1. Association of blood cadmium, lead, and mercury with anxiety: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2012.
- Author
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Bai L, Wen Z, Zhu Y, Jama HA, Sawmadal JD, and Chen J
- Subjects
- Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Male, Adult, Middle Aged, United States epidemiology, Prevalence, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Environmental Exposure statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Aged, Cadmium blood, Mercury blood, Lead blood, Nutrition Surveys, Anxiety blood, Anxiety epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between blood levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury and anxiety in American adults., Methods: Blood metals and self-reported anxiety days were extracted from laboratory data and questionnaire data, respectively, using NHANES data from 2007-2012. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between cadmium, lead and mercury with anxiety. Restricted cubic spline was used to visualize the non-linear relationship between metal concentrations and anxiety. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was used to investigate the effect of combined exposure to the three metals on anxiety., Results: The prevalence of anxiety in adults was 26.0%. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, cadmium levels in the highest quartile (Q4) were associated with a higher risk of anxiety compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.279, 95% CI: 1.113-1.471, p < 0.01). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a positive association between blood cadmium levels and anxiety. Furthermore, co-exposure to multiple heavy metals was positively associated with anxiety risk (WQS positive: OR = 1.068, 95% CI: 1.016-1.160, p < 0.05), with cadmium contributing the most to the overall mixture effect. Compared to the Light RPA, the Vigorous/Moderate RPA group had a relatively low risk of anxiety after cadmium exposure., Conclusion: High levels of blood cadmium are positively associated with the development of anxiety disorders, which needs to be further verified in future studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Bai, Wen, Zhu, Jama, Sawmadal and Chen.)
- Published
- 2024
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