of demographic variables on perception of negative emotions. Unadjusted models (crude odds ratios) with one dependent variable were used: gender, age, place of residence, marital status, occupational activity, having children, and economic situation due to the pandemic. Results: Most frequently the respondents experienced lowered mood (51.5%), anger, irritation (41.2%), boredom (41.8%), and feelings of loneliness (39.3%). Almost one in four respondents experienced sleeping disorders. This was lower in the group of people who did not experience financial problems due to the pandemic (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). A protective effect of having children on feelings of loneliness (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) and boredom (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8) was observed. Being professionally active reduced the risk of feeling angry (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.7). An increased risk of feeling lonely was associated with female gender (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5-5.2). Conclusions: Most of the respondents experienced negative emotions during the pandemic. Having children and being professionally active had a protective effect against the occurrence of loneliness, boredom or anger. The lack of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic situation was a protective factor against the occurrence of sleep difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pathomechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders includes disruption of sensory channels leading to cognitive-behavioural disorders. Feeding disorders (FED) are defined as unconscious or intentional periods of refusal and/or low food intake. Food intake is selective or accompanied by physiological/psychological inability in the process of food intake. The aim of this study was to assess feeding difficulties, nutritional status, and eating disorders in children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Material and methods: One hundred and forty-one patients of specialist neuropaediatric institutions with diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders were enrolled in the study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were as follows: consent of the patients' parents to conduct the study, age of the child, and diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders. The research tool was a self-administered survey questionnaire including the patients' metric data, type of disorder and its course, nutritional status using Cole's parameter, and feeding behaviour. Results: Eating disorders were present in 26.24%, while FED were present in 74.47% of children with neurodevelopmental disorders -- autism spectrum. The nutritional status of the paediatric population was "at risk of malnutrition" (68.09%). Conclusions: Nutritional status according to the considered guidelines represented normal weight and the risk of malnutrition. Feeding disorders together with eating disorders occurred with diagnoses of neurodevelopmental spectrum disorders. The neuropaediatric group was characterised by feeding and eating disorders (sensory feeding neophobia and pervasive craving disorder) but showed no association with the type of food texture accepted. The range of measured and accepted temperatures and the consumption of foods with specific visual-organoleptic characteristics targeted feeding disorders. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders will require feeding therapy with a sensory diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relevance of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent isolation policy on foreign body aspiration (FBA) or ingestion (FBI) reports among children. Material and methods: A retrospective review of medical records between January 2018 and September 2021 was carried out to identify patients younger than 18 years who were admitted to the Paediatric Surgery and Urology Department, University Hospital in Wrocław, due to suspicion of a foreign body (FB) in their digestive or respiratory system. For each patient: age, sex, hospitalisation time, type of foreign body, its localisation, time and means for removal, and diagnostic approach were assessed. Results: The study group comprised 236 children. The patients were divided into 2 groups including children that were admitted before and after the declaration of the state of pandemics in Poland (20 March 2020), which gives periods of 26 and 20 months, respectively. Those related to general admission number (as a percentage of all admissions) equal an average of 1.92% (of 6300) and 2.03% (of 3802), respectively. This resulted in 122 children before and 114 after the beginning of the pandemic. The age ranges were 6--203 months (median 30) and 8--211 months (median 35), respectively. The most common types of foreign bodies were food, batteries, and coins. The new ones comprised magnetic pieces found in 12 children. Surgical intervention, which mostly included gastroscopy or rigid bronchoscopy, was undertaken in 186 cases -- for the groups, 70 (57.4%) and 69 (60.5%) FBs, respectively, were removed. The assessed success rate was 71.43% and 78.41%, respectively. Conclusions: The pandemic isolation policy seems to have had no major impact on FBI and FBA events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the prevalence of burnout and associated factors among healthcare workers (HCWs) working in a hospital admitting patients with COVID‐19. Background: Burnout among HCWs is related to age, gender and occupation. However, little is known about organisational factors associated with burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design: A cross‐sectional study of 1412 hospital HCWs (748 nurses) was carried out via online survey during the COVID‐19 pandemic between 4 and 19 January 2021. Methods: The Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Human Services Survey, the Checklist Individual Strength questionnaire, the interRAI items covering mental health, the WHO questionnaire items assessing HCWs' preparedness and exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 were used. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to clarify factors associated with emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). This study adheres to the STROBE guidelines. Results: Burnout prevalence varied from 10.0% to 22.0%. Most respondents (83.6%) reported low PA, 22.9% high EE and 18.7% high DP. Nurses and physicians had the highest levels of EE and DP. Staff exposed or uncertain if exposed to contaminated patients' body fluids and materials had higher levels of burnout. Preparedness (training) (b = 1.15; 95%CI 0.26 to 2.05) and adherence to infection prevention and control procedures (b = 1.57; 95%CI 0.67 to 2.47) were associated with higher PA, and accessibility of personal protective equipment (PPE) (b = −1.37; 95%CI ‐2.17 to −0.47) was related to lower EE. HCWs working in wards for patients with COVID‐19 reported lower EE (b = −1.39; 95%CI ‐2.45 to −0.32). HCWs who contracted COVID‐19 reported lower DP (b = −0.71, 95%CI ‐1.30 to −0.12). Conclusions: Organisational factors such as better access to PPE, training, and adherence to infection prevention and control procedures were associated with a lower level of burnout. Relevance to clinical practice: Healthcare managers should promote strategies to reduce burnout among HCWs with regard to preparedness of all staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the attitudes of medical staff contributes to shaping a culture of safety in health care. The aim of this study was the measurement of attitudes of nurses and midwives towards reporting clinical adverse events. Various research tools were used, including the Reporting of Clinical Adverse Events Scale (RoCAES; Polish: P-RoCAES), the Justice Sensitivity Inventory, the Feelings in Moral Situations Scale, the Perceived Stress at Work Scale and the Author's Survey Questionnaire. The cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2022 to April 2023. The study used assessment-based sampling. The study included 745 midwives and nurses working in internal medicine—surgical wards in nine hospitals in a large provincial city in Poland. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA, post hoc test (Fisher's NIR), and r-Spearman correlation test were used. The level of significance (p) did not exceed 0.05. Respondents did not differ in terms of sensitivity to justice, moral feelings, and perceived stress at work, all of which variables were at moderate levels. Respondents' attitudes towards reporting clinical adverse events in the P-RoCAES were positive (surgical nurses 71.10; internal medicine nurses 72.04; midwives 71.26; F(2.741) = 1.14, p = 0.319), especially those with a master's degree, longer work experience and older age. Respondents with a master's degree were most likely to perceive a benefit from reporting adverse events (P-RoCAES subscale) (F(2.737) = 8.45, p = 0.001). The longer employment tenure (F(3.716) = 4.63, p = 0.003) and having a master's degree (F(2.737) = 3.10, p = 0.045) were associated with a higher feeling of guilt among the respondents (P-RoCAES subscale). The longer the participants worked, the more positive their attitude became towards the importance of transparency in procedures (F(2.741) = 3.56, p = 0.029), but the more negative their attitude was towards the benefits of reporting adverse events (P-RoCAES subscale) (r(686) = −0.08, p = 0.037). Individual attitudes of nurses and midwives as well as their age, length of service or education can influence the formation of a culture of safety in health care (including the reporting of clinical adverse events). Attitudes can motivate corrective action, can be reinforced and shaped by educational programs, good quality management and monitoring system solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]