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The relationship of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of germ cell‐ or embryo‐derived teratocarcinoma tumors, to early embryonic cells came under intense scrutiny in the early 1970s when mouse chimeras were produced between EC cells and embryos. These chimeras raised tantalizing possibilities and high hopes for different areas of research. The normalization of EC cells by the embryo lent validity to their use as in vitro models for embryogenesis and indicated that they might reveal information about the relationship between malignancy and differentiation. Chimeras also showed the way for the potential introduction of genes, selected in EC cells in vitro, into the germ line of mice. Although EC cells provided material for the elucidation of early embryonic events and stimulated many studies of early molecular differentiation, after years of intense scrutiny, they fell short as the means of genetic manipulation of the germ line, although arguably they pointed the way to the development of embryonic stem (ES) cells that eventually fulfilled this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a historical overview of the evolution of social justice, a concept the development of which is interwoven with liberal ideology and practices. The inception of liberalism and its various historical levels are examined, explicating the way social justice arose as a significant social value and shifted as liberal thought evolved. The impact and limitations of these understandings and implementations of social justice over the past 200 years are discussed. The theories of Nancy Fraser and Martha Nussbaum are briefly summarized and presented as approaches that have sought to overcome current challenges to social justice in a globalized context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I suggest that our current relation to the sociopolitical future is one where we are blocked from changing our view of what that future is or could be. In this sense, we are trapped in a time loop wherein the challenges before us are continuously met with social and political solutions designed for futures past, old futures. These past possible futures are ones that failed to solve the problems they were offered to address. As such, there is no growth, change, or redemption that could activate a new future; there is only the rehearsal of the old ones: failed futures from the past. What's more, this process of defuturing also relies on a winnowing of the past such that only those pasts that align with our present are allowed to be brought forward. I argue that, to reactivate our future, we also need to reactivate our pasts. I am thinking of those pasts that we do not seek or do not want but that nevertheless come to us. These are the multiple and competing pasts that swirl with present and future as in a vortex, denying any one past the privilege of guiding, directing, or foreclosing the future. It is only by facing this vortex and reopening the past that we can re‐open the future and escape the time loop of our ever‐receding horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aim to identify the major ideas and trends in the study of morality within personality psychology over the past 100 years. Method: Our historical review is organized into three sections, examining moral dimensions in personality from the standpoints of the person as (1) a social actor (moral traits), (2) a motivated agent (the mental infrastructure of morality), and (3) an autobiographical author (moral life stories). Results: Within the field of personality psychology, a great deal of research into morality has been hiding for decades in plain view. Accordingly, we trace the history of research on socialization and instrumental competence, altruism, moral traits and virtues, the dimensions of morality inherent in the authoritarian personality, personal values, moral reasoning, moral intuitions, and the life stories constructed by people who have distinguished themselves for moral excellence, as evidenced in extraordinary bravery, compassion, or generativity. Conclusions: In a multitude of ways, human beings express and experience individual differences in their moral engagement of the world, all of which fall within the purview of personality psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose Methods Results Conclusions Since its description by Guillain, Barré, and Strohl in 1916, Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) has attracted a large literature. The author reviews the history of research into its pathogenesis and treatment to highlight promising avenues for future research.This is a nonsystematic personal review.Since the early 1900s, the clinical picture of GBS has been illustrated in multiple series culminating in the ongoing International Guillain–Barré Syndrome study of 2000 patients. In the 1950s and 1960s, the inflammatory nature of the commonest form, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), was described. In the 1990s, two axonal forms, acute motor–sensory axonal neuropathy and acute motor axonal neuropathy, were recognized. In the 1990s and early 2000s, these forms were shown to be due to antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni glycans cross‐reacting with glycolipids on axonal membranes. The pathogenesis of AIDP remains unknown, but T‐cell responses to the compact myelin proteins, P2 and P0, which cause experimental autoimmune neuritis, suggest that T cells are important. Randomized controlled trials in the 1970s and 1980s showed no benefit from corticosteroids. Trials in the 1980s showed benefit from plasma exchange and in the 1990s from intravenous immunoglobulin.Future research should seek biomarkers to identify subgroups with different treatment responses, define the true natural history of the disease with population‐based epidemiological studies, study the pathology in autopsies early in the disease, seek causative antibodies and confirm autoimmune T‐cell responses in AIDP, and expand treatment trials to include anti‐T‐cell agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We selected and discussed 10 articles in Acta Ophthalmologica since 1923 that changed clinical ophthalmology and treatment protocols, or provided novel findings and perspectives. We are aware that the selection of articles may be debatable and we invite readers to suggest other significant Acta articles. For historians, the article archive of Acta Ophthalmologica is located in Copenhagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and history Training Conclusion In Mongolia, pediatric anesthesia has advanced during the past 25 years through expanded, standardized education programs and international collaboration. Pediatric anesthesia is a recognized specialty, covering all surgical services, including cardiac and transplant, using physicians and nurses.The pediatric anesthesia fellowship is 6 months after 2 years of residency; pediatric nurse anesthesia training is 6 months.As a Low‐ and Middle‐Income Country (LMIC) with low population density and extreme weather, the challenges include insufficient equipment, supplies, and clinician numbers, matching few clinicians to many varied patient locations, and covering surgical emergencies over distance and weather.In Thailand, education and training in pediatric anesthesia remain a focus: Pediatric anesthesia is an official subspecialty, the fellowship is accredited, using a competency‐based curriculum with milestones of Direct Observation of Procedural Skills and Entrusted Professional Activities. The Bangkok Anesthesia Regional Training Center (BARTC)‐Pediatrics, jointly sponsored by the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists (WFSA) and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA), have expanded training to anesthesiologists worldwide. Challenges include difficulty balancing service workload and education, as well as attracting pediatric anesthesia fellows due to the strong private sector job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alchemical concepts of chemical symbolism, nomenclature, and affinity underwent fundamental changes between the 1770s and the 1820s, roughly simultaneously with the Chemical Revolution (ca. 1772–89), i. e. the replacement of the phlogiston theory with Lavoisier's New Chemistry. Using the old, alchemical symbols, Bergman devised a system of formulas to describe virtually all known inorganic chemistry, and he influenced Guiton de Morveau's Mémoire sur les Dénominations Chimiques, and the subsequent Méthode de nomenclature. Hassenfratz and Adet devised a new artificial sign language which, however, was too complicated and unintuitive to gain widespread acceptance. Bergman refined the concept of affinity, but his belief in phlogiston rapidly made the system obsolete. Wenzel realized that the dissolution of metals in acids is not just a question of affinity but rather of concentration, and he and Berthollet separately formulated early versions of the Law of Mass Action thereby making attempts to quantify affinity redundant. Richter formulated a principle that became known as the Law of Equivalent Proportions, describing acid‐base reactions and double decompositions of salts, but continuing to use Bergman‐style alchemical formulas. Only John Dalton's atomic theory with little globules denoting atoms and their combination into molecules made a definite break with the alchemical symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Recent US proposals suggest defining Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on β‐amyloidosis alone. This sparked debates that echoed historical ones about the significance of brain lesions and clinical phenotype.This review covers debates on AD nosology through three key periods: AD's discovery in German‐speaking countries in the early 20th century, its redefinition in Anglo‐Saxon countries in the 1960s–1980s, and current debates on the biological or clinicobiological definitions of AD. Key players' opinions are focused on.At the beginning of the 20th century, AD was defined as a clinicopathological entity. Debates arose around the pathological anchor, which included extended neurofibrillary tangles versus neuritic plaques (Alzheimer vs. Fischer) and its association with senile dementia (Kraepelin). In the 1960s–1980s, the debate shifted towards whether AD could be diagnosed using qualitative or quantitative neuropathological features and whether it was a unique process (Terry and Katzman) or had subtypes (Roth). The current definition proposed by the US Alzheimer's Association is based purely on biological β‐amyloid abnormalities and represents a double break: from the historical clinicopathological definition of AD and from the historical emphasis on tau or combined tau and β‐amyloid high levels of pathology. Conversely, the clinicobiological proposal of the International Working Group remains aligned with historical concepts of AD.This historical perspective illustrates the unresolved questions surrounding AD pathogenesis, role of lesions, and the clinical phenotype, especially for sporadic cases. The intense nosological debates throughout the history of AD also illustrate the diversity of theoretical frameworks for defining disease in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart valves serve a vital hemodynamic function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. Additionally, native heart valves serve biological functions such as growth and self‐repair. Heart valve implants mimic the hemodynamic function of native heart valves, but are unable to fulfill their biological functions. We developed partial heart transplantation to deliver heart valve implants that fulfill all functions of native heart valves. This is particularly advantageous for children, who require growing heart valve implants. This invited review outlines the past, present and future of partial heart transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his book Aion, Jung describes something like a quasi‐Hegelian progressive historical realization of the Self in a perspective similar to Fernand Braudel's longue durée history. This article deals with a similar perspective, as it tries to focus on what we may call a "cultural complex" yet within its unfolding in historical time and belonging not to just one specific cultural group, but to a large cultural basin, which we may indicate as the "West". This complex marks the birth and development of modernity. The depth, pervasiveness and duration of this cultural complex permeates the lives and psychologies of all of those that are part of it. Therefore, every analytical project must take into account the underlying emotional, epistemic and social field within which this complex constellates. One of the main features of this (trans)cultural complex, strictly connected with the progressive fragmentation of the self and the transformation of the numinosum with its meaning‐giving force, is paranoia. This article analyses the historical and cultural features that produce paranoia and fragmentation and determine paranoid symptoms and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centre‐periphery relations have constituted a paradox for the English National Health Service (NHS) since its creation in 1948. Is it a top‐down national service organised locally, or a bottom‐up arrangement of local health systems managed nationally? North West England provides a regional case study which traces the changing organisational, relational and spatial dimensions of the intermediate tier. These reposition centre‐periphery tensions. In foregrounding, situating and conceptualising region in these terms, I offer new insight into existing narratives and centre‐periphery relations in the NHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Argument/Analysis Conclusions England, Australia and the United States have approached the regulation of e‐cigarettes in very different ways, yet all three countries have appealed to the concept of evidence as underpinning policy responses. We compared these policy responses using a combination of the methodologies of historians and policy scientists in order to elucidate the factors that had influenced policy in each country.Each country’s evidence and values intersected in different ways, producing very different responses within specific national contexts and histories. Our analysis accordingly emphasized the historical precursors of the policy issues raised by e‐cigarettes and placed the policy debate within the context of regulatory bodies and the networks of researchers and advocates who influenced policy. Issues also of importance were the nature of the state; political context; the pre‐history of nicotine for smoking cessation; the role of activism and its links with government; the influence of harm reduction ideas from drugs and HIV; and finally, whom policy was perceived to benefit. In the United Kingdom, based on this pre‐history of the smoking issue, it was the existing smoker, while in the United States and Australia, protecting children and adolescents has played a central role.Structural and historical factors appear to underpin differences in e‐cigarette policy development in England, Australia and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conceptualizes the phenomenon of historizing the present, defined as emphasizing the historical significance of present events and treating the present from the perspective of history. The authors identify four modes of historizing the present (emphasizing that: (1) the present will shape history; (2) the present is a unique moment in history; (3) the present will be remembered in history; (4) the present echoes history) and demonstrate how historizing can be employed by marketers of for‐profit and nonprofit organizations in a variety of contexts. The paper examines the psychological implications of appreciating the historical significance of the present and outlines a research agenda for studying the downstream behavioral consequences of historizing the present across diverse substantive consumer domains. It concludes with an examination of the broader societal implications of historizing the present as well as its implications for consumer well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on Hayden White's understanding of the subject and explores how best to move forward discussions in theory of history after his arguments about narrativity. To do so, I reconsider his arguments in light of more recent feminist and queer theorizations. Through a reconstruction of the current international new wave of feminism and LGBTQ+ activism as a rich and complex social movement that involves a narration of its own (practical) past, I will recontextualize and revaluate White's insight from the perspective of Judith Butler's theory of subject formation. The argument will unfold in four parts. First, I will recall White's ironic and existential stance on language and narrativity in the representation of reality and in relation to social beliefs. Second, I will again raise the question of the value of narrativity, as framed by White, in the context of the publication of a recent feminist manifesto. It is here that another issue will emerge as crucial: the relationship between the limits of linguistic self‐consciousness and the question of the subject. In the third part, my argument will take a partial turn "against White" and toward Butler's subject formation theory. My claim will be that there is a residue of the belief in the sovereign individual in White's insistence on self‐consciousness. However, I will also show that his suspicion regarding the psychological impulse toward narrative closure can be re‐elaborated as the challenge Butler is facing with their theory of subject formation: that of critically resisting the belief in our being coherent and self‐sufficient individuals. In the fourth part, I will present Butler's refiguration of the thesis of the subject's opacity in terms of the primary relationality that binds human beings to one another, and I will offer a new understanding of the individual, norms, agency, infancy, and ethics. Finally, I will conclude that we are bodies in history and that theory of history can find a promising line of research through this conception of the subject, a conception that reframes how we understand the intimate links between political consciousness, historicity, and embodiment. I also claim that this line of research constitutes an ethics for our historical undoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores one of Collingwood's most puzzling claims—that, in re‐enacting a past act of thought, I can revive not just the propositional content of that act but also the very act of thought itself. This aspect of Collingwood's ideas has been largely ignored, and, when not ignored, it has been almost universally rejected. After all, we might ask, how can it be that two acts of thought—one, say, had by Carol in the library on Wednesday and another act of thought had by Harold in his study on Thursday—are literally identical? I explore this baffling claim and, in particular, Collingwood's argument that acts of thought can have the identity of a continuant. I try to show how the idea of the identity of the continuant might be used to remove some of the puzzlement in Collingwood's claim about literal identity between acts of thought; I thus show how Harold, on Thursday, might be able to experience the exact same act of thought that Carol had on Wednesday. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses two primary tensions that currently beset medieval history. The first concerns a contentious debate within the field regarding the relative merits of two interpretative approaches: that which seeks to situate the Middle Ages within a narrative of continuity wherein aspects of the medieval bear some relationship of familiarity with the present and that which accords a radical alterity to the past that instigates moments of historical rupture. The second tension concerns the fraught relationship between history as a site of knowledge production with some proximity to engaging and producing truth and history as constructed, wherein its purported object of study, the past, is not an ontological fact but a cultural artifact. In this instance, what we witness is less a debate among scholars within history than an amorphic anxiety about history. This article makes a case for engaging the radical alterity that confronts the historian of the Middle Ages. It does so, however, cognizant of an ontological impasse: if alterity is attentive to difference, a difference that resists translation into modern knowledge regimes, then what does it mean to engage it historically—that is, through a temporal structure that would have been foreign to the very period of study? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the impact of genomic history, a subdiscipline that emerged in the study of the ancient Mediterranean in the 2010s. In 2014, scientists first published a method for extracting genetic material, which they christened aDNA (ancient DNA), from ancient human remains in hot climates. After a decade of research, genomic history is now poised to transform our understanding of Mediterranean premodernity, centering migration and conflict as the key mechanisms for cultural change. Despite years of critique, aDNA researchers have failed to seriously examine the bioessentialist assumptions implicit in their work—a failure that has led many to deploy language that is strikingly evocative of pre‐World War II racialism. Even worse, some genomic historians continue to make troubling overtures toward the ethnonationalist Right, which has been ascendant across Europe and North America since the 2010s. This article traces the intellectual genealogy of genomic history from World War II to the present, examines recent attempts to answer criticism from the humanities and social sciences, and suggests paths for responsible use of aDNA in historical and prehistorical scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managed retreat—the purposive and coordinated movement of people away from climate risks—has risen in importance, discussion and urgency in recent years. As climate threats increase in size and scope, both scholarly and policy responses are likely to take increasing interest in this deeply geographic phenomenon. This is an important juncture to take stock, and reflect on what Geography can offer both academic and policy responses to managed retreat. While managed retreat has developed a critical and useful set of tools and ideas for dealing with profound climate adaptation measures, there remain omissions. Here we point to the historical perspective, participative community‐based approaches, and diversifying from over‐researched examples that can dominate this (sub)field as aspects that can all be strengthened going forward. To end, we offer three recommendations for further thought on managed retreat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions The history of the development of acute neurologic disease as a biologic mechanism is of interest. Equally important is how it translated to the bedside and how the clinical examination differentiated itself.This paper reviews primary sources pertaining to acute neurologic conditions described mostly in the 19th and 20th century. A review of monographs, treatises, textbooks, and peer‐reviewed articles was conducted.The evolution of clinical signs and syndromes associated with dynamic intracranial pathologies was predicated on the idea that animal studies informed clinicians, who then linked clinical signs to these observations. A dominant theme is that innovative technologies could trace acute processes through all their various stages, affording a complete picture of the disease process. Just as clinical descriptors of central nervous system processes evolved, the presentation of acute neuromuscular respiratory failure became better defined. Once practices incorporated these acute clinical signs, textbooks cemented their “gold standard” status with relative impunity.The practise of acute neurology and neurocritical care must find out what, historically, others were seeking but could not find. Patterns of clinical presentation in acute neurology are sufficiently recognizable to guide practise decisions. Although, the currently well‐documented clinical syndromes of acute neurologic conditions (at presentation and during deterioration) have been taught for generations, practitioners have noted that they lack consistency and predictability. History also taught us that part of this improved knowledge came with designated units―a clear example of how protean systems (not always innovative neurologists or neuroscientists or technologies) shaped the history of neurology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is significant variation in practice when managing couples with recurrent miscarriage (RM), with guidelines differing on the definition of RM, recommended investigations, and treatment options. In the absence of evidence‐based guidance, and following on from a paper by the authors—FIGO Good Practice Recommendations on the use of progesterone in the management of recurrent first‐trimester miscarriage—this narrative review aims to propose a global holistic approach. We present graded recommendations based on best available evidence. Synopsis: Best practice recommendations for managing couples with recurrent miscarriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Commentary article reviews the history of veterinary immunology in Australia from the 1980s and discusses the key people and areas of research during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there have been some studies of counterfactual analysis in history and other academic disciplines, there are very few studies in social policy and health policy. This paper explores a major critical juncture and counterfactual in the creation of the NHS. In particular, it explores the critical juncture of the discussion in the Labour Cabinet involving Bevan's proposal for nationalising the hospitals and Morrison's alternative proposal based on local government, and the counterfactual of Prime Minister Attlee summing up in favour of Morrison. It reviews the literature on the criteria for counterfactuals, and justifies the focus on the Cabinet Discussion, as this was a considered option which, with minimum change, might have led to significantly different outcomes. We consider how such an event could have come about, how credible that alternative was, and what its implications might have been. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The African Light Source (AfLS) project is now almost eight years old. This article assesses the history, current context and future of the project. There is by now considerable momentum in building the user community, including deep training, facilitating access to current facilities, growing the scientific output, scientific networks and growing the local laboratory-scale research infrastructure. The Conceptual Design Report for the AfLS is in its final editing stages. This document specifies the socio-economic and scientific rationales and the technical aspects amongst others. The AfLS is supported by many national and Pan-African scientific professional bodies and voluntary associates across many scientific disciplines, and there are stakeholders throughout the continent and beyond. The current roadmap phases have expanded to include national and Pan-African level conversations with policy makers through new Strategic Task Force groups. The document summarizes this progress and discusses the future of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant advances in various disciplines of neurosciences, such as neurology, neuropsychiatry, neuroimaging, and neurogenetics, have caused an exciting field to emerge in the field of forensic neuropsychiatry called neurolaw. The resurgence of interest in this field has paralleled the renaissance of neuropsychiatry in the last few decades. This historical review of the practice of forensic neuropsychiatry provides an insight into the past with the hope that it will guide the future development of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comment on Felix Mallin and James D. Sidaway's 'Critical Geoeconomics: A Genealogy of Writing Politics, Economy, and Space'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper retraces the early history of the European Journal of Neurology (EJN), as it is about to enter its 30th year. It describes how our discipline organized itself during the latter part of the 20th century in Europe. In some ways, the creation and the evolution of the journal parallel the process of unification of Europe in its current form in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It started as a new journal with no impact factor and no indexation. It grew progressively thanks to the support of the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) and from the European scientific community The progressive merging of EFNS with the European Society of Neurology and the creation of the European Academy of Neurology were essential for reaching the current prominence of EJN within neurological publishing and for making it the widely heard official voice of European neurology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]