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The urgent need for sustainable waste management strategies has led to the exploration of innovative approaches for the valorization of waste. In this study, a method is proposed for carbonizing waste biomass materials, particularly paper mill waste sludges (primary and biological) and knots, to produce porous carbonaceous supports. Through an initial hydrothermal carbonization followed by carbonization with nitrogen flow, porous carbon materials are successfully generated. The findings of this investigation validate the successful generation of effective carbonaceous supports utilizing waste biomass materials. These materials are then evaluated for their effectiveness as porous supports in the ionic liquid‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to styrene oxide, achieving a remarkable conversion rate of up to 98% and an impressive selectivity exceeding 99%. Additionally, the results underscore the significant impact of the selected IL on the overall conversion process. Overall, this study presents a promising pathway for the valorization of paper mill waste sludge through the production of porous carbon materials with potential applications in catalysis and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of household waste-derived materials for wastewater treatment has double environmental benefit due to the availability of simultaneous disposal of household waste and wastewater. In this work, we report the facile production of phosphorus-rich carbon from waste paper as a potential adsorbent for the disposal of uranium (VI)-containing nuclear wastewater. A simple phosphoric acid activation-carbonization strategy is developed to effectively transform waste paper into carbon. The phosphorus content of the obtained carbon reaches 8.55 at% and large pores with sizes ranging from 2 to 100 nm are observed. Batch and column adsorption experiments verify that waste paper-derived carbon can efficiently adsorb uranium (VI) from aqueous solution under weakly acidic conditions. The maximum amount of uranium adsorption on the carbon attains 492 mg g−1 at pH 4.6, and adsorption of uranium (VI) on the carbon quickly reaches the equilibrium within 20 minutes. The distribution coefficient of uranium (VI) on waste paper-derived carbon is as high as 128 L g−1. The carbon can be reused for five times with uranium (VI) adsorption efficiencies above 89% and can be used for dynamic adsorption of uranium (VI) in a fix-bed column. Kinetics, thermodynamics and DFT calculations reveal a surface complexation mechanism between uranium (VI) ion and ionized phosphoric acid group. Moreover, to avoid the generation of secondary polluted water during the treatment of uranium-containing nuclear wastewater, a water-saving method is developed for the adsorption preparation and a water-free combustion method is employed for the disposal of uranium-containing spent adsorbent instead of recycling. This study demonstrates the good application potential of household waste-derived materials in wastewater treatment and provides more clues for the amalgamation of multifold subjects. [Display omitted] • The integration of wastes recycling and wastewater treatment. • Facile production of phosphorus-rich carbon from waste paper. • High uranium adsorption efficiency and good selectivity. • Investigation of the mechanism based on DFT calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of waste papers by conversion into valuable carbon materials has received considerable attention for diverse applications such as energy storage and water purification. However, traditional methods for converting waste papers into materials with suitable properties for specific applications are often complex and ineffective, involving consecutive carbonization and activation steps. Herein, we propose a simple one-step microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis for preparing waste paper-derived porous carbons (WPCs) for energy storage and water purification. Through a 30-min synthesis, WPCs with graphitic structure and high specific surface area were successfully produced. The fabricated WPCs exhibited outstanding charge storage capability with a maximum specific capacitance of 237.7 F g−1. Additionally, the WPC demonstrates a high removal efficiency for various dyes, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 95.0% for methylene blue. The developed one-step MW synthesis not only enables the production of porous carbon from waste paper, but also offers a viable approach to address solid waste management challenges while simultaneously yielding valuable materials. [Display omitted] • Waste paper-derived porous carbons were synthesized by one-step microwave synthesis. • Within 30-min MW synthesis, graphitic and high-surface area WPCs were produced. • WPC exhibits outstanding electrochemical capacitance of 237.7 F g−1. • WPC exhibits high removal of various dyes, with maximum of 95.0% for methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: biomass; carbonization; CO2 cycloaddition; ionic liquids; paper mill sludgeUpcycling Waste BiomassIn article number 2300655, Marcileia Zanatta, Marta C. Corvo, and co‐workers show that, by transforming paper industry waste into porous carbonaceous materials, these materials serve as effective supports in the ionic liquid‐catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide, achieving high conversion rates and selectivity..By Mónica Stanton Ribeiro; Maria M. R. A. Lima; Márcia Vilarigues; Marcileia Zanatta and Marta C. CorvoReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Vestnik KazUTB is the property of Kazakh University of Technology & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The corrosion of steel rebars is a prevalent factor leading to the diminished durability of reinforced concrete structures, posing a significant challenge to the safety of structural engineering. To tackle this issue, extensive research has been conducted, yielding a variety of theoretical insights and remedial measures. This review paper offers an exhaustive analysis of the passivation processes and corrosion mechanisms affecting steel rebars in reinforced concrete. It identifies key factors such as chloride ion penetration and concrete carbonization that primarily influence rebar corrosion. Furthermore, this paper discusses a suite of strategies designed to enhance the longevity of reinforced concrete structures. These include improving the concrete protective layer's quality and bolstering the rebars' corrosion resistance. As corrosion testing is essential for evaluating steel rebars' resistance, this paper also details natural and accelerated corrosion testing methods applicable to rebars in concrete environments. Additionally, this paper deeply presents an exploration of the use of X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) technology for analyzing the corrosion byproducts and the interface characteristics of steel bars. Recognizing the close relationship between steel bar corrosion research and microstructural properties, this paper highlights the pivotal role of X-CT in advancing this field of study. In conclusion, this paper synthesizes the current state of knowledge and provides a prospective outlook on future research directions on the corrosion of steel rebars within reinforced concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. This composite is used as an absorber of electromagnetic waves. Because the inference of electromagnetic waves can cause damage to other electronic equipment. In addition, electromagnetic wave radiation can cause various human health problems. The purpose of the research is to obtain a material that is able to absorb electromagnetic waves and increase electrical conductivity, impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. The composite material uses a composition ratio of water hyacinth powder and phenol-formaldehyde of 30:70. The carburization temperatures used were 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C with a heat increase rate of 7 °C/minute. This study used Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), LCR Meter, and vector network analyzer. The results show that the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature can increase the area of the nanostructure, thereby increasing the formation of micropores in the composite. The higher the carbonization temperature, the percentage of Cu and carbon compounds can increase, while the percentage of crystal structure decreases. Impregnation of Cu atoms further strengthens the composite’s absorption of electromagnetic wave radiation. Impregnation of Cu atoms in water hyacinth bio carbon composites at carbonization temperature can increase the electrical conductivity of the composite. The results of this research have potential applications in the electronics industry, batteries, and electrical devices, and can be used to protect devices from electromagnetic interference, especially in telecommunications and the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constant generation of massive data in steel industry offers huge opportunity to enable recognition of phenomena involved and identification of levers for influencing the process towards higher efficiency. Through few illustrative examples from coke-making processes, this paper attempts to show how process visualization and diagnostics through soft sensors has contributed to get to the current level of understanding and quantification. Thinking through basic phenomena and having it visualized and quantified using data has helped get a grip on understanding how raw materials and process conditions influence performance outcomes viz. productivity, efficiency and quality. Various terms have been used to describe the approach—'derived parameters', 'soft sensors' or even empirical models. Further, process performance gets diagnosed faster and sometimes anticipate helps in initiating corrective action through identified control levers. Together they represent an approach which adds on to the efforts of sensor development and analytical modelling to size up performance of coke ovens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-derived carbon materials represents promising electrode materials for supercapacitors owing to wide range of precursor sources, large specific surface area, intrinsic heteroatom doping, and controllable pore structure. Additionally, increasing attention has been garnered for significant role in alleviating environmental problems, enhancing waste utilization, and promoting sustainable energy storage applications. This paper summarizes recent advances of biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors with focus on main sources of biomass precursors, preparation strategies and nanostructure for biomass-derived carbon. Then, the pore structure, specific surface area and electrochemical performance of biomass carbon constructed by different strategies (carbonization method, activation method and heteroatom doping) are elaborated. The effect of nanoscale pore structure on their performance is emphasized. Finally, the development prospects and main challenges of biochar in supercapacitors are proposed. This review would provide valuable insights for future development and efficient utilization of biomass carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide-band gap semiconductor that exceeds other semiconducting materials (except diamond) in electrical, mechanical, chemical, and radiation stability. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabrication of SiC nano films on a Si substrate, which is based on the endotaxial growth of a SiC crystalline phase in a graphite-like carbon (GLC) matrix. GLC films were formed by carbonization of rigid rod polyimide (PI) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films on a Si substrate at 1000 °C in vacuum. After rapid thermal annealing of GLC films at 1100 °C and 1200 °C, new types of heterostructures SiC(10 nm)/GLC(20 nm)/Si(111) and SiC(20 nm)/GLC(15 nm)/SiC(10 nm)/Si(111) were obtained. The SiC top layer was formed due to the Si-containing gas phase present above the surface of GLC film. An advantage of the proposed method of endotaxy is that the SiC crystalline phase is formed within the volume of the GLC film of a thickness predetermined by using PI LB films with different numbers of monolayers for carbonization. This approach allows growing SiC layers close to the 2D state, which is promising for optoelectronics, photovoltaics, spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of decarbonizing the electricity sector in the Dominican Republic, pivotal for addressing climate change and fostering economic growth. Employing the robust-decision making methodology, we studied multiple scenarios via computational models, capturing inputs from stakeholders and evaluating each scenario across 1,000 futures to capture deep uncertainty. Four scenarios were examined: baseline, reference, natural gas, and renewable. The renewable scenario emerged as the most advantageous, proposing the replacement of coal-fired power generation with renewable sources, primarily solar and wind, coupled with batteries. A significant investment, averaging US$3.3 billion, is necessary for this shift toward renewable energy; however, these investments are overcompensated by savings in operational costs. Crucially, this transition promises substantial benefits by 2050: an estimated cumulative average net economic gain of US$2.7 billion, an 8% reduction in average generation costs in 2050, the creation of 160,000 direct jobs, and the avoidance of circa 140 million tons of C02. The findings underscore the feasibility and economic viability of transitioning to a 55% renewable energy generation by 2050. The study offers a critical roadmap for policymakers, highlighting renewable energy expansion, transmission grid strengthening, and strategic coal generation replacement, thus offering a comprehensive blueprint for the nation's energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a proven cost-effective and energy-efficient method for waste management and value-added product recovery. There are, however, several issues that require further improvement or research. Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of HTC in comparison to traditional pyrolysis is crucial for scientists to choose between them or use both (complementary) to achieve specific product properties. Additionally, sharing information on diverse modeling approaches and scales is crucial to enhance the robustness and universality of HTC process models. In addition, the study on the applicability of hydrochars on target applications such as soil amendment is crucial to give back nutrients to soils and face the dependence on finite specific feedstocks in this field. Also, proper management of the process by-products, especially process water, must be addressed to improve the carbon and hydric footprint of the process. Reviewing the suitability of HTC to treat specific challenging wastes, whose strength is not related to their calorific value but to their nutrient composition (i.e., manures), is also an appealing topic for HTC research. This paper aims to tackle the above-mentioned issues through an updated review and discussion of research gaps that require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the utilization of phosphorus-enriched biochar (PBC) has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional stability and surface reactivity. This review systematically summarizes the advancements in research related to the application of PBC as an adsorbent for remediating water contaminated with heavy metals. Initially, the precursors utilized in the production of PBC, encompassing biomass and phosphorus sources, are introduced. Subsequently, the distinct physicochemical properties and adsorption characteristics resulting from phosphorus doping on the biochar surface through various carbonization processes and parameters are elucidated. Additionally, the diverse adsorption mechanisms employed by PBC in removing heavy metals from water are analyzed. Lastly, future research prospects and associated challenges concerning PBC are presented. This paper aims to furnish comprehensive background information for the practical implementation of PBC in the purification of heavy metal-contaminated water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonisation of transport is one of the key aspects in the context of environmental protection. These emissions are particularly noticeable in highly urbanised areas, where the possibility of dispersal of harmful substances is much lower. A way to improve emission factors is the introduction of hydrogen vehicles. Burning hydrogen in engines significantly reduces emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere compared to the combustion of conventional fuels used today. Hydrogen can be obtained by gasifying waste in a steam atmosphere. Electronic waste is a special type of waste characterised by a high degree of commingling, which makes it difficult to treat. The volume of this type of waste is increasing year on year. As a result of this process, we are able to obtain syngas. This gas, after separation processes, can be a source of hydrogen, an energy carrier that could prove crucial in low-carbon energy or transport applications. This paper presents the results of the gasification of electronic waste, the composition of the syngas obtained in the process and an assessment of the potential of this waste treatment technology to power means of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the durability of cement mortar prepared with a recycled-concrete fine powder (RFP) was examined; including the analysis of a variety of aspects, such as the carbonization, sulfate attack and chloride ion erosion resistance. The results indicate that the influence of RFP on these three aspects is different. The carbonization depth after 30 days and the chloride diffusion coefficient of mortar containing 10% RFP decreased by 13.3% and 28.19%. With a further increase in the RFP content, interconnected pores formed between the RFP particles, leading to an acceleration of the penetration rate of CO2 and Cl−. When the RFP content was less than 50%, the corrosion resistance coefficient of the compressive strength of the mortar was 0.84–1.05 after 90 days of sulfate attack. But the expansion and cracking of the mortar was effectively alleviated due to decrease of the gypsum production. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis has confirmed that 10% RFP contributes to the formation of a dense microstructure in the cement mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor interfacial stability and undesirable cycling performance caused by their dramatic volume change hinder the large-scale commercial application of SiOx materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a simple two-step carbonization process is employed to prepare highly pyrrolic-nitrogen-doped carbon modified SiOx anode materials (SiOx@NC). The designed SiOx@NC materials exhibit high electron conductivity and favorable electrochemical kinetics. As expected, the SiOx@NC electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 1003.46 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 500 mA g−1. The NCM622‖‖SiOx@NC full cell also demonstrates excellent cycling stability and rate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a mechanical dispersion method of hydrated lime in a vibrating activator equipped with special blades that operate in a resonant mode. It has been found that during the vibro-activation process, hydrated lime consistently passes through proportionately increasing stages of dynamic viscosity, slowing its growth and ceasing dispersion. A new vibration method for determining the viscosity of the hydrated lime-water system has been developed. The effect of vibration treatment on changes in the dispersion of calcium hydroxide was studied. It has been found that vibration-treated lime, compared to conventional hydrated lime, has new properties: the ability to form durable coatings due to accelerated carbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the discursive and material politics of energy transition, focusing on promotion of Australian industrial regions as 'green hydrogen hubs'. Regions are key spatial imaginaries in transition projects promoted by state-capitalist coalitions. First-to-market investments target regions with suitable infrastructures and workforces, anticipating future decarbonised energy markets. Yet, far from an orderly transition, such projects confront competing regional imaginaries and conflicts across governance scales, with hydrogen's troublesome material limitations precipitating hedging tactics among established energy-intensive firms. Scholars of decarbonisation, 'green capitalism' and energy transitions must pay closer attention to materiality and the complexity of regional contestations and asymmetries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable, posing a serious threat to the water environment and human beings. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a highly efficient adsorbent that is easy to recover and separate for the removal of heavy metals. In this paper, nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon (NC-67) was prepared by carbonization and hydrochloric acid treatment using cobalt-containing MOF (ZIF-67) as precursor. Then, polyaniline (PANI) was grown directly on NC-67 with high specific surface area by in situ polymerization to prepare polyaniline-coated nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon (NC-67@PANI), which was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and VSM, etc. and used for the removal of Cr(VI)from wastewater. The experimental results showed that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) by NC-67@PANI was spontaneous and endothermic, which conformed to the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Due to the synergistic effect of adsorption and reduction, the experimental adsorption capacity of NC-67@PANI for Cr(VI) was 410.2 mg/g. NC-67@PANI maintained a removal efficiency of 65.8% for Cr(VI) after five cycles. In addition, NC-67@PANI had good magnetism and was easy to separate under external magnetic field. The excellent adsorption capacity and easy separation characteristics of NC-67@PANI indicate that it is a promising adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Bayer red mud (RM) and lotus leaf powder (LL) were used as the main materials, and KH2PO4 was added to modify the material. Under the condition of high-temperature carbonization, RMLL was prepared and phosphate modified red mud matrix composite (PRMLL) was prepared based on KH2PO4 modification, which can effectively remove Pb2+ from water. The optimum preparation and application conditions were determined through orthogonal experiment: dosage 0.1g, ratio 1:1, and temperature 600 °C. The effects of pH, dosage, and initial concentration on the adsorption of Pb2+ were studied. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data. It was found that RMLL and PRMLL were more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and chemisorption. Langmuir, Freundlich, Timkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isothermal adsorption models were used to fit the experimental data. It was found that RMLL and PRMLL were more consistent with Langmuir model. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of RMLL and PRMLL was 188.1 mg/g and 213.4 mg/g, respectively. It is larger than the adsorption capacity of their monomers. Therefore, the use of RMLL and PRMLL as the removal of Pb2+ from water is a potential application material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass, the only renewable source of organic carbon, has been widely used and developed as a functional carbon material owing to its low cost and easy accessibility. In this study, a simple and green strategy to prepare an iron catalyst based on waste biomass (litchi shell, LC) as a catalyst carrier is proposed. The Fe/LC composite catalyst was prepared by the one-step carbonization of LC impregnated with iron nitrate to improve its dispersion. During CO2 hydrogenation, the biomass-based carbon material effectively inhibited the oxidation of water on the catalyst. Thus, the stability of the catalyst improved and the formation of olefins was significantly promoted, resulting in excellent catalytic performance. The optimized Fe/LC catalyst exhibited good catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation, and its selectivity for light olefins (C=2–4) was 47 wt% (olefin/alkane molar ratio = 3.1). The characterization results revealed the formation of a graphitic-carbon-anchored Fe3O4 structure during high-temperature carbonization. This structure played a coordinated role with the natural K minerals in LC, effectively improving the CO2-hydrogenation activity of the catalyst and increasing its selectivity for C=2–4 products. The direct use of waste biomass without any chemical pretreatment, purification, or addition of promoters provides a simple design method and synthesis strategy for the low-cost, large-scale preparation of high-performance carbon-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the latest research trends in terms of the preparation, and characteristics of activated carbons regarding CO2 adsorption applications, with a special focus on future investigation paths. The reported current research trends are primarily closely related to the synthesis conditions (carbonization and physical or chemical activation process), to develop the microporosity and surface area, which are the most important factors affecting the effectiveness of adsorption. Furthermore, we emphasized the importance of regeneration techniques as a factor determining the actual technological and economic suitability of a given material for CO2 capture application. Consequently, this work provides a summary and potential directions for the development of activated carbons (AC). We attempt to create a thorough theoretical foundation for activated carbons while also focusing on identifying and specific statements of the most relevant ongoing research scope that might be advantageous to progress and pursue in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising process for the upgrading of wet biomass residues. Models of HTC processes, in particular at continuous pilot-scale, are needed to move HTC from lab-scale to industrial scale. This study presents a process model for mild HTC, dewatering and conversion to intermediate energy carriers (bio-pellets and biogas for power and/or heat production) of three wet biomass residue streams: paper sludge, olive pomace and orange peels, based on lab- and pilot-scale experiments. In addition, the process energy efficiency and feedstock utilization of the HTC process is calculated and compared with conventional treatment options for the chosen residues, i.e., direct anaerobic digestion (olive pomace, orange peels) or combustion after conventional dewatering (paper sludge). The process model indicates that the HTC pilot-scale process is much more efficient in terms of feedstock utilization to produce heat and/or power than the reference scenarios. The process energy efficiency of the HTC process (pilot-scale) was calculated to be 26 %, 63 % and 40 % for paper sludge, olive pomace and orange peel feedstocks, respectively. For all feedstocks, both the solid and liquid-generated products are equally important for improving the overall process energy efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of HTC processes for upgrading wet biomass waste streams based on continuous pilot-scale data. • Hydrothermal carbonization successfully upgraded wet biomass residues for energy. • Hydrothermal carbonization was more efficient for heat/power than reference cases. • Solid and liquid products are both important to improve process energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonization of waste material into functional carbonaceous material is a benign way of utilizing biomass. Herein, we report the decoration of SnS2 nanoparticles on the biochar carbonaceous material using a facile hydrothermal synthetic strategy. The biomass collected from staminate flowers was pyrolyzed to obtain a biochar material containing a hydrophilic surface that creates an efficient environment for the decoration of SnS2 nanoparticles. The SnS2 decoration was thoroughly investigated using state-of-the-art instrumentation techniques. The morphological investigations indicate the formation of flower-shaped SnS2 nanoparticles with a sufficiently exposed surface for effective surface activities. These include the photodegradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye and electrochemical sensing of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. The SnS2@BC composite exhibits superior photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MB. Almost 95% of MB is removed within 60 min of contact time by a collaborative effect of adsorption and sunlight-driven photocatalysis. The removal of MB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high K1 value of ca. 0.013 min−1. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) traces of the SnS2@BC modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) show a decent electrochemical response with limits of detection of ca. 0.28 and 0.55 μM in the case of Pb2+ and Hg2+ respectively. Furthermore, the DFT studies were carried out on a simulated model material and the results were in line with the experimental data. This work provides an economical treatment method for the photodegradation and electrochemical sensing of toxic contaminants present in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy has garnered significant attention due to its high calorific value and minimal environmental impact. However, the high-current electrolysis of water encounters challenges such as insufficient active sites and the disruptive effects from rapidly generated bubbles. In this paper, a small amount of water was introduced to modify the strong coordination ability of metal ions with organic ligands, and prepared 2D Ni MOFs. Subsequently, thin carbon-armed Ni-based catalysts (Ni@TC NPs) were prepared through nickel-assisted low-temperature pyrolysis. Unlike other 3D MOFs, the 2D MOF thin sheets prepared in this work can decompose at low temperatures due to its thin thickness, and the exposed Ni will accelerate the carbonization of surrounding organic groups, resulting in the formation of smaller and uniformly distributed thin carbon-armored Ni@TC NPs at lower temperature. Serving as a Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) electrocatalyst, Ni@TC NPs demonstrate exceptional electrocatalytic performance (low overpotential of 36.6 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and low Tafel slope of 91.06 mV dec−1), and long-term stability (over 50 h at 440 mA cm−2). The electronic modulation between the thin carbon armor and the metal center endows Ni@TC NPs with excellent kinetic performance, while the carbon armor provides protection in alkaline environments. In addition, the small and dense bubbles that quickly escape greatly reduce the bubble shielding and oscillation effects on the electrode surface, enabling Ni@TC NPs to work stably under high currents. This study modified Ni MOFs by adding a small amount of water, creating thin carbon-coated Ni catalysts (Ni@TC NPs) via low-temperature pyrolysis. The electronic synergy between nano-Ni and thin carbon layers enhances their performance and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The quick release of small bubbles minimizes surface disturbances, ensuring stable operation even at high currents. [Display omitted] • Efficient 2D Ni MOFs and thin carbon-armored Ni catalysts synthesized. • Demonstrated remarkable stability in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER), linked to understanding gas bubble behavior. • Emphasized the impact of gas bubble dynamics, even under challenging high-current conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonaceous catalysts obtained from agricultural residue could have potential in the production of biofuels such as biodiesel. This review paper discusses the preparation conditions (temperature, heating rate, hold time, inert gas flow rate, etc play key roles in development of textural characteristics of the catalysts) and functionalization methods of biochar and activated carbon derived from agricultural residues and their application to produce biodiesel. Research works reported in achieving maximum yield of biodiesel in terms of variable precursors, alcohol-to-oil ratio, reaction time and temperatures have been profoundly tabulated. Effect of textural properties of the biochar and activated carbon (such as surface area, total pore volume, average pore size, and functional group attached with the catalyst) on the biodiesel yield are examined. Studies on Regeneration and reusing of the spent catalysts are carefully inspected. The economic evaluation studies for the biochar and activated carbon and the applications of these for biodiesel production are scrutinized. Finally, the strategies to increase biomass and catalyst productivity, future prospect and research directions to enhance biofuel/biodiesel production and for the development of biochar and activated carbon from agricultural residues for sustainable biodiesel production is suggested. [Display omitted] • Preparation methods of biochar & activated carbon (AC) from AR examined. • Reaction conditions and mechanisms for biodiesel synthesis discussed. • Biodiesel yield correlated with surface area, pore volume & pore size of catalysts. • Regeneration & recycling of biochar & AC catalysts discussed for biodiesel yield. • Economic studies for biochar & AC production & application for biodiesel covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key factor restricting the application of biochar in the steel industry is its high-quality upgrading. This paper evaluated the characteristics of hydrochar produced by HTC (hydrothermal carbonization) process of corncob to be used as a solid fuel. HTC temperatures (240–300 °C) and HTC water-reused times (1–3 times) were examined for their effects on hydrochar yield, physicochemical characteristics, and combustion properties. The results showed hydrochar yields, O/C, and H/C parameters decreased as HTC temperature and water-reused times increased, while its high heating value increased. Due to dehydration and decarboxylation, hydrochar showed similar characteristics to those in bituminous coal. The removal efficiency of alkali metal K reached 99% after HTC treatment. Carbonaceous hydrochar had become more compact, orderly, and stable with increasing amounts of aromatic functional groups, C = C, and C = O. Hydrochar, as a biofuel, has higher ignition energy and is more stable than corncob due to its high carbonaceous order degree. To calculate combustion kinetic parameters, the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods were applied. The results revealed that Eα (average activation energy) was quite similar between the two models. HC-300 had an Eα of 262 kJ/mol. HTC could be an efficient way to reutilize corncob biomass into clean biofuels with high calorific value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upgrade of sustainable resource waste into a valuable and beneficial material is an urgent task. The current paper outlines the development of an economical, sustainable, and prolonged adsorbent derived from Sargassum siliquastrum biomass and its use for potent 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) removal. A simple carbonization approach was applied to obtain the highly functionalized carbon structure, which was subsequently transformed into a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent. The magnetic nanoadsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET)-specific surface area, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The characterization results confirm the successful formation of a high specific surface area and a uniform distribution of Fe3O4/NiS NPs grafted activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics was more accurately described via the pseudo-second order model; nevertheless, the isothermal data showed that the Langmuir model was most suitable. The monolayer adsorption capacity for 2,4-D was 208.26 ± 15.75 mg/g at 328 K. The favourability and spontaneity of the adsorption process were demonstrated by thermodynamic studies. The adsorbent displayed exceptional selectivity for 2,4-D and high stability in multi-cycle use. Electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding were all believed to have an impact on the sorbent's robust 2,4-D adsorption. Analyses of real tap and Nile River water samples showed little effect of the sample matrix on 2,4-D adsorption. This study presents an innovative approach for developing highly efficient adsorbent from natural biomass and offers an affordable way to recycle algal waste into beneficial materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar interface evaporation technology has gained significant attention in the field of seawater desalination due to its environmentally friendly and sustainable characteristics. However, the efficient and stable application of solar evaporators still presents challenges in terms of material and structural design. The wood solar evaporator offers a promising solution as it meets the requirements of cost-effectiveness, ease of preparation, and environmental friendliness by utilizing the inherent channel structure of wood for seawater desalination. The paper introduces the structural principle of an Integrated Solar Still-Greenhouse (ISSG) system and highlights the advantages provided by wood solar evaporators within this system, including their unique wood hole structure and excellent thermal insulation performance. Additionally, various common methods for preparing wood solar evaporators are summarized (such as surface carbonization, coating deposition, wrapping, impregnation). Emphasis is placed on discussing the structural design of wood evaporators along with strategies for adjusting their functionality and stability. Finally, this paper addresses challenges faced by wood evaporators while suggesting future development directions that offer novel insights. • The working mechanism of solar interface evaporator is summarized. • The application of wood in solar energy evaporator is described. • The efficient preparation methods of wood solar evaporator are reviewed. • The stability and multifunctional application of wood evaporator are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, heavy metal pollution is a challenge that needs to be solved urgently, and there is a broad prospect for food waste(FW) utilization. In this paper, activated hydrochar (AHC) made from FW according to actual proportion was produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and activated with K2CO3. The effects of the AHC on Cu(II) adsorption were investigated using static adsorption experiments. The results indicated that the sample fabricated at 160°C (FW-160) for 6 h had the best adsorption performance with the maximum adsorption amount of Cu(II) (36.77 mg/g). The oxygenated functional group on the surface of FW-160 was observed. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted the experimental results better, which proved that chemisorption was the main adsorption mechanism, and the surface complexations, including oxygenated functional groups, were the predominant factors in hydrochar(HC) sorption for Cu(II). The adsorption amount of the sample simulating rotten FW with Aspergillus niger (FW-160A) was 24.82 mg/g. Through the HTC process, the rotten FW can be made into heavy metal absorbents which can be stored for long term, and finally realize the reduction of volume and cost of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonization is the main cause of corrosion and decrease in bearing capacity of internal steel bars in concrete structures. Conducting durability assessment and remaining life prediction for existing railway bridges is of great significance for their subsequent maintenance and reinforcement. This paper evaluated the durability of several prestressed concrete beams in experimental railway super large bridges, and tested their concrete strength, carbonization depth, and protective layer thickness. Combined with measured data and durability models, the remaining durability life of the bridge was predicted. The results show that the average strength of prestressed concrete with a service life of 32 years is around 38.5 MPa, and the average carbonization depth is around 10 mm. Compared to the flange and web plates, the actual thickness of the protective layer at the bottom of the beam is relatively small, and the probability of corrosion of the internal steel bars here is higher. The durability model based on in-situ testing and carbonation depth correction indicates that the bottom of the prestressed beam began to experience steel corrosion after 29.5 years of service. Finally, based on the durability criterion of 7% critical steel corrosion rate, the service life of different parts of the prestressed bridge was predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors are the preferred option for supporting renewable energy sources owing to many benefits, including fast charging, long life, high energy and power density, and saving energy. While electrode materials with environmentally friendly preparation, high performance, and low cost are important research directions of supercapacitors. At present, the growing global population and the increasingly pressing issue of environmental pollution have drawn the focus of numerous researchers worldwide to the development and utilization of renewable biomass resources. Lignin, a renewable aromatic polymer, has reserves second only to cellulose in nature. Ten million tonnes of industrial lignin are produced in pulp and paper mills annually, most of which are disposed of as waste or burned for fuel, seriously depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. One practical strategy to accomplish sustainable development is to employ lignin resources to create high-value materials. Based on the high carbon content and rich functional groups of lignin, the lignin-based carbon materials generated after carbonization treatment display specific electrochemical properties as electrode materials. Nevertheless, low electrochemical activity of untreated lignin precludes it from achieving its full potential for application in energy storage. Heteroatom doping is a common modification method that aims to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials by optimizing the structure of the lignin, improving its pore structure and increasing the number of active sites on its surface. This paper aims to establish theoretical foundations for design, preparation, and optimizing the performance of heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon materials, as well as for developing high-value-added lignin materials. The most reported the mechanism of supercapacitors, the doping process involving various types of heteroatoms, and the analysis of how heteroatoms affect the performance of lignin-based carbon materials are also detailed in this review. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry use biomass residues, such as paper sludge and bark as fuel to provide energy for their plants. However, issues such as high-water content or low heating value limit the amount of energy that can be utilized. Processes to improve heat generation include biomass densification, which facilitates transportation and handling and can increase energy yield. However, the technical feasibility of briquetting is a function of the feedstock and preprocessing. This study introduces a novel approach to briquette production from biomass residues by utilizing wet biomass with water as a natural binder, contrasting with conventional methods that require forced drying and/or the addition of binders. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of briquetting both unprocessed biomass and post-hydrothermal carbonization. The study focused on manufacturing briquettes derived from different sources, including bark (Balsam fir), paper sludge, and hydrochar of paper sludge. The feedstock was characterized for ash content and higher heating value. Biomass particle size (range), moisture content (range), process temperature (range), process pressure (range), and process residence time (range) were varied in briquetting experiments to determine conditions to produce high-quality briquettes with minimal energy input. Moisture content as high a 50 wt% in feedstock produced technically feasible briquettes, with appropriate physical-mechanical properties (durability, volumetric expansion and apparent density), and energetic potential (calorific value). The addition of heat (pressing temperature of 150 °C) during the pressing process resulted in briquettes with enhanced physical-mechanical, and energetic properties, surpassing those produced at room temperature. Further tests with additional steps in the production process are required to meet commercialization standards in Canada, but the treatments conducted in this study effectively improved the energy potential of biomass for internal industrial energy gains. • Wet briquettes (20 wt% and 50 wt%) production was technically feasible. • Briquettes with added heat (150 °C) exhibited superior properties. • All biomass briquettes exhibited improved energy potential. • Hydrochar briquettes showed superior energy content and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green chemical reactions by substituting resorcinol with the natural bio-phenolic compound tannin. • Synthesis of a new sustainable Carbon Kraft. • Methodology to reuse Kraft liquor in a circular economy. • A sustainable composite radome design for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). • Electromagnetic design of transparent materials through impedance match theory. The study addresses environmental and commercial challenges posed by weak black liquor (WBL) generated through the Kraft process in the paper industry. WBL, a toxic waste, annually reaches a staggering 1.3 billion tonnes globally. Currently, it is either incinerated for energy production or subjected to costly and complex chemical treatments to extract valuable compounds. Despite efforts to develop a scalable value-added material, the existing methods are inefficient in fully reusing WBL. Here, we report a simple chemical synthesis process that reuses 100 % of WBL without generating any waste materials; even salts recovered during the process might be reintegrated into the industry as chemical byproducts. Furthermore, given the simplicity and efficiency of the proposed synthesis methodology to transform WBL into a novel and sustainable porous carbon material, the carbon Kraft (CK). The process can also be scaled by using the right synthesis proportions and within a circular economy. CK exhibited desirable characteristics with a renewable content of 65 wt%, including a turbostratic graphitic-like structure (48.8 % graphitized), carbon content of 85 wt%, large specific surface area of 234.0 m2∙g−1, nanoporosity of 0.13 cm3∙g−1, and density of 1.92 g∙(cm3)-1. Moreover, CK showed electrical and thermal insulating characteristics, essential for use as fillers for elastomeric composite in electromagnetic transparent radome structures used to protect antennas and radars of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) from harsh environmental effects. Radomes were designed through the electromagnetic impedance match theory of half-wavelength calculations over specific frequencies of 1.3, 10, 15, 20, and 30 GHz. Results showed excellent transmission loss between −0.41 and −1.48 dB, representing 90.8 % and 70.5 % of transmittance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • It provides practical aspects of laser processing to achieve graphene materials. • It covers latest research on direct laser carbonization/graphitization of polymers. • Focusing on one laser processing operation: carbonization/graphitization. • Carbonization can occur at low temperature, unlike high-temperature graphitization. • Beam intensity profile characteristics of lasers are very crucial for processing. In recent years, laser-induced graphene (LIG) and laser-scribed graphene (LSG) have emerged as highly effective methods for graphene fabrication, offering precise control over patterned geometries. These laser-based approaches provide direct synthesis of graphene without the need for catalysts, enabling high-precision patterning of materials with enhanced properties, making ideal components for flexible electronic devices. The procedures show good potential for reduced synthesis costs when compared to alternative methods. This review presents an overview of the latest advancements in direct LIG/LSG formation from carbonaceous precursors, with a specific focus on nanostructured electrode patterning for energy storage (such as supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries) and sensing (including electrochemical sensors and biosensors). A diverse array of lasers has been employed to irradiate various substrates, including polymers like polyimide (PI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), as well as biodegradable and edible materials such as wood, leaves, clothes, paper, and food, to directly generate graphene patterns. Key aspects addressed in this review include electrode designs, laser processing parameters, reduction and growth mechanisms, precursor materials, and processing atmospheres. Finally, the review outlines the main challenges encountered and discusses some of the most promising future directions in LIG/LSG and their application in energy storage and sensing devices. This comprehensive overview aims to shed light on the ongoing advancements and potential breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional carbon electrodes possess low desalination capacity and poor cycling stability, while faraday electrode materials are not economical with limited resource for capacitive deionization (CDI) technology. Therefore, exploring new type of electrode materials with high desalination capacity, low cost and excellent cycle stability is highly desirable. Bentonite (Bent) is an excellent ion-exchange material, with high natural abundance, super stability, but it has low conductivity. In this paper, a nitrogen-doped carbon modified Bent (NC@Bent) was prepared by in-situ polymerization of dopamine on the surface of Bent followed by carbonization. The N,C-modified thin layer on Bent improved the conductivity, boosting the charge transportation and ion diffusion. The NC@Bent was used as ion-adsorption electrode, exhibiting excellent electro-adsorption behavior. In a rocking-chair CDI (RCDI) cell, it delivered an extraordinary desalination capacity of 82 mg g−1 and super cycling stability with 90 % capacity retention in 50 cycles. Finally, the total dissolved salts in the actual groundwater were effectively reduced by using the current RCDI cell, meeting the WHO recommendation for drinking water. In consideration of the unique feature of low-cost and non-toxicity of Bent, this ion-exchange electrode material (NC@Bent) has much potential for drinking-water purification. [Display omitted] • Thin-layer carbon is modified on Bent by dopamine polymerization and carbonization. • The resulting NC@Bent has high conductivity and cation-exchange capacity is retained. • The ion-exchange feature of NC@Bent boosts the desalination performance. • The NC@Bent has superior desalting capacity and cyclic stability in rocking-chair CDI. • The actual groundwater has been successfully purified in RCDI with high TDS removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing nonprecious metal-based heteroatom-doped electrocatalysts with low overpotential for efficient hydrogen production via oxygen evolution reactions presents significant challenges. We fabricated and carbonized an N-doped bimetallic phosphide (CeFeP) in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of a uniform spherical nanoparticle morphology, while structural changes were evidenced in the carbonization step at temperatures of 300 and 700 ℃ by XRD analysis. The synthesized materials were then coated onto carbon paper electrodes in a basic medium, and their performance in the oxygen evolution reaction was evaluated. The results show that the N-doped bimetallic phosphide material carbonized at 700 ℃ has enhanced catalytic activity, as indicated by its low overpotential of 155 mV and Tafel slope of 57 mV/dec, respectively, for a standard current density of 10 mA/cm2. The catalytic performance of the N-doped CeFeP sample was significantly higher than that of undoped CeFeP and the single metal phosphide, thereby indicating it has significant potential for practical applications. [Display omitted] • SEM and TEM reveal uniform spherical morphology, indicating efficient design. • XRD shows spinel structure, critical for electrocatalysis. • N@CeFeP-1 shows low overpotential and Tafel slope of 155 mV and 57 mV/dec. • N@CeFeP-1 has batter activity compare to un-doped CeFeP and single metal phosphide catalysts. • N@CeFeP-1 is a promising catalyst for hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ecca equivalent coal deposits in the Morupule, Mmamabula, and Mabesekwa coalfields exist within the Kalahari Karoo Basin of the Karoo Super Group. Only the Morupule coal has proved its potential for power generation; while, the utilization value of the Mmamabula and Mabesekwa coals is yet to be determined. The current study presents petrographical characteristics of the three seams from each coalfield. Reflected light microscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy was used in the study. The analyses revealed that the Morupule and Mabesekwa coals are rich in inertinite; while, the Mmamabula coal is rich in vitrinite. The vitrinite reflectance indicates that the coal rank stretches between high volatile bituminous B and high volatile bituminous A. The compositions of macerals and coal facies indicate variations in the depositional conditions for the three studied coalfields. The Morupule and Mabesekwa coals were accumulated in a terrestrial bedmont dry forest swamp through fluvial vegetation transportation; while, the Mmamabula coal was deposited in a limnic upper plain wet forest swamp through alluvial vegetation transportation. Hydrological conditions were rheotrophic except in the Mmamabula South, which had ombrotrophic conditions. Based on petrographic compositions, coals from the Mmamabula East, Mmamabula South, Morupule East Main, Morupule West Main and Morupule South would be suitable for carbonization, gasification and liquefaction processes. However, several challenges with coals from the Mmamabula South, Mabesekwa Seam B, Mabesekwa Seam C and Mabesekwa Seam E would be encountered during carbonization, gasification and liquefaction due to high ash content and inert semifusinite content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review analyzes in detail the topic of supercapacitors based on biochar technologies, including their advantages, disadvantages, and development potential. The main topic is the formation of precursors in the process of pyrolysis and activation, and the possibility of the application of biochar itself in various fields is brought closer. The structure, division, and principle of operation of supercondensates are discussed, where their good and bad sides are pointed out. The current state of the scientific and legal knowledge on the topic of biocarbon and its applications is verified, and the results of many authors are compared to examine the current level of the research on supercapacitors based on biochar electrodes created from lignocellulosic biomass. Current application sites for supercapacitors in transportation, electronics, and power generation (conventional and unconventional) are also examined, as is the potential for further development of the technology under discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the simultaneous increase in wastewater generation and wastewater treatment rates in China, the annual production of residual sewage sludge (RSS) has been steadily rising, exceeding 70 million tons with an 80% moisture content. The sustainable resource utilization of RSS will be the predominant disposal method instead of sanitary landfilling in China. This review aimed to systematically analyze the major sustainable resource utilization technologies for RSS. Firstly, the basic characteristics of RSS in China were analyzed. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of three primary sustainable resource utilization technologies for RSS: building materials, energy utilization, and phosphorus recovery, aiming to provide clear insights for the development of future strategies. The research findings revealed that no single method can economically and environmentally address all challenges in the utilization of RSS resources. It is necessary to adopt appropriate resource utilization technologies according to the characteristics of RSS from wastewater treatment, achieving integration of pollution control and resource utilization. This review can provide scientific guidance for future sustainable utilization of RSS resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composites obtained through low-temperature carbonization of elastomeric matrix highly filled with graphite, carbon black and short carbon fibers were studied for the purpose of determining residual stresses at different scales using a combination of several complementary methods. The state-of-the-art techniques included X-ray stress analysis using the sin2 ψ method, the micro-ringcore technique via Focused Ion Beam milling and Digital Image Correlation (FIB-DIC), the contour method, the strain gauge method, and the hole drilling technique with digital laser speckle pattern interferometry (DLSPI). It was found that the contour method could not be used implemented for residual stress evaluation due to the low electrical conductivity of composite. Moreover, the DLSPI hole drilling method did not reveal any fringes indicating significant residual stress level exceeding a few MPa. The strain gauge method also revealed a narrow residual stress distribution with an average value of approximately zero. In contrast, the X-ray sin2 ψ method as well as FIB-DIC technique both returned values of about 150-250 MPa. A hierarchical model of the composite is proposed based on the Davidenkov Type I-II-III stress classification that provides an explanation of these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the effects of pre-hydrolysis and salt impregnation (ZnCl2 and ZnSO4) on synthesizing biochar from jute sticks. The jute stick and prepared biochar were characterized by evaluating the thermal stability, surface chemistry, and surface morphology. Our analysis revealed that pre-hydrolyzed and raw jute sticks had higher decomposition rates than salt-impregnated ones after 300 °C, thus leading to a higher yield for the salt-impregnated jute stick. Spectroscopic analysis of pretreated jute stick biochar showed the evolution of new functional groups during conversion, while many functional groups were eliminated. Based on the surface characteristics of biochar examined by SEM and BET, pre-hydrolyzed jute stick biochar displayed the highest porosity (Langmuir surface area of ~149.48 m2/g). Finally, the proximate analysis showed that the optimum temperature for producing jute stick biochar was 320 °C with combined pretreatment of pre-hydrolysis and salt impregnation producing a yield of 49% and a fixed carbon content of 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind-photovoltaic (PV)-hydrogen-storage multi-agent energy systems are expected to play an important role in promoting renewable power utilization and decarbonization. In this study, a coordinated operation method was proposed for a wind-PVhydrogen-storage multi-agent energy system. First, a coordinated operation model was formulated for each agent considering peer-to-peer power trading. Second, a coordinated operation interactive framework for a multi-agent energy system was proposed based on the theory of the alternating direction method of multipliers. Third, a distributed interactive algorithm was proposed to protect the privacy of each agent and solve coordinated operation strategies. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated operation method was tested on multi-agent energy systems with different structures, and the operational revenues of the wind power, PV, hydrogen, and energy storage agents of the proposed coordinated operation model were improved by approximately 59.19%, 233.28%, 16.75%, and 145.56%, respectively, compared with the independent operation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large-scale coke oven is a developing trend in coking technology, and the influence of the industrial coke oven size on the quality of metallurgical coke needs to be revealed. Under the same raw coals and blending ratios, metallurgical cokes were obtained from top-loading coke ovens with carbonization chamber heights of 6 and 7 m, respectively. The macroscopic quality and microstructure of the refined metallurgical cokes were comprehensively tested. The results showed that the conventional cold and thermal strength indexes of Coke-7m were better than those of Coke-6m. The comprehensive thermal strength at multiple temperatures further showed that the thermal strength advantage of Coke-7m was mainly manifested at low temperatures (1050 and 1100 °C) or a high temperature (1300 °C), where the solution-loss reaction mode of coke tended to be the "uniform reaction model" or "unreacted core model". At medium temperatures, the solution-loss reaction mode tended to be the "gradient reaction model", which had a greater destructive effect on the thermal strength of coke. At this time, the thermal strengths of the two cokes were close. Microstructure characterization revealed that industrial coke oven size mainly affected the carbon structure of coke but had little effect on pore structure. The advantage of Coke-7m regarding carbon structure is an important reason for its superior macroscopic quality compared to Coke-6m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]