Search

Background: Elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins (=remnants+LDLs [low-density lipoproteins]) are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including peripheral artery disease (PAD) and myocardial infarction. We tested the hypothesis that remnants and LDL both explain part of the increased risk of PAD conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins. For comparison, we also studied the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and myocardial infarction., Methods: apoB, remnant cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured in 93 461 individuals without statin use at baseline from the Copenhagen General Population Study (2003-2015). During up to 15 years of follow-up, 1207 had PAD, 552 had chronic limb-threatening ischemia, and 2022 had myocardial infarction in the Danish National Patient Registry. Remnant and LDL cholesterol were calculated from a standard lipid profile. Remnant and LDL particle counts were additionally measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 25 347 of the individuals. Results were replicated in 302 167 individuals without statin use from the UK Biobank (2004-2010)., Results: In the Copenhagen General Population Study, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for risk of PAD per 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) increment in remnant and LDL cholesterol were 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.4) and 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0-1.2), respectively; corresponding results in the UK Biobank were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4-2.1) and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.9-1.0), respectively. In the association from elevated apoB to increased risk of PAD, remnant and LDL cholesterol explained 73% (32%-100%) and 8% (0%-46%), respectively; corresponding results were 63% (30%-100%) and 0% (0%-33%) for risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and 41% (27%-55%) and 54% (38%-70%) for risk of myocardial infarction; results for remnant and LDL particle counts corroborated these findings., Conclusions: PAD risk conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins was explained mainly by elevated remnants, while myocardial infarction risk was explained by both elevated remnants and LDL., Competing Interests: Disclosures B.G. Nordestgaard reports consultancies and talks sponsored by AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Regeneron, Akcea, Amgen, Kowa, Denka, Amarin, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Esperion, Abbott, Silence Therapeutics, USV, Mankind, Lilly, Arrowhead, and Marea. The other authors report no conflicts.

The PROMINENT trial, a cardiovascular outcome trial of the triglyceride- and remnant cholesterol-lowering agent pemafibrate, has shown neutral results despite reduction in plasma triglycerides and remnant cholesterol. We tested the hypothesis that absolute mass changes in remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B explain the results of the PROMINENT trial. Among 108,431 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS), those who met the key inclusion criteria of the PROMINENT trial were analyzed to mimic the trial design. Endpoint atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) was cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and coronary revascularization as defined in PROMINENT. In the PROMINENT trial, treatment with pemafibrate resulted in -7 mg/dL (−0.18 mmol/L; -18 %) change in remnant cholesterol, +10 mg/dL (+0.26 mmol/L; +12 %) LDL cholesterol, and +5 mg/dL (+0.05 g/L; +5 %) apolipoprotein B. In the CGPS mimicking PROMINENT, the estimated hazard ratios for ASCVD were 0.97 (95 % confidence interval: 0.94–0.99) for a -7 mg/dL (−0.18 mmol/L) change in remnant cholesterol, 1.04 (1.01–1.07) for a +10 mg/dL (+0.26 mmol/L) change in LDL cholesterol, and 1.02 (1.01–1.03) for a +5 mg/dL (+0.05 g/L) change in apolipoprotein B. When combining absolute changes in remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, the estimated hazard ratio for ASCVD was 1.05 (0.96–1.14) in the CGPS mimicking PROMINENT compared to 1.03 (0.91–1.15) in the PROMINENT trial. Absolute mass changes in remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B can explain results of the PROMINENT trial. The 3 mg/dL (0.08 mmol/L) higher total atherogenic cholesterol together with 5 mg/dL (0.05 g/L) higher apolipoprotein B seem to explain the trend toward more ASCVD in the pemafibrate arm. [Display omitted] • Absolute mass changes in remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B can explain results of the PROMINENT trial. • To reduce ASCVD lipid lowering drugs, total atherogenic cholesterol and total number of atherogenic particles need to be reduced. • Understanding the potential for causing ASCVD, lipoproteins should be judged by their absolute mass of cholesterol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]