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The limited availability of formal jobs in developing nations always heightens the challenge for unemployed individuals in securing regular employment. Temporary employment in the informal sector serves as a source to fulfill their basic needs and enhance their employable skills. In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear mathematical model to study the effect of informal and formal jobs on the dynamics of unemployment. For the model formulation, we categorize the labor force into three classes: unemployed, temporary employed, and regularly employed. A separate dynamical variable is used to represent the available temporary vacancies. It is assumed that temporarily employed individuals may transition into regular employment or self-employment. Furthermore, self-employed individuals contribute to generating temporary vacancies within the informal sector. The long-term behavior of the proposed system is analyzed using the qualitative theory of differential equations. A quantity known as the reproduction number of the system is derived, and it is found that the occurrence of multiple bifurcations for the proposed system is influenced by the value of this threshold quantity. Furthermore, we validate our analytical findings numerically. The findings of this study illustrate that an increase in the shifting rate of individuals from temporary to regular employment is not always effective in increasing the number of regularly employed individuals. Additionally, an increase in the transition of temporarily employed individuals into self-employment, coupled with their involvement in creating more temporary jobs, proves beneficial in reducing unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper empirically analyses the determining factors of the growth in the migration rate in the countries of the Western Balkans. The analysis is carried out with panel data over 17 years from 2005 to 2021. The purpose of this paper is to analyse social variables such as unemployment and standard of living, and political variables such as corruption, political stability, government effectiveness, rule of law and the level of corruption in the migration of citizens. For this purpose, we employ different econometric models and techniques such as OLS, OLS robust fixed and random effects models, and GMM (generalized method of moments). The study's findings demonstrate that high levels of unemployment in the Western Balkan region are the primary cause of the surge in migration; thus, large levels of labour force migration are also present in these countries. The findings also show that variables related to the political situation have statistical significance in reducing migration. The paper does not find a statistically significant influence of the level of corruption on migration. The recommendations for the countries of the Western Balkan region are to create long-term sustainable employment policies and increase wages as preventive measures for migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The study aims to analyze the impact of women's involvement in parliament, women's education, fertility rates, female unemployment, and female entrepreneurship on the female labor participation rate in developing countries in Asia. Method -- This research is quantitative study utilizing secondary data obtained from the World Bank Indicators. The data collection involves documentation and literature review. The methodology employed is panel data analysis with a Fixed Effects Model (FEM) for six developing countries in the Southeast Asia and East Asia region for the period of 2011 to 2021. The data are processed using the Eviews 10 application. Result -- Our findings indicate that women's involvement in parliament has a positive and significant impact on the female labor participation rate. Conversely, the female unemployment rate has a negative and significant effect on the female labor participation rate. Meanwhile, women's education, fertility rate, and female entrepreneurship show no significant impact on the female labor participation rate. Novelty -- While a number of studies have explored the factors influencing the female labor participation rate, research on labor force participation rates in Southeast and East Asia has yielded inconsistent results. Hence, there is a need for further investigation to fill this knowledge gap, providing a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the female labor participation rate in the context of developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students with disabilities are far less likely than their peers to participate in work-integrated learning (WIL). This gap may contribute to the high levels of unemployment for people with disabilities. Unemployment rates compound when accounting for intersectional identities, with disabled people of color experiencing even higher rates of unemployment. Skill development through opportunities such as WIL is critical to ensure equity -deserving groups can transition successfully from post-secondary institutions into the workforce. Without a transparent, collaborative accommodations process in an environment that is actively reducing stigma and ableism, it is likely students with disabilities will continue to be underrepresented in WIL and the workforce after graduation. This paper presents an overview of disability, barriers to participation, and relevant Canadian legislation. The authors then propose an outline for developing a collaborative accommodations process for WIL opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an analysis of the macroeconomic conditions for near zero economic growth based on a demand-led growth model, and their implications in terms of paid employment, government finances, and the rate of profit. The main finding of the paper is that a level of net investment compatible with near zero growth would lead to a lower level of paid employment in terms of total hours worked. The effects on the distribution of work and the unemployment level would depend on changes to working time, whether in terms of average hours worked per annum, ages of entry into, and exit from, the work force. Furthermore, changes in working time would be achieved through social actions and legislation, rather than market mechanisms. A government budget deficit may well be required to underpin full employment and capacity utilisation, though there may be long-term limits on the use of budget deficits in a near zero growth context. Finally, a near zero growth rate would also mean a substantial lower rate of profit than hitherto. The implementation of these theoretical conditions require a level of cooperation between and within countries, which is much more difficult to reach in the presence of geopolitical risks and conflicts. Yet, there is no country secure from geopolitical risks and conflicts without an ecologically sustainable use of the natural resources. The theoretical conditions discussed in this paper could serve as "condiciones sine quibus non" to ecological sustainability, while navigating the complexities and uncertainties caused by the on-going conflicts and heightened geopolitical risks. • Analysis of the macroeconomic conditions for near zero growth. • Explores the effects of near zero growth on paid employment, the rate of profit. • Application of the theoretical conditions for sustainable growth requires a level of cooperation between and within countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]