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The author comments on historian Bryan Palmer's paper about the history of Canada. Topics include the author's view on Palmer's intervention in his paper about the intersections and alliances between the struggle for national liberation and working-class emancipation, his provision of clarity for social change action that made his work critical, the intertwine of the history of colonialism and capitalism in Canada in the work, and comments on the four periods of Palmer's Canadian history.

Basal gravel and sand mantling the bedrock floors of buried valleys throughout the Canadian Interior Plains, and conformably overlying proglacial lacustrine sediment, comprise the Empress Group. While previously conceptualized as stratigraphically equivalent deposits of preglacial rivers prior to the first and most extensive continental and montane glaciations, subsequent stratigraphic studies indicated that buried valley basal gravel must have been deposited between, or during, progressively more extensive continental glaciations and could not be stratigraphically equivalent throughout the buried valley network. However, in the general absence of formation-rank stratigraphic description of basal gravel units that might better inform the geologic history of the deposits, most workers simply consider Empress Group sediments time-transgressive. In this paper, we examine basal gravel at provincial and regional scales to understand its genesis and geologic history. At the provincial scale, we map basal gravel in three dimensions using a novel machine learning approach. At the regional scale, we formally define basal gravel formations at either end of the largest buried valley system in Alberta, which informs its glacial history and physiographic development and shows the importance of formation-rank stratigraphic description. Our results indicate that the buried valley network across Alberta is palimpsest in genesis and basal gravel units within it are chronostratigraphically intercalated between tills. We advocate that the Empress Group definition be extended across Alberta with modifications to improve its clarity and utility, and formally define the Old Fort, Unchaga, Ipiatik, and Winefred formations as part of the Empress Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the "Challenging Labour" / «Le défi du travail» conference held at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Alberta, in October 2022, two plenary sessions invited scholars to engage in a dialogue on important historical and theoretical issues in the field of labour and working-class history/studies. One of these, on the entanglement of capitalism and colonialism, featured a paper delivered by Bryan D. Palmer and a response from hagwil hayetsk (Charles Menzies). These presentations are revised for publication here along with a rejoinder from Palmer in what is Labour/Le Travail's first "Forum" section. The aim of this section is to foster conversation, with scholars meaningfully engaging with each other's work across disciplinary, methodological, theoretical, or other kinds of differences in approach and understanding. The merit of this kind of dialogue is well demonstrated here by Palmer and hayetsk, and the editors would invite more such conversations for publication in this section in future issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon known as strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is a narrow optical structure that may extend longitudinally for thousands of kilometers. Initially observed by amateur photographers, it has recently garnered researchers' attention. STEVE has been associated with a rapid westward flow of ions in the ionosphere, known as subauroral ion drift (SAID). In this work, we investigate three occurrences of STEVE, using data from one of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground-based all-sky imagers (ASIs) located at Pinawa, Manitoba, and from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). This approach allows us to verify the correlation between STEVE and SAID, as well as analyze the temporal variation of SAID observed during STEVE events. Our results suggest that the SAID activity starts before the STEVE, and the magnitude of the westward flow decreases as the STEVE progresses toward the end of its optical manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the emergence of the social prescribing student movement in Canada, focusing on the establishment of the Canadian Social Prescribing Student Collective in 2022 and the progress made in its development. It emphasizes the significance of student participation in the movement and the potential impact on both the movement itself and the students involved. The article highlights various student-led initiatives and contributions to social prescribing in Canada. The Canadian Social Prescribing Student Collective aims to collaborate, educate, advocate, and innovate to expand the social prescribing student movement nationwide. The article calls for action from stakeholders to support the advancement of the movement, urging students to join the collective and contribute to research, policy, and practice. It also encourages healthcare and community organizations, as well as postsecondary institutions, to increase student involvement in social prescribing efforts and integrate it into health professional programs. These actions aim to foster the growth of the social prescribing student movement and shape the future of the healthcare system. [Extracted from the article]

Mount Meager is a deeply eroded quaternary volcanic complex located in southwestern British Columbia (BC) and is known for its frequent large landslides. In 2010, the south face of Mount Meager collapsed, generating a long-runout debris avalanche that was one of the largest landslides (50 × 106 m3) in Canadian history. Over the past 14 years, the landslide deposit has been reworked by stream action, delivering large amounts of sediment to Lillooet River, just downstream. In this study, we investigate 10 years of geomorphic evolution of the landslide deposit using orthophotos and digital elevation models (DEMs) generated using Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry on aerial photographs acquired during unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys. The SfM products were used to produce a series of precise maps that highlight the geomorphological changes along the lower Meager Creek within the runout area of the landslide. Comparison of DEMs produced from 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2019 imagery allowed us to calculate deposit volume changes related to erosion, transport, and redeposition of landslide material. We estimate that about 1.1 × 106 m3 of sediment was eroded from the landslide deposit over the period 2015–2019. About 5.2 × 105 m3 of that sediment was redeposited inside the study area. About 5.8 × 105 m3 of sediment, mainly sand, silt, and clay, were exported from the study area and are being carried by Lillooet River towards Pemberton, 40 km from Mount Meager, and farther downstream. These remobilized sediments likely reduce the Lillooet River channel capacity and thus increase flood hazards to the communities of Pemberton and Mount Currie. Our study indicates a landslide persistence in the landscape, with an estimated 47-year half-life decay, suggesting that higher flood hazard conditions related to increased sediment supply may last longer than previously estimated. This study shows the value of using SfM in tandem with historic aerial photographs, UAV photos, and high-resolution satellite imagery for determining sediment budgets in fluvial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the need for transformative politics of nature in Canada, focusing on biodiversity loss and climate change. It highlights the decline of the monarch butterfly population and the urgency of conservation efforts. The article emphasizes the interrelationship between humans and the environment and calls for transformative shifts in governance, economic systems, and knowledge systems. It discusses Canada's conservation goals and commitments, as well as the challenges in achieving them. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for transformative change and the potential leverage points for initiating such change. The document titled "wg2020-03-03-en.pdf" is a report from the Convention on Biological Diversity, providing an overview of the progress made in implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The report highlights achievements and challenges faced by different countries in conserving biodiversity and achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, emphasizing the need for increased efforts and collaboration to address the ongoing loss of biodiversity. [Extracted from the article]

High‐resolution records from past interglacial climates help constrain future responses to global warming, yet are rare. Here, we produce seasonally resolved climate records from subarctic‐Canada using micron‐scale measurements of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in speleothems with apparent annual growth bands from three interglacial periods—Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 11, 9, and 5e. We find 3‰ lower δ18O values during MIS 11 than MIS 5e, despite MIS 11 likely being warmer. We explore controls on high‐latitude speleothem δ18O and suggest low MIS 11 δ18O values reflect greater contribution of cold‐season precipitation to dripwater from longer annual ground thaw durations. Other potential influences include changes in precipitation source and/or increased fraction of cold‐season precipitation from diminished sea ice in MIS 11. Our study highlights the potential for high‐latitude speleothems to yield detailed isotopic records of Northern Hemisphere interglacial climates beyond the reach of Greenland ice cores and offers a framework for interpreting them. Plain Language Summary: Few climate records pre‐dating the last ice age exist from high‐latitude North America, which inhibits our understanding of how regions with permafrost responded to past warming and how they might change in the future. Here, we help fill this data gap by using six speleothems (cave mineral deposits) from a cave in the Northwest Territories, Canada to produce climate records that span thousands of years during former warm periods of Earth's history. We find that speleothems that grew during an exceptionally warm super‐interglacial period 400,000 years ago have 3‰ lower oxygen isotope (δ18O) values compared to those that grew during a likely cooler interglacial 125,000 years ago. We explore potential explanations for the difference in δ18O across interglacials, and suggest that lower δ18O values during warmer periods reflect greater infiltration of cool‐season precipitation with longer annual ground thaw durations. This study highlights the importance of high‐latitude speleothems to provide detailed climate records beyond the range available from Greenland ice cores. Key Points: Long high‐latitude terrestrial climate records are rare in the Northern HemisphereHigh‐latitude speleothems can provide ultra‐high‐resolution climate records beyond the reach of Greenland ice coresMean oxygen isotopes of Arctic and subarctic speleothems likely are controlled by annual ground thaw durations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sandy Lake basin in northwestern Ontario is a potentially important area for insights into the late history of glacial Lake Agassiz because of its extensive glaciolacustrine deposits and well-preserved shoreline features of this geological episode. However, little information is available on its deglaciation history. Recent mapping shows the withdrawal of the ice from the basin center and subsequent deposition of extensive varved clay in the lake with an optically stimulated luminescence-dated maximum age at 11.4 ± 0.9 ka. With its further recession, the ice constructed the Opasquia moraine on the northern rim of the basin sometime before the development on the moraine of the first major shoreline of the lake (the The Pas, inferred at 10.1 ka). Lowering of the lake level formed many strandlines on the moraine and elsewhere in the basin, which can be correlated with those in the main Agassiz basin based on projected water planes (the The Pas to Ponton). Radiocarbon dating on basal wood remains of surface peat in a former strait defined by the Ponton shoreline and a nearby site on the former lake floor indicates the abandonment of this shoreline and hence the withdrawal of Lake Agassiz from the Sandy Lake basin by 8.3 ± 0.1 cal ka (UOC-7883). The date, although a minimum-limiting age, provides the hitherto best possible age constraint for the Ponton–Kinojévis shorelines, which many hypothesize represent one of the major lake levels during the final drainage of Lake Agassiz into Hudson Bay but have never been adequately dated before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Texas Creek rock avalanche is a prehistoric deposit in the Fraser River Canyon, 17 km south of Lillooet, southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Original mapping suggested that the debris consisted of two landslides: a 45 Mm3 event deposited after the Mazama tephra but before about 2 ka ago, and a 7.2 Mm3 event about 1.1 ka ago. The proposed timing of the younger landslide was correlated with a decline in the First Nations population and was proposed as an agent of cultural collapse driven by its impact on salmon returns vital to the population's sustenance. We provide six surface exposure ages using 10Be from boulder tops, with three samples from each surface that were originally posited to be older and younger debris. The six samples yielded similar ages suggesting the landslide deposit represents a single event with an average age of 2.28 ± 0.19 (2σ external error) ka before 1950 AD. Evidently, the landslide played no role in the cultural collapse. Fraser River Holocene incision rates, estimated pre- and post-landslide are between 13 and 24 mm/yr, consistent with previous estimates for the mid-Fraser River region. Landslide timing is coincident with the explosive eruption of Mount Meager, 120 km to the northwest, and with a possible landslide at Mystery Creek 85 km to the west and 65 km south of Mount Meager. The landslide may have been seismically triggered, but attribution is speculative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the number of women entering medicine has steadily increased since the 1970s in Canada, the gender composition along each stage of the medical training pathway has not been comprehensively reported. We therefore sought to systematically examine the gender composition of students, residents, and practicing physicians over the past 30 years in Canada. Results: In this cross-sectional analysis of Canadian medical trainees including MD applicants (137,096 male, 169,099 female), MD students (126,422 male, 152, 967 female), MD graduates (29,413 male, 34,173 female), residents by the decade (24,425 male, 28,506 female) and practicing surgeons (total 7,457 male, 3,457 female), we find that increased female representation in medicine is not matched by representation in surgery, with the key being the specialty choice process. The likelihood of female applicants matriculating to medical school was less than male applicants in the 90s (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92–0.93), greater in the early 2000s (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03–1.04), and has since balanced out (OR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.01), with medical school classes being nearly 60% female for the past two decades. Despite this, females have remained underrepresented in most surgical residency programs, with odds of female medical students entering surgical residency other than Ob/Gyn being about half that of male students (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44–0.71), resulting in a slow increase in practicing female surgeons of less than 0.5% per year in many surgical disciplines and projected parity decades or centuries in the future. Conclusions: While undergraduate medical education has been majority female in Canada for nearly three decades, females remain greatly underrepresented in the physician workforce within surgical specialties. To build a representative medical workforce equipped to care for diverse patient populations, factors influencing the specialty choices of early career physicians will need to be examined and addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the association between depression, ultra-processed food consumption (UPFs), and the risk of developing diabetesspecific complications in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Baseline data came from the CARTaGENE study, a health survey of adults (40-69 years) in Quebec, Canada. The incidence of T2D complications was examined in N= 683 participants with T2D without complications at baseline by linking survey data with administrative health data. Food and drink consumption was assessed using the Canadian Diet History Questionnaire and categorized by NOVA classification. Participants were categorized into tertiles of UPFs consumption. Depression was defined as having elevated depressive symptoms based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 or the use of antidepressant medications. Cox regression models were used to estimate the associations between UPFs, depression, and T2D complications. Results: In total, 105 individuals developed diabetes-related complications over a 7-year period. Participants with high depressive symptoms and high UPFs consumption had the highest risk for diabetes complications (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.07, 95% CI: 0.91 - 4.70), compared to participants with low depressive symptoms and low UPFs consumption. Higher risks for diabetes complications were observed when high depressive symptoms and antidepressant use were combined with high UPFs consumption (aHR 2.59, 95% CI: 1.32 - 5.06). Conclusion: This study indicates that those with co-occurring depression and high UPFs consumption have a greater risk of diabetes complications. Early management and monitoring of both risk factors might be essential to prevent diabetes complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Digital Platform Workers' Rights Act 2022 in Canada and its impact on platform workers. It highlights the growth of platform work in Canada and the need for regulation to protect the rights of platform workers. The Act establishes rights for platform workers and addresses issues related to their classification and working conditions. However, there are concerns about the effectiveness of the Act, particularly regarding data transparency, determinacy, and the substance of the rights outlined. The article also acknowledges the challenges and complexities surrounding the classification of platform workers and the need for further research to understand their experiences. Overall, the Act is seen as a step in the right direction, but its effectiveness depends on the development of appropriate infrastructure for asserting claims and resolving disputes. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a historical perspective on Canada's transition from third to fourth generation fighter aircraft and its ongoing transition to fifth generation fighters. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the mindset and constraints of previous generations and how they can inform current and future developments. The article discusses the complexities and ethical considerations associated with emerging technologies like uncrewed aerial vehicles. It also addresses the challenges and considerations involved in the procurement and transition process of the CF-18 to the F-35 fighter aircraft, including security measures, infrastructure upgrades, and the need for experienced personnel. The article highlights the challenges faced by the Royal Canadian Air Force in recruiting and training enough personnel, and suggests changes in prerequisites for becoming a pilot and utilizing modern technology for distance learning. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of historical analysis, adaptation, and learning from past experiences in transitioning to new fighter capabilities. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides a detailed account of the Canadian Armed Forces' role in the 2021 Kabul Air Evacuation, known as Operation Aegis. It discusses the challenges faced during the operation, including limited landing slots and strict time constraints at the overcrowded airport. Despite these obstacles, Canadian forces worked closely with their allied partners to maximize the number of evacuees. The conditions on the ground were described as tenuous, chaotic, and desperate, with Canadian military personnel going above and beyond to assist evacuees. The operation involved procuring necessary supplies locally and ensuring the safety and well-being of the evacuees. The Canadian military's mission was driven by the purpose of helping evacuate as many people as possible, providing them with opportunities for education and a better future. [Extracted from the article]

In "Dominion over Palm and Pine: A History of Canadian Aspirations in the British Caribbean" by Paula Hastings, the author challenges the common belief in Canada's lack of a colonial past. Hastings argues that Canadian politicians, journalists, entrepreneurs, and intellectuals have entertained the idea of annexing British Caribbean islands since the late nineteenth century. These proposals were driven by various motivations, including commercial advantages, international prestige, and access to a tropical paradise. The book also explores the racial geographies that have shaped Canada's position in the world and highlights the opposition faced by proponents of unionism, including concerns about Caribbean migration and the denial of political rights. Overall, the book contributes to the understanding of Canada's transnational history and its role in the coloniality of the global system. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a tribute to Dr. Robert K. Shapter, a physician who had a significant impact on the field of medicine. The author reflects on the importance of maps in guiding explorers and draws a parallel to Dr. Shapter's journey, as he had to navigate his career without a clear roadmap. Dr. Shapter's contributions to medicine, including his work as a physician, editor, and mentor, are highlighted. The article emphasizes the profound loss that his death represents and acknowledges the countless lives he saved and influenced throughout his career. Dr. Shapter's accomplishments, such as earning his medical degree from Dalhousie University and serving in the Canadian Air Force, are also mentioned. [Extracted from the article]