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Functional networks often guide our interpretation of spatial maps of brain–phenotype associations. However, methods for assessing enrichment of associations within networks of interest have varied in terms of both scientific rigor and underlying assumptions. While some approaches have relied on subjective interpretations, others have made unrealistic assumptions about spatial properties of imaging data, leading to inflated false positive rates. We seek to address this gap in existing methodology by borrowing insight from a method widely used in genetics research for testing enrichment of associations between a set of genes and a phenotype of interest. We propose network enrichment significance testing (NEST), a flexible framework for testing the specificity of brain–phenotype associations to functional networks or other sub‐regions of the brain. We apply NEST to study enrichment of associations with structural and functional brain imaging data from a large‐scale neurodevelopmental cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder among humans after headaches. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 50–65 million individuals were diagnosed with epilepsy throughout the world, and around two million new cases of epilepsy are added to this figure every year. Methods: Designed as descriptive and cross‐sectional research, this study was performed on 132 elementary school teachers. Training on epilepsy and epileptic seizure was given to teachers. The pretest and posttest research data were collected with the face‐to‐face interview method. In this process, the epilepsy knowledge scale was used as well as a survey form that had questions designed to find out about teachers' personal characteristics. The Statistical Package for Social Science 25.0 was utilized in the statistical analysis of research data. In the research, the statistical significance was identified if the p‐value was below.05 (p <.05). Results: Of all teachers participating in the study, 59.1% were female, 90.2% were married, and 47.7% witnessed an epilepsy seizure before. The mean of teachers' pretest epilepsy knowledge scores was 8.43 ± 4.31 points before the training while the mean of their posttest epilepsy knowledge scores was 12.65 ± 2.48 points after the training. The difference between the means of pretest and posttest scores was statistically significant (p =.000). After the training, there was a statistically significant increase in means of scores obtained by teachers from each item of the epilepsy knowledge scale (p <.05). Conclusions: As there was a statistically significant improvement in levels of teachers' knowledge about both epilepsy and epileptic seizure after the training, it is recommended that the training about the approach to epilepsy and epileptic seizure be given to all teachers, and additionally, including these topics in the course curricula of universities is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This Study Aimed to Assess the Intention to Have a Third Child among Millennial Parents (25–40 years old) with Two Children in a City in Eastern China and to Explore the Influencing Factors Related to Fertility Intention. Design: A cross‐sectional design study. Methods: A convenience sampling method was used to enrol participants of childbearing age who visited two tertiary hospitals in Hang zhou, a city in eastern China, from June 2021 to March 2022. We conducted a face‐to‐face questionnaire survey with 520 participants and calculated the prevalence of intention‐related factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the independent influencing factors of fertility intention. Results: In total, 105 (20.2%) participants had the intention to have a third child. The results showed that 'employment status', 'age', 'reasons for wanting a third child', the considered 'biggest barrier to having a third child', 'views on the three‐child policy', 'desired free services', 'supporting work policies' and 'assistance policies' were significant independent influencing factors of intention to have a third child (p‐value < 0.05). The intention of the participants 'over 30 years old' was 2.466 times that of those '30 years old and under', and 'older age/personal health status' was considered the 'biggest barrier to having a third child'. Regarding policy and social reasons, the participants who need 'medical assistance' policy negatively affect the intention to have a third child (OR = 0.453, 95% CI = 0.247–0.830). Implications for Healthcare/Nursing: Nursing plays an important role in health promotion. Nurses can help couples make wise decisions about fertility by providing professional consultation, education, evaluation and support. They can also provide corresponding nursing and guidance to improve couples' health quality and overall reproductive success. Conclusions: The general level of intention to have a third child of Millennial parents with two children is still low. The participants who are 'housewives/househusbands', 'over 30 years old', and satisfied with the state of 'medical assistance' have higher fertility intentions. Patient or Public Contribution: It is particularly meaningful for the policymakers to improve the social support system and raise universal awareness to encourage childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are regularly tasked with the comparison of binary data across groups. There is, however, some discussion in the biostatistics literature about the best methodology for the analysis of data comprising binary explanatory and response variables forming a 2 × 2 contingency table.We assess several methodologies for the analysis of 2 × 2 contingency tables using a simulation scheme of different sample sizes with outcomes evenly or unevenly distributed between groups. Specifically, we assess the commonly recommended logistic (generalised linear model [GLM]) regression analysis, the classical Pearson chi‐squared test and four conventional alternatives (Yates' correction, Fisher's exact, exact unconditional and mid‐p), as well as the widely discouraged linear model (LM) regression.We found that both LM and GLM analyses provided unbiased estimates of the difference in proportions between groups. LM and GLM analyses also provided accurate standard errors and confidence intervals when the experimental design was balanced. When the experimental design was unbalanced, sample size was small, and one of the two groups had a probability close to 1 or 0, LM analysis could substantially over‐ or under‐represent statistical uncertainty. For null hypothesis significance testing, the performance of the chi‐squared test and LM analysis were almost identical. Across all scenarios, both had high power to detect non‐null effects and reject false positives. By contrast, the GLM analysis was underpowered when using z‐based p‐values, in particular when one of the two groups had a probability near 1 or 0. The GLM using the LRT had better power to detect non‐null results.Our simulation results suggest that, wherever a chi‐squared test would be recommended, a linear regression is a suitable alternative for the analysis of 2 × 2 contingency table data. When researchers opt for more sophisticated procedures, we provide R functions to calculate the standard error of a difference between two probabilities from a Bernoulli GLM output using the delta method. We also explore approaches to compliment GLM analysis of 2 × 2 contingency tables with credible intervals on the probability scale. These additional operations should support researchers to make valid assessments of both statistical and practical significances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinsonism‐dystonia‐2 PKDYS2 is an autosomal‐recessive disorder, caused by pathogenic biallelic variants in SLC18A2 which encodes the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) protein. PKDYS2 is a treatable neurotransmitter disease, and the rate of diagnosis of this disorder has increased significantly with the advance of genomic technologies. Our report highlights a novel pathologic variant in one case and a novel finding on MRI Brain, consisting of a normal symmetrical signal intensity in the dorsal brainstem and pons, and it substantiates the significance of genetic testing in the evaluation of children with developmental delays, which influences clinical decisions to enhance patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We survey 20,439 estimates from 64 distinct research areas to assess power, bias and statistical significance in industrial relations research. The average estimate published in industrial relations research lacks adequate power; average power is 33 per cent, and median power is only 14 per cent, much lower than the conventional 80 per cent standard. Low power means that industrial relations researchers will find it more difficult to detect important associations pertaining to workplace relations. Low power also leads to exaggerated research findings. We find substantial publication bias in industrial relations research, though nearly half of the research areas have little or no bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Knowledge‐based planning (KBP) aims to automate and standardize treatment planning. New KBP users are faced with many questions: How much does model size matter, and are multiple models needed to accommodate specific physician preferences? In this study, six head‐and‐neck KBP models were trained to address these questions. Methods: The six models differed in training size and plan composition: The KBPFull (n = 203 plans), KBP101 (n = 101), KBP50 (n = 50), and KBP25 (n = 25) were trained with plans from two head‐and‐neck physicians. KBPA and KBPB each contained n = 101 plans from only one physician, respectively. An independent set of 39 patients treated to 6000–7000 cGy by a third physician was re‐planned with all KBP models for validation. Standard head‐and‐neck dosimetric parameters were used to compare resulting plans. KBPFull plans were compared to the clinical plans to evaluate overall model quality. Additionally, clinical and KBPFull plans were presented to another physician for blind review. Dosimetric comparison of KBPFull against KBP101, KBP50, and KBP25 investigated the effect of model size. Finally, KBPA versus KBPB tested whether training KBP models on plans from one physician only influences the resulting output. Dosimetric differences were tested for significance using a paired t‐test (p < 0.05). Results: Compared to manual plans, KBPFull significantly increased PTV Low D95% and left parotid mean dose but decreased dose cochlea, constrictors, and larynx. The physician preferred the KBPFull plan over the manual plan in 20/39 cases. Dosimetric differences between KBPFull, KBP101, KBP50, and KBP25 plans did not exceed 187 cGy on aggregate, except for the cochlea. Further, average differences between KBPA and KBPB were below 110 cGy. Conclusions: Overall, all models were shown to produce high‐quality plans. Differences between model outputs were small compared to the prescription. This indicates only small improvements when increasing model size and minimal influence of the physician when choosing treatment plans for training head‐and‐neck KBP models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the question of testing for the presence of Pareto suboptimal capital overaccumulation in overlapping generations economies. The paper allows generation‐specific technology shocks to evolve over time according to a stationary Markov chain, and assumes that an econometrician observes a finite sample of aggregate quantities. In this setting, any statistical test of the null hypothesis of capital overaccumulation with size less than one also has zero power against the alternative hypothesis of a dynamically efficient steady state. This result means that the standard assessments of capital overaccumulation based on US aggregate quantity data should be viewed as inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (AOGS) has updated its guidelines for authors to report methods and statistical analyses. The guidelines reflect recent advancements in research methodology and address concerns about the misuse of statistical hypothesis testing. The guidelines aim to promote transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing by encouraging consistent and standardized reporting. They also emphasize the interpretation of effect sizes and confidence intervals, rather than relying solely on statistical significance. The guidelines cover various aspects of experimental and observational studies and are aligned with the EQUATOR network's guidelines for health research. AOGS encourages authors to adhere to these guidelines to enhance the credibility and understanding of their research. [Extracted from the article]

Aims/Purpose: To determine if online medical education for ophthalmologists (Ophth) could improve knowledge for GA disease impact, patient assessment and confidence in emerging therapies. Methods: Ophth participated in an online 30 min video, 3 expert roundtable discussion with accompanying slides. A repeated pairs pre−/post‐assessment study design was used, assessing three multiple choice knowledge and one confidence question. Statistical significance tests: McNemar's test for individual questions (5% significance level, p < 0.05), paired sample t‐test for overall average correct responses and confidence rating; data collected 16 December 2022 to 22 March 2023. Test completers: 230. Results: At baseline, 3% Ophth answered all three questions correctly, increasing to 37% (p < 0.01) post‐assessment. 58% Ophth reported improved confidence understanding the rationale for targeting the complement system with GA therapies. The activity significantly increased knowledge on impact of GA on time to loss of ability to drive (pre: 7%, post: 52%, p < 0.001), on recall of detrimental lesion characteristics (pre: 40%, post: 67% p < 0.01) as well as capability of automated OCT analysis algorithms to predict GA progression (pre: 51%, post: 69%, p < 0.001). Only 24% Ophth polled currently document >75% patients with advanced atrophic AMD with OCT/FAF imaging. Conclusions: Online medical education in the form of expert roundtable discussions with accompanying slides can significantly improve knowledge on assessing patients with GA using imaging, understand the rationale to treat and increase confidence in understanding the role of complement inhibition. Polling showed a lack in documenting patients for GA progression. Complementary education is warranted during the introduction of a novel therapeutic horizon in GA management in clinical practice to support evidence‐based patient selection guidance for emerging therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]