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To investigate the geometric morphological differences of the lacrimal punctum by analyzing its shape in relation to age and sex in a normal population. 960 high-magnification slit-lamp images were obtained from 320 puncta of normal asymptomatic Indian individuals across eight decades of life. Using advanced geometric morphometric techniques, including Elliptic Fourier Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, the intricate details of the lacrimal punctum's shape in a diverse population sample were categorized by age and sex. High-resolution images of the lacrimal punctum underwent standardization for scale and orientation, followed by precise landmark identification and coordinate data extraction. The geometric morphometry of the lacrimal punctum shows significant changes as one ages. However, the gender differences, in isolation, without consideration of age, remain subtle and are not pronounced. Interestingly, detailed Principal Component scores analysis revealed potential sex- and age-related variations specifically for the left and right lower puncta, which warrant further investigation. These changes could reflect unique aging changes in the proximal lacrimal drainage system. The study is a starting point for geometric morphometric analysis of the lacrimal punctum and provides valuable insights into the punctal changes in size, orientation, and overall morphology across different age groups and between sexes. These findings highlight the significance of considering individual age-wise anatomical variations to better understand the lacrimal punctum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of learners in the anatomical sciences is a complex task as it not only tests students' fact knowledge, but also the analysis of visual information. Sometimes, novice histology learners must acquire image recognition skills of microscopic structures in a short time frame. This paper describes a strategy of offering first year dental students at the University of Michigan a short, non-grade contributing, formative assessment quiz in order to better prepare them for a high-stakes, final summative histology examination. Data collected over 7 years indicate that students, who made use of this formative assessment opportunity, performed significantly better in their summative examination than students, who did not. Especially early practice quiz users profited most. Students, who used the practice quiz until they achieved a perfect score, also had statistically higher final examination scores. Students, who did not use the practice quiz, had a significantly lower cumulative D1-year Grade Point Average (D1-GPA) than students, who did, indicating that academically weaker students often underuse supporting learning resources. In general, scores from the Dental Admission Test (DAT) were weak predictors of learning success in the DENT 510 histology course. In contrast, the D1-GPA values had a medium strength positive correlation with final histology examination scores. The major problem that was encountered with this practice quiz strategy was that many students waited until close to the day of the final examination before taking advantage of this feedback opportunity, thereby reducing its potential benefit for improving their overall learning strategy for histology.

3D scanning and printing technologies are quickly evolving and offer great potential for use in gross anatomical education. The use of human body donors to create digital scans and 3D printed models raises ethical concerns about donor informed consent, potential commodification, and access to and storage of potentially identifiable anatomical reproductions. This paper reviews available literature describing ethical implications for the application of these emerging technologies, existing published best practices for managing and sharing 2D imaging, and current adherence to these best practices by academic body donation programs. We conclude that informed consent is paramount for all uses of human donor and human donor-derived materials and that currently there is considerable diversity in adherence to established best practices for the management and sharing of 3D digital content derived from human donors. We propose a new and simplified framework for categorizing donor-derived teaching materials and the corresponding level of consent required for digital sharing. This framework proposes an equivalent minimum level of specific consent for human donor and human donor-derived materials relative to generalized, nonidentical teaching materials (i.e., artificial plastic models). Likewise, we propose that the collective path forward should involve the creation of a centralized, secure repository for digital human donor 3D content as a mechanism for accumulating, regulating, and controlling the distribution of properly consented human donor-derived 3D digital content that will also increase the availability of ethically created human-derived teaching materials while discouraging commodification.

Neuroanatomy is a notoriously challenging subject for medical students to learn. Due to the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, anatomical education transitioned to an online format. We assessed student performance in, and attitudes toward, an online neuroanatomy assessment compared to an in-person equivalent, as a marker of the efficacy of remote neuroanatomy education. Participants in the National Undergraduate Neuroanatomy Competition (NUNC) 2021 undertook two online examinations: a neuroanatomically themed multiple-choice question paper and anatomy spotter. Students completed pre- and post-examination questionnaires to gauge their attitudes toward the online competition and prior experience of online anatomical teaching/assessment. To evaluate performance, we compared scores of students who sat the online (2021) and in-person (2017) examinations, using 12 identical neuroradiology questions present in both years. Forty-six percent of NUNC 2021 participants had taken an online anatomy examination in the previous 12 months, but this did not impact examination performance significantly (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in examination scores between in-person and online examinations using the 12 neuroradiology questions (p = 0.69). Fifty percent of participants found the online format less enjoyable, with 63% citing significantly fewer networking opportunities. The online competition was less stressful for 55% of participants. This study provides some evidence to suggest that student performance is not affected when undertaking online examinations and proposes that online neuroanatomy teaching methods, particularly for neuroradiology, may be equally as effective as in-person approaches within this context. Participants perceived online examinations as less stressful but raised concerns surrounding the networking potential and enjoyment of online events.

The use of drawing as an assessment tool to reveal students' conceptions in biology specifically on human organs and organ systems is not new, however, there is a deficit in the literature that attempted to explore and reflect on its usefulness and relevance specifically, in eliciting students' preconceptions related thereto. Making use of a convergent mixed methods design, this paper presents the first phase of a sequential study on the development and implementation of a teaching sequence on human organ systems, that is the use of drawing in aggregating preconceptions on human organs and organ systems from among 138 pre-service teachers. The drawings underwent content and thematic analysis informed by the level of the biological quality of drawings. Results showed that a great majority of the participants possess limited and inconsistent conceptions that needed to be addressed systematically. Taking into consideration the purpose of eliciting and nature of students' preconceptions, as well as the inherent strengths and limitations of drawing as a tool for assessment, a reflection on the relevance of drawing as a tool in eliciting students' preconceptions is provided.

At the University of Bristol, we established a novel dissection course to complement our anatomy degree. Students enrolled in this undergraduate course are trained as comparative anatomists, with equal time given to both human and veterinary anatomy. Historically, students opted to dissect either human or veterinary donors as part of the course. To fully reflect the comparative nature of the degree, the dissection course was redesigned so students could dissect both human and veterinary specimens as part of the same course. This facilitated a wide-ranging experience of anatomy, encouraging detailed knowledge of a multitude of species and allowing for multifaceted anatomy graduates to be ready for employment in a wide and competitive job market. Across three iterations of the amended version of the course, median marks ranged from 58.7% to 62.0%, with between 22 and 39 students enrolled. In comparison to the course prior to the introduction of the change, median marks ranged from 59.8% to 62.8%, with between 16 and 24 students enrolled. There was no significant difference between marks before or after the introduction of the concurrently comparative aspect. This paper describes the course, with learning materials and assessments considered, along with some reflection on its value. The course offers benefits to students by widening their perspective on anatomical knowledge and making them more equipped for the job market. It also broadens their understanding of form-function relationships. However, student feedback implied that having the choice between human or veterinary dissection was preferable, and this may outweigh the perceived benefits of the course.

Background: The increasing popularity of cosmetic injections using various fillers and neuromodulators for facial rejuvenation has brought both new opportunities and challenges to this field. Aim: Our study was designed to employ bibliometric and visual analysis for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of facial cosmetic injections, as well as to identify research trends and hotspots in this field. Methods: All publications covering facial cosmetic injection during 2002–2023 were retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science database. The VOSviewer 1.6.18 software and the online tool (http://bibliometric.com/) were applied to analyze the publication trend. Results: A total of 3797 articles related to facial cosmetic injection were identified during the period 2002–2023. The United States had the largest volume of publications (1520, 40.0%), followed by China (333, 8.8%) and Germany (282, 7.3%). Among the institutions and journals, the University of California system and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery accounted for the most papers related to facial cosmetic injection, respectively. Facial anatomy and injection techniques, prevention and management of complications, regenerative medicine, efficacy and safety of various soft‐tissue fillers, as well as botulinum toxin injections for facial rejuvenation were identified as hotspots for facial cosmetic injections. Conclusions: Facial cosmetic injections are showing an increasing trend in terms of both the number of published papers and operations performed. Despite the notable advancements in this field, numerous challenges persist, including safety concerns and the level of research evidence. With the emergence of novel technologies and materials, scholars from diverse countries and institutions should engage in more extensive collaboration, thereby directly expediting the progress of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching gesture recognition is a technique used to recognize the hand movements of teachers in classroom teaching scenarios. This technology is widely used in education, including for classroom teaching evaluation, enhancing online teaching, and assisting special education. However, current research on gesture recognition in teaching mainly focuses on detecting the static gestures of individual students and analyzing their classroom behavior. To analyze the teacher's gestures and mitigate the difficulty of single-target dynamic gesture recognition in multi-person teaching scenarios, this paper proposes skeleton-based teaching gesture recognition (ST-TGR), which learns through spatio-temporal representation. This method mainly uses the human pose estimation technique RTMPose to extract the coordinates of the keypoints of the teacher's skeleton and then inputs the recognized sequence of the teacher's skeleton into the MoGRU action recognition network for classifying gesture actions. The MoGRU action recognition module mainly learns the spatio-temporal representation of target actions by stacking a multi-scale bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and using improved attention mechanism modules. To validate the generalization of the action recognition network model, we conducted comparative experiments on datasets including NTU RGB+D 60, UT-Kinect Action3D, SBU Kinect Interaction, and Florence 3D. The results indicate that, compared with most existing baseline models, the model proposed in this article exhibits better performance in recognition accuracy and speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative abstract: While humans have a similar architecture with a head, torso, two arms and legs, we are as dissimilar as snowflakes. We each carry anatomical variances, all significant to the application of manual care. Similarly, we all have variants in our psychological processing and functioning but there is one thing I have found to be consistent. In the 1970s I explored biofeedback and meditation with Jack Garris, performing various types of meditations, selfhypnosis, and relaxation exercises and monitored their affects on our EEG, EMG, and temperature feedback. We never saw one form of biofeedback not influence the other, which emphasised to me that clearly our mind and body were inseparable. Garris would often say that we can't have a tense body with a relaxed mind and likewise we can't have an anxious mind when we have a relaxed body. This is to be remembered as we look for optimal ways to channel our healing energy. It is important with our chiropractic encounters that we understand all our patients are different, both physically and psychologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anomalous origin of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) from the basilar artery is a rare congenital neurological variant that has been detected in both children and adults with diagnoses ranging from intracranial haemorrhage to ependymoma. This review aims to investigate the anatomical course of an anomalous basilar-middle meningeal artery and its clinical presentation. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed using the keywords (middle meningeal artery) and (basilar artery). Ninety-four papers were identified, of which seven were included. One paper was further identified through cross-referencing. Results: The average age of presentation was 43 years with a male predominance (7/9). In most cases, the MMA arose between the superior cerebellar artery and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (8/9) (versus 1 case between the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery). The anomaly mostly presented on the left side (6/11), but was bilateral in one case. Most of the cases showed a pontine artery branching from the basilar artery arising 5 mm to 10 mm proximal to the superior cerebellar artery, which would then assume the trajectory of the MMA. In three cases, the vessel increased in calibre near the trigeminal ganglion. Foramen spinosum absence in the anomalous side was noted in 3/6 of the patients. Conclusion: To avoid unexpected complications during neurosurgical and neuroradiointerventional procedures, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the anomalous routes of the MMA. This is especially important when it proves to be the only available route for embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomy is one of the oldest medical disciplines and offered over the centuries the morphological explanation for the structure, function and pathology of the body. Learning anatomy was one of the first steps in the accumulation of medical knowledge. Practicing gastroenterology means the approach of pathology presenting with morphological changes. Diagnosis and therapeutical interventions require also precise anatomical knowledge. This is a review of the most important anatomical benchmarks necessary to trainees in gastroenterology. Two teachers of anatomy and one resident of gastroenterology performed a literature survey. They checked the curricula of gastroenterology of continental and national societies of gastroenterology and hepatology. They also checked on Pubmed and Google Scholar pertinent journal papers. They selected and analyzed papers presenting important anatomical benchmarks considered very important for the appropriation of practical skills. A list of recommendations was the outcome of this initiative. These are largely overlapping on the available curricula. The relevant anatomical benchmarks should be used in the training programs of residents in gastroenterology. Good anatomy training enables practitioners to diagnose correctly digestive pathology, to interpret the results of the imaging or endoscopic investigations, to recommend or undertake therapeutic interventions. Although ancient, anatomy is very useful in the training of future gastroenterologists. The trainees should emphasis the learning of the most important anatomical benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: To date, there are very few studies of the bony nasal cavity of the domestic cat and even fewer of big felids. A detailed and exhaustive anatomical study of this cavity in the domestic cat is presented in this paper through dissections, trepanations and anatomical sections. This work has allowed to delve deeper into the anatomy of the bony nasal cavity. This study deepens the knowledge of this region through diagnostic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, three-dimensional reconstruction in maximum-intensity projection and volume rendering, that allow for the spatial visualization of this cavity. These reconstructed images represent an improvement in the anatomical study of the cavity and will help veterinary clinicians in the diagnosis of nasal pathologies. Obtaining molds by three-dimensional printing allows for acquiring models very close to reality that capture these structures in detail. These techniques, which in human medicine have already led to many clinical and therapeutic improvements, are a very useful tool in veterinary medicine that will lead to advances and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathologies, improving the survival of many threatened species. This study aims to develop three-dimensional printing models of the bony nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of big and domestic cats using reconstructed computed tomographic images. This work included an exhaustive study of the osseous nasal anatomy of the domestic cat carried out through dissections, bone trepanations and sectional anatomy. With the use of OsiriX viewer, the DICOM images were postprocessed to obtaining maximum-intensity projection and volume-rendering reconstructions, which allowed for the visualization of the nasal cavity structures and the paranasal sinuses, providing an improvement in the future anatomical studies and diagnosis of pathologies. DICOM images were also processed with AMIRA software to obtain three-dimensional images using semiautomatic segmentation application. These images were then exported using 3D Slicer software for three-dimensional printing. Molds were printed with the Stratasys 3D printer. In human medicine, three-dimensional printing is already of great importance in the clinical field; however, it has not yet been implemented in veterinary medicine and is a technique that will, in the future, in addition to facilitating the anatomical study and diagnosis of diseases, allow for the development of implants that will improve the treatment of pathologies and the survival of big felids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sternalis muscle is a rare variant of the anterior chest wall musculature. Although its frequency in general population worldwide has been reported from 2% to 8%, its prevalence depends on regions and populations. The aim of this paper is to describe one of the first cases of sternalis muscle found in Central Europe. An anterior chest wall of 64-year-old white male was dissected during a regular anatomy class at Department of Human Anatomy. A right unilateral sternalis muscle was revealed and described. The unilateral sternalis muscle laid between the pectoral and the superficial thoracic fascia. The muscle was long and wide. In addition, it had a massive tendon. According to the Snosek et al. Classification, it was a "simple unilateral" type. This report presents another case of the sternalis muscle among humans. Although the sternalis muscle serves a minor role in body movement, its occurrence gives several clinical implications. The awareness of variability in the thoracic region is important during diagnostic and treatment processes or in surgical operation planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African First Ladies are categorised into two: the less powerful First Ladies, the behind-the-scene actors, making positive contributions to their spouses’ regime and the powerful First Ladies whose arbitrary powers and overarching presence pose real threat to the regime. Extant studies concentrate on the former and pay scant attention to the latter. Drawing on the activities of Patience Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s former First Lady, this paper explores the ways Patience and other powerful African First Ladies contribute to regime change in emerging African democracies. In doing so, the paper explores the anatomy of female power and its intricate interface with the Office of the First Lady, the framework for appropriating and exercising the power of the First Lady. The goal is to provide the theoretical basis for understanding the empirical, that is, the practical ways Patience Jonathan and other powerful First Ladies appropriate power and contribute to regime change in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postgraduate Taught study (PGT) students are often assumed to be confident and independent learners, and many possess a strong sense of professional identity and thus are perceived as not requiring support. This paper aims to address these perceptions. This paper presents a qualitative study of the experiences of PGT students at an Australian university who participated in a Transition In program that has been embedded in the curriculum. The primary aim was to explore the effectiveness of the Transition In program, which is the first step in a program-wide employability curriculum strategy. The findings of this study demonstrated that students' levels of confidence and engagement as well as their connection with their profession increased as a direct result of feeling supported. This paper highlights the importance of, and benefits gained by providing PGT students structured support to enable them to successfully transition into their program of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis is a technically challenging procedure due to complex mandibular anatomy, especially in the treatment of Pierre-Robin Sequence due to variable bone thickness in the infant mandible and the presence of tooth buds. Computerized surgical planning (CSP) simplifies the procedure by preoperatively visualizing critical structures, producing cutting guides, and planning distractor placement. This paper describes the process of using CSP to plan mandibular distraction osteogenesis, including discussion of recent advances in the use of custom distractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyses how Islamization of Knowledge (IOK), Radical Reform (RR), and Maqasid Methodology (MM), three distinct Islamic intellectual projects, attempted to develop discourses of Islamic epistemology in facing contemporary developments of natural and social sciences. Mainly, the paper focuses on similarities, differences, and potential contributions of all three projects respectively. Initially, this paper observes that IOK, RR, and MM have solid agreements among themselves in defining the core crisis of the modern Islamic intellectual tradition, as well as in highlighting the importance of inclusion of Islamic primary sources and its normative guidance in the process of reorienting modern knowledge. Equally, each of those projects presents itself as a new reflection of Islamic primary texts considering current intellectual challenges. Nevertheless, this paper further finds that all three projects have deep disagreements among themselves in terms of defining the scope of epistemic authority of revelation, reason, and spirituality and thereby offer three different visions of Islamic epistemic schema in facing modern knowledge. Finally, this paper reflects how these differences could potentially impact visions of an alternative education system from an Islamic worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the classical anatomy of the quadriceps femoris has been questioned after the publication of various morphological variations that differ from the classical description. Therefore, it is necessary to collect information to reach an agreement on its structure. For this, a systematic review was carried out using the Web of Science, PubMed and ProQuest scientific databases, obtaining a total of 29 papers finally included in the systematic review after being subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results obtained showed an important and variable prevalence of new configurations described, such as additional heads in the rectus femoris, a different origin of the vastus intermedius, various portions of the vastus lateralis, or the involvement of the vastus medialis in the patellofemoral musculature. For this reason, understanding the anatomy of the quadriceps femoris is a matter that has not yet been fully resolved, with high variability among people that must be studied prior to the application of an invasive and/or surgical procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the multi-analytical study of the painting on a panel from the icon collection of the Gallery of Matica srpska museum in Novi Sad, Serbia. It is part of the research aiming to set the methodology for the museum's database on artistic materials and techniques present in the collection. Computer tomography (CT) scanning was used to understand the structure of the wooden panel support. Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IC) imaging, as well as visible (VIS) macro photography, were used to study the paint layer, both the original part and restoration treatments, as well as the coat of varnish. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the pigments, binders, and metal leaf, defining the artistic technique. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to disclose the stratigraphy and composition of layers in the artwork. The multi-analytical approach confirmed that protein-based binder, gilding, silver leaf, and traditional pigments were used. The data gathered from this research are important for studying the artistic materials and techniques in icon production and defining the methodology setting for the museum collection's databases as the reference material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new approach of document information extraction by studying the document anatomy where we investigated the possible variants and forms it could have for each document component. To overcome the lack of publicly available document datasets, we used a generated invoice database where we conceived 9 different templates and generated 100 samples for each one where the documents were annotated automatically during the generation process. We analysed the following invoice components: dates block (invoice date and invoice due date), address block, amounts block (tax‐free amount, tax amount, and total amount), and lines block (lines table) by investigating the impact of training our model on various block variants. We conducted several experiments where we compared the results obtained when we tested on templates that included variants not encountered during the training phase versus when we introduced them to the training dataset. This allowed us to analyse the improvement in results after adding these previously unseen variants. The obtained results have shown that the model generalises better when trained on a large variety of cases and achieves remarkable performance. We conducted experiments on various models to highlight the model‐agnostic character of our proposed approach. This methodology allows to have great performance, even with models that have significantly fewer parameters, especially in comparison to recently published models with millions of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing students for the transition to graduate-level education with greater learning demands in a condensed time frame is a challenging process for health professions educators and incoming students. Prematriculation programs offer a solution for exposing students to the foundational sciences in preparation for the academic rigor of a doctoral program. This retrospective study assessed whether incoming students enrolled across 3 yr of a 2-day online anatomy workshop, offered in July and August before the start of their first semester resulted in improved anatomy knowledge. Whether this acquired knowledge translated to improved anatomy outcomes in the first semester of a Doctor of Physical Therapy program was also assessed, while also accounting for variables of gender, ethnicity, and grade-point average. Knowledge acquired during both days of the workshop resulted in statistically significant improvements in anatomy postquiz scores compared to the baseline prequiz (P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant relationships between the first-semester anatomy practical score and workshop participation (P = 0.04) as well as a predictive value of gender (P = 0.01). Evaluating a timing effect on the predictive value of the online anatomy workshop demonstrated statistically significant effects of the prematriculation workshop on both first-semester anatomy practicals for August (P = 0.03 for practical 1; P = 0.04 for practical 2) but not July workshop participants. Findings from this study support the utility of an online prematriculation anatomy workshop to prepare students for graduate-level anatomy learning expectations in a doctoral allied health program. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: This paper presents the findings of a retrospective study examining the effectiveness of an online prematriculation anatomy workshop on knowledge acquisition and first-semester anatomy competency following the success of a previously offered peer-led onsite workshop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an online prematriculation program that successfully introduces graduate-level learning expectations and access to anatomical resources leading to improved anatomy competency in an allied health professional program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the history of Man's Anatomy, one of the most influential anatomy textbooks produced on the African continent. Authored by the two renowned South African educators Phillip Vallentine Tobias and Maurice Arnold, the first volume of this book was published in 1963. Both an anatomy textbook and a dissection manual Man's Anatomy included an in-depth exposition of structures of the human body, presented in an innovative and engaging way. In 1999, in line with the developments in medical and anatomy education as well as broader societal changes, the book was significantly condensed, and its name changed to Practical Anatomy. The second edition of Practical Anatomy was published in 2020 and is currently still in use at many South African universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HETS Online Journal is the property of Hispanic Educational Technology Services, Inc. (HETS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dynamic human movements are achieved by appropriate constraints on the degrees of freedom of the complex and flexible human body. The anatomy trains (ATs) theory explains such constraints with whole-body muscular connections called ATs. This paper proposes the design of a quasi-passive dynamic walker with whole-body viscoelastic connections inspired by the ATs theory and investigates the contributions of these long-distance connections to the achievement of gait. We designed a biped robot with a trunk and head, whose passive joints were supported by rubber fiber bands. The robot, named "PEARL III," is equipped with an antagonistic pair of McKibben pneumatic actuators for each leg at the human hamstring and rectus femoris positions. The most important feature of this robot is that fabric wires mechanically connect its rubber bands and actuators on the back side from the head to the foot, modeled after one of the human ATs, the superficial back lines (SBLs). In an experiment, PEARL III achieved 2D quasi-passive dynamic walking on an inclined plane by contracting and relaxing its actuators using periodic feedforward control. This result suggests that in both the robot and human cases, when a controller contracts the SBL only in the stance phase during passive dynamic walking, the SBL can achieve whole-body posture control and weight support. In addition, the SBL appears to achieve this function depending on their mode of attachment to bones and the presence or absence of antagonistic muscles (or ATs). In the future, by introducing various ATs into robots while recognizing the importance of the appropriate attachment of ATs and the presence of their antagonistic muscles (or ATs), we can expect similar effects in various 3D movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study of the Dionysus ornament illustrates how the 1623 Shakespearean folio carries with it echoes of previous folio works as it reinterprets this image within its own context. The paper establishes the other Jaggard Press titles in which the headpiece appears to explore how these different contexts draw out the image's semiotic potential. It notes an extreme uptick in use in Crooke's Mikrokosmographia, an anatomical work in which urination and ejaculation feature prominently. Operating in tandem with the 1623 prefatory materials, the headpiece participates in the visual organisational logic of the Folio, structures the Folio's establishment of generic variety, and introduces the volume-wide rhetorical strategy of reading Englishness within a global context. The woodcut's synchronously urinating dogs also suggest a commentary on the communal bodily experience of live theatre. Having noted ways early modern printed folio projects can be mutually citational through ornaments, the paper discusses how the Shakespearean volume positions itself within the English inflection of classical single-author collected drama through the associations with Dionysus, patron god of drama, and Ben Jonson's 1616 Workes. The conclusion considers the Second Folio's adoption of the headpiece as part of the 1623 Folio's iconic look. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing has been widely used in various industries, including the healthcare sector. Over the last few decades, AM has been playing an important role in the medical field in different areas, including surgical planning, implants, and educational activities. For surgical applications, AM can help surgeons practice and plan an operation until they are confident with the process. This can help to reduce operational risk and time. In addition, it can help to demonstrate the problem to other colleagues. AM has also been used to produce 3D models to teach students and doctors about human anatomy. This paper aims to comprehensively review the diverse applications of additive manufacturing within the domains of surgical planning and medical education. By focusing on the multifaceted roles played by AM in these critical areas, a contribution to the growing body of knowledge that underscores the transformative potential of this technology in shaping the future of healthcare practices is sought to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurately defining gross tumour volume (GTV) and organs at risk (OAR) is key to successful radiation therapy (RT) treatment outcomes for patients with gynaecological cancers. With improved access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for RT simulation and planning, the optimisation and tailoring of proven diagnostic MRI techniques towards RT specific planning goals is fast evolving. Modifying MRI techniques for radiation oncology (RO) with the priority of anatomy visualisation and spatial location over diagnosis and disease characterisation relies heavily on successful collaboration between radiology and radiation oncology staff. This 'How I Do It' paper describes a qualitative analysis of the adaptation of a diagnostic MRI vaginal opacification technique into an RT specific MRI simulation procedure using aqueous ultrasound gel for improving natural anatomical visualisation of the vaginal canal. This technique is explained and could be introduced in other RO departments for dedicated RT planning scans in MR‐Sim sessions with minimal difficulty. We found 10‐15 cc of aqueous gel delivered vaginally produced optimal MRI planning images for most patients. With this small amount of gel and careful application technique, the full extent of the vaginal vault and cervix can be well visualised on T2 Weighted (T2W) imaging, while tending not to unfold the natural fornices of the collapsed vagina, representing a significant improvement in image quality from the outdated tampon procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Anatomy is considered critical to understanding the size and shape of the different systems of animals belonging to the same group or individuals that are close in the phylogenetic scale. In the case of the Franciscana dolphin or Pontoporia blainvillei, the digestive apparatus shows some differential characteristics compared to other dolphins or other marine mammals. In the present work, the authors try to demonstrate whether these characteristics are conditioned by the animal's own diet or if they have more to do with certain phylogenetic adaptations. Considering that the Franciscana dolphin is an endangered species, any work that could facilitate better knowledge of these individuals has a high social, ecological, and scientific value because it will help in their care and conservation, and this is of utmost importance to implement effective management strategies for this species. The Franciscana (also known as the La Plata River Dolphin) is a small dolphin that lives in the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species is considered the most endangered marine mammal in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Anatomic dissection of the digestive system of 19 animals of different ages, including 2 neonates, 12 juveniles, and 5 adults, was performed. Parameters related to length, breadth, weight, and diameter of the digestive viscera were considered in each case. Our results show that the Franciscana dolphin presents differential characteristics in relation to several parts of the digestive system, including, specifically, the tongue, the teeth, the stomach, and the small intestine. Thus, this paper add precious information to the actual knowledge of this vulnerable marine mammal species in order to improve conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hostile aortic neck anatomy challenges the outcomes of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Besides reverting to open surgical repair (OSR), thoughtful endograft selection and a number of advanced endovascular techniques have been suggested as potential solutions for preventing proximal seal zone complications, improving EVAR durability, and preventing aneurysm-related death. Each technique is associated with advantages and limitations and there has not been a credible direct comparison amongst them in the form of a well-designed prospective trial. The not infrequent presence of multiple hostile anatomic characteristics further complicates decision making and challenges the surgeon's skills. This paper serves as an overview of hostile neck anatomy and its implications on EVAR. We provide a concise literature review with the purpose of outlining the treatment modalities and outcomes in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of decellularization is crucial for producing a substitute for the absent tracheal segment, and the choice of agents and methods significantly influences the outcomes. This paper aims to systematically review the efficacy of diverse tracheal decellularization agents and methods using the PRISMA flowchart. Inclusion criteria encompassed experimental studies published between 2018 and 2023, written in English, and detailing outcomes related to histopathological anatomy, DNA quantification, ECM evaluation, and biomechanical characteristics. Exclusion criteria involved studies related to 3D printing, biomaterials, and partial decellularization. A comprehensive search on PubMed, NCBI, and ScienceDirect yielded 17 relevant literatures. The integration of various agents and methods has proven effective in the process of tracheal decellularization, highlighting the distinct advantages and drawbacks associated with each agent and method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing ancestral states for discrete characters is essential for understanding trait evolution in organisms. However, most existing methods are limited to individual characters and often overlook the hierarchical and interactive nature of traits. Recent advances in phylogenetics now offer the possibility of integrating knowledge from anatomy ontologies to reconstruct multiple discrete character histories. Nonetheless, practical applications that fully harness the potential of these new approaches are still lacking.This paper introduces ontophylo, an R package that extends the PARAMO pipeline to address these limitations. Ontophylo enables the reconstruction of phenotypic entities composed of amalgamated characters, such as anatomical regions or entire phenomes. It offers three new applications: (1) reconstruction of evolutionary rates of amalgamated characters using phylogenetic non‐homogeneous Poisson process (pNHPP) that allows modelling rate variation across tree branches and time; (2) reconstruction of morphospace dynamics; and (3) visualization of evolutionary rates on vector images of organisms. Ontophylo incorporates ontological knowledge to facilitate these applications.Benchmarking confirms the accuracy of pNHPP in estimating character rates under different evolutionary scenarios, and example applications demonstrate the utility of ontophylo in studying morphological evolution in Hymenoptera using simulated data.Ontophylo can be easily integrated with other ontology‐oriented and general‐purpose R packages and offers new opportunities to examine morphological evolution on a phenomic scale using new and legacy data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy years ago, two medical art students painted a group portrait of the staff of the anatomy department in the University of Manchester Medical School. The painting is an unusual allegorical portrayal of the staff as pantomime characters. This paper asks: who were they and what were their subsequent careers? Does this picture tell us anything about the role of anatomy in medical education in the 1950s? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the terms 'asset', 'assetization', 'asset form' and 'asset condition' have gained prominence. Closely related to established notions of financialization and capitalization, they promise novel analytical insights into these processes. Why has assetization assumed such an important role in the social studies of finance, geography, sociology, political economy and beyond, both conceptually and empirically? Introducing our special section on 'The challenges of assets', this paper reconstructs current conceptual debates about assetization and argues that the concept addresses the complex temporalities of financialization that are simultaneously contractual, de-risked, guaranteed, speculative and uncertain. The central role of property in the definition of the asset holds an unfulfilled promise to elucidate in empirical terms how legal and political relations buttress financialized capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Veterinary Reports / Hrvatski Verinarski Vjesnik is the property of Croatian Veterinary Chamber and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two hundred years ago, the first of the nine volumes of Paolo Mascagni’s Anatomia universa was published posthumously. This work was the fruit of a project that had occupied Mascagni for most of his life: an Atlas of anatomy that was the perfect replica on paper of dissection, a fundamental part of the teaching of this discipline. Through a short journey that traces some of the most important passages in the life of the great anatomist, the authors commemorate the Anatomia universa, an extraordinary work in the history and teaching of medicine. To do so, they draw on information and recover evocative Anatomical plates that are still conserved intact today in the prestigious Museum of Siena. The plates are organized to reveal the body from the superficial muscle layer down to the skeleton, as in the process of dissection. For the first time in the history of anatomy, the plates were life-size. Furthermore, in an original manner, and again for the first time, these plates showed the network of lymphatic vessels that Mascagni had brought to light a few years earlier. The beauty and perfection of these drawings are the result of Mascagni’s knowledge and his ability to recruit the most expert artists and engravers of the time. Mascagni’s treatises testify to the modernity of his approach to medical education, and his deep conviction that the main objective was to educate young people and to enable them to acquire the most perfect knowledge of the structure of the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acotaciones: Investigación y Creación Teatral is the property of Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dramatico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Pécs University Sermons were composed at the end of the thirteenth century in Hungary, probably at a studium generale. The sermons contain many references from classical authors and philosophers. Among other things, they use numerous scientific and natural philosophical citations in their argumentation. This article focuses specifically on the medical quotations. The use of medical motifs in theological argumentation has a long tradition: both the Bible and the Church Fathers drew an analogy between physical and spiritual healing. In the thirteenth century, however, this biblical tradition was transformed as theologians increasingly supplemented the biblical tradition with medical literature. In my paper, I examine how the biblical tradition and medical literature appear in the Pécs University Sermons and with what rhetorical aim medicine is used. Through the exemplary analysis of selected sermons, I present the different rhetorical situations in which medicine appears, and I argue that medical literature is not only used to complement the biblical tradition but that the medical quotations themselves could be the starting point for medical argumentation. I also examine which sources the author used and show that he quotes a lesser-known anatomical source, the Anatomia vivorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most woody plants belonging to the order Pinales have needles. Their anatomy has adapted to external conditions – mainly the deficit of water during winter. In cross section, the needles are different in shape, but the leaf anatomy of coniferous species is quite similar. However, there are inter-species differences in arrangement of hypodermis, in the type of mesophyll, in the number and arrangement of resin ducts, and in the number of vascular bundles. Needles are a suitable material for Biology lectures. Their advantage is their availability every season of the year. This paper offers some options for the observation of needle anatomy, recognition of species differences, and the use of an anatomical identification key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, teleological thinking in Renaissance anatomy is presented by the example of the Wittenberg anatomist Johannes Jessenius (1566-1621), who performed the first public dissection in Prague in 1600 and published a description of it in Wittenberg in 1601. Jessenius, a graduate of the University of Padua, is also concerned with teleology, which he uses both to justify anatomical practice and to incorporate it into his own interpretation of anatomical acts. In my article, I focus primarily on the dedication and introduction to Jessenius's Prague Anatomy, where teleological thinking is most clearly manifested. I present the teleology in Jessenius in two stages with reference to the passage in the dedication to the Prague Anatomy. In keeping with contemporary practice, Jessenius interprets the Delphic oracle “Know Thyself” as a call to anatomical knowledge of the human body. At the same time the self-knowledge is the knowledge of God in the sense of the connection between cognitio sui and cognitio Dei. The knowledge of the principle of purposefulness thus seems to be the culmination of all anatomical study. In terms of teleology, Jessenius focuses on the points in which the human being differs from other creatures: mind, hand, upright figure. Special attention is paid in my paper to the anatomy of the hand, in which Jessenius follows specifically Andreas Vesalius, who adopts a teleological understanding of the hand from Aristotle and Galen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution CT images are essential in clinical practice to accurately replicate patient anatomy for 3D virtual surgical planning and designing patient-specific surgical guides. These technologies are commonly used in corrective osteotomy of the distal radius. This study evaluated how the virtual radius models and the surgical guides' surface that is in contact with the bone vary between experienced raters. Further, the discrepancies from the reference radius of surgical guides and radius models created from CT images with slice thicknesses larger than the reference standard of 0.625mm were assessed. Maximum overlap with radius model was measured for guides, and absolute average distance error was measured for radius models. The agreement between the lower-resolution guides surface and the raters' guide surface was evaluated. The average inter-rater guide surface overlap was -0.11mm [95% CI: -0.13–0.09]. The surface of surgical guides designed on CT images with a 1mm slice thickness deviated from the reference radius within the inter-rater range (0.03mm). For slice thicknesses of 1.25mm and 1.5mm, the average guide surface overlap was 0.12mm and 0.15mm, respectively. The average inter-rater radius surface variability was 0.03mm [95% CI: 0.025–0.035]. The discrepancy from the reference of all radius models created from CT images with a slice thickness larger than the reference slice thickness was notably larger than the inter-rater variability but, excluding one case, did not exceed 0.2mm. The results suggest that 1mm CT images are suitable for surgical guide design. While 1.25mm slices are commonly used for virtual planning in hand and forearm surgery, slices larger than 1mm may approach the limit of clinical acceptability. Discrepancies in radius models were below 1mm, likely below clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study unveiled the cadmium phytoremediation potential and its augmentation using 6-Benzylaminopurine in Strobilanthes alternata. Cadmium stress was provided by applying 250 mg/kg cadmium chloride in soil and 25 ppm of 6-BAP (25 ml) was administered to the plants as foliar spray. The results revealed high bioconcentration factor (BCF) (18.82 ± 0.54) and low translocation factor (TF) values (0.055 ± 0.002) for the plant based on which we strongly recommend S. alternata as a promising candidate for Cd phytoremediation. The phytostabilization potential of the plant was further enhanced by applying 6-BAP, which augmented its BCF to 22.09 ± 0.64 and reduced the TF to 0.038 ± 0.001. Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth parameters, root volume, adaxial-abaxial stomatal indices, relative water content, tolerance index, moisture content, membrane stability index, and xylem vessel diameter in S. alternata. However, Cd + 6-BAP treated plants exhibited an increase of the same compared to Cd-treated plants. FTIR analysis of Cd + 6-BAP treated plants revealed increased deposition of hemicellulose, causing enhanced retention of Cd in the root xylem walls, which is largely responsible for increased phytostabilization of Cd. Therefore, 6-BAP application in S. alternata can be exploited to restore Cd-contaminated areas effectively. STATEMENT OF NOVELTY: The research paper "6-Benzylaminopurine Mediated Augmentation of Cadmium Phytostabilization Potential in Strobilanthes alternata" has established the Cd phytostabilization potential of the plant Strobilanthes alternata and also identified the role of 6-BAP in augmenting the Cd phytoremediation potential of this plant for the very first time. The physiological and anatomical changes in relation to the applied stress signals were also studied for the first time in S. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of the complexity of the surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid and the surrounding structures is mandatory when trying to minimize complications and achieve excellent cosmetic results during eyelid surgery. Postoperative upper eyelid asymmetry is one of the most common causes of patients’ dissatisfaction, and several parameters should be taken into consideration when performing cosmetic blepharoplasties and ptosis surgery. Tarsal platform show and brow fat span are two of the most important variables pertaining to the perception of beauty and youthfulness that every oculoplastic and facial plastic surgeon should address when performing such surgery. The aim of this review paper is to provide a detailed anatomy of the upper eyelid and the surrounding structures, to highlight all the relevant factors that contribute to the perception of beauty and the changes that occur to the aging face and to address the preoperative factors that need to be carefully examined before performing upper eyelid surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homology is the foundation of any comparative evolutionary study, and as structures previously considered homologous are found to be convergent, and vice versa, terminology needs to be changed to reflect homology. The dorsal- and pectoral fin-spines of catfishes (order Siluriformes) are morphologically diverse and ornamentations adorning the anterior and posterior edges of the spines have regularly been used in systematic studies of the group. Building on Vanscoy et al. (2015), Kubicek et al. (2019) showed that some of the ornamentations of siluriform fin-spines previously considered homologous result from two different developmental pathways, and presented a terminology based on the homology of these structures. In their recent paper, Ballen and de Pinna (2021) proposed a new terminology for various catfish fin-spine structures, including fin-spine ornamentation. However, homology was not considered and, instead, their terminology is based on the general shape of the ornamentation to allow for 'unambiguous use' in various applications, including the placement of fossil fin-spines into well-defined clades of catfishes. We show that the terminology proposed by Ballen and de Pinna (2021) is problematic as it confuses non-homologous conditions into the same state and thus undermines the usefulness of fin-spine ornamentation as a character in comparative evolutionary studies of siluriforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the authors perspectives of the terminology developed by the Gross and Clinical Anatomy Working Group for Terminologica Anatomica2. Terminologica Anatomica2 represents a great deal of work by the Gross and Clinical Anatomy Working Group of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology. Listing of synonyms and eponyms can be of great utility in terms of historical translation. However, the initial goal of achieving an international standard for anatomical terminology derived through a scholarly, consensus based process has been lost in Terminologica Anatomica2 as it provides a variety of choices that can be used to name a particular structure, in contrast to Terminologica Anatomica1 where preferred terminology is explicitly stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the mid-nineteenth century, "physiology" was a comprehensive theory of life, expounded and shaped by Johannes P. Müller (1801–1858). Biologists and medical doctors still refer to him today. In the summer term of 1851, Müller gave a lecture on the Comparative Anatomy of animals. This lecture was attended and recorded by Ernst Zeller (1830–1902), a future physician and zoologist, and has recently been published together with a German transcript. In this paper, we situate Johannes Müller within the intellectual history of his time. Through his "empirical idealism," we show how he opposed the speculative tendencies of the romantic understanding of nature, the emerging evolutionism, and the growing splits in the natural sciences. Müller focused on recognizing living nature as a whole and realizing ideal "phenomena" through his empirical research. He considered the notion of the soul of the world. Müller's lecture transcript serves as a poignant testament to German scientific culture in the mid-nineteenth century, a few years before the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species. It also provides valuable insights into the self-contained epistemological foundations of morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]