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In response to Andrew Benjamin Bricker's demonstration of the usefulness of printers' ornaments in the identification of the pseudonymous "A. Moore," this note suggests that printers' waste is another method. The Trade Sale Catalogues in the John Johnson Collection in the Bodleian Library show that booksellers preserved printed waste sheets of their own publications. There is no evidence that they retained such sheets of the publications of others. This strongly suggests that possession of waste is an indication of responsibility for publication. The note gives two examples of such methodology, one showing Thomas Warner having published as A. Moore, and the other showing John Baker publishing anonymously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georgia Brady Barnhill's book, "Gems of Art on Paper: Illustrated American Fiction and Poetry, 1765–1885," provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the growth of illustrated American fiction and poetry. Barnhill explores the development of the illustration industry, from early experiments to technological advancements, and the evolution of illustrators and craftspeople. The book focuses on a neglected period of book illustration and offers a holistic view of mainstream literary illustration, discussing specific editions, illustration technologies, and important creators. Barnhill's work is a valuable resource for scholars and researchers interested in the history of book illustration in America. [Extracted from the article]

The Archives of American Art has acquired two new collections that deepen their holdings of postwar Los Angeles artists. The Michael Brewster Papers contain materials related to his career as a sound artist, including recordings and documentation of his site-specific works. The Elyn Zimmerman Papers document Zimmerman's interest in the resonance of architectural spaces through light, featuring images and drawings of her innovative glass plank installations. These collections provide valuable insights into the work of these artists and contribute to the understanding of site-specific practices in Southern California. [Extracted from the article]

"Women in the History of Analytic Philosophy" is an edited collection of 10 original essays that aim to correct the misconception that women played no major role in the development of analytic philosophy. The essays cover a diverse range of topics and are written by a diverse group of authors, from graduate students to full professors. The book includes biographies of each philosopher discussed, providing readers with a sense of their entire career. Overall, the collection is well-balanced, insightful, and makes a valuable contribution to the field of analytic philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

The book "Women's Labour and the History of the Book in Early Modern England" edited by Valerie Wayne explores the question of whether women have a book history in early modern England. The book utilizes a range of new original sources and analysis to provide a resounding answer that women did indeed have a significant role in the book trade and cultural life during this period. The book is praised for its successes but also acknowledges its limitations, particularly in terms of its focus on English borders and its definition of "woman." Despite these constraints, the book is considered an essential piece of women's history and book history for future scholars and students. [Extracted from the article]

This article looks at the first editions of Thomas Jefferson's (1829) and James Madison's papers (1840). Both editions exhibit some peculiar features regarding content and structure. This article argues that the selection and editing of materials for these editions have to be seen in the context of Jefferson and Madison's combined efforts to provide an interpretation of the American founding from their (Republican) perspective. For example, the dates covered by the material in Madison's edition nicely complement the dates covered by the material of Jefferson's historical writings as left by him at the time of his death. Taken together, the two friends' documentary editions crafted a history of the United States' founding that, Madison and Jefferson hoped, would combat the mostly Federalist accounts of the era published in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and would thus help to preserve the "republican experiment" in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paul J. Smith Papers, measuring 75 linear feet, provide a comprehensive record of the career of museum curator and director Paul J. Smith. The collection includes biographical material, personal and professional correspondence, audio recordings, interview transcripts, photographs, and research files related to exhibitions and publications. Smith's papers document his curatorial work, including landmark exhibitions such as Objects: USA and Craft Today: Poetry of the Physical. The collection also highlights Smith's engagement with experimental forms of artistic and material culture, particularly during the mid-1960s to mid-1970s. Additionally, the papers contain correspondence with notable artists and interviews and photographs of artists involved in the studio craft movement. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the Wordsworth-Coleridge Association's call for papers for the Modern Language Association Convention in January 2025. Topics include the bicentenary of William Hazlitt's "The Spirit of the Age," considerations of literary, political, and cultural figures from the Romantic era, and proposals that extend or contest Percy Shelley's views on "the spirit of the age" in his "Defence of Poetry."

The Journal of African American History is seeking submissions for a special issue on the history of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). HBCUs have played a significant role in the freedom movement and the Black experience since 1837. They have been important centers of intellectualism and have produced influential activists, artists, educators, and scholars. This special issue aims to uncover new stories and expand our understanding of the contributions of HBCUs to various aspects of the Black experience, including ethnomusicology, the arts, humanities, social sciences, activism, democracy, politics, the African Diaspora, and various professions. Manuscripts should be submitted by July 1, 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The Journal of Geology has established a new best-paper award called the Alfred T. Anderson Journal of Geology Best Paper Award, named after Fred Anderson, a former coeditor and editor of the journal. This annual award will recognize the best paper published in the past three years of the journal and will be announced at the annual Geological Society of America conference. The winner will receive a $1,000 cash prize. The first award will be announced at the 2024 GSA meeting in Anaheim, California for the best paper published in the Journal of Geology between 2021 and 2023. [Extracted from the article]

The Society of Labor Economists will hold its 30th Annual Meeting, jointly with the European Association of Labour Economists and the Asian and Australasian Society of Labour Economics, on June 25–27, 2025, at Westin Harbour Castle in Toronto, Ontario.More details about the meeting and submission process will be available at https://www.sole-jole.org. [Extracted from the article]

Queer history and queer bibliography have taught us that names matter. This paper uses queer history and methodology to rethink nomenclature related to the early modern conception of the family printing dynasty and to show how heteronormative assumptions manifest in metadata and other forms of bibliographic description. It asserts that classification and the creation of metadata have never been neutral acts. Drawing on radical challenges to systems of knowledge organization made by librarians from the 1970s onwards, it suggests that such systems can and should restructure around new ideas of family that take into account queer lives, histories, and language. For the early modern period, this means acknowledging dynastic structures that were frequently nonnormative, deviating from the traditional business inheritance from father to son. To demonstrate the shortcomings of current metadata practices and the potential for reassessment, this paper utilizes three case studies related to the vague use of the terms "widow" and "heir" in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French, Flemish, and Dutch imprints. It presents practical solutions in making metadata more accurate, including a new perspective on the print workshop as a space of collaboration, an expansion in roles expressed within a record, and increased emphasis on interoperability and open linked data. Rethinking systems of power—and acknowledging the labor that cataloging and metadata creation entail—allow for a queer bibliography that acknowledges the messiness of identity and legacy but is also precise and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, an object of uncertain status made its way into the collection of the Archives of American Art as an addition to the Howard Wise Gallery Records. Mixed amongst a notebook and some loose papers in a box was a half-inch Royal-Memorex video reel labeled "HANNAH WILKE NOH FILM APR 1974." The tape includes sixty-two minutes of footage starting with Wilke enacting a (possible) performance, moving to playful banter between Wilke and an unknown male partner, and ending with what seems to be a sexual encounter between the two, mostly out of the camera's view. Contextualizing Noh within the discourse of 1970s feminist politics and debates around pornography brings the (possible) artwork into contemporary debates around women's sexuality and bodily autonomy and expands our understanding of Wilke's use of sex as fundamental to her artistic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bibliographical Society of America is seeking nominations for new council members who will be elected at their Annual Meeting in January 2025. They are particularly interested in nominees who represent the racial and ethnic diversity of bibliographical communities in the United States. Council members are responsible for setting strategic priorities, approving the annual budget, and fundraising. They are also invited to join committees and working groups based on their interests and experience. The society encourages officers and council members to make a financial contribution to the annual fund, but there is no minimum requirement. Membership dues start at $25 for individuals 35 and younger, and $80 for individuals 36 and older. The society also calls for submissions to their open-access digital repository, BibSite, and their journal, the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. [Extracted from the article]

During the 1990s zine distros—small-scale, DIY distributors—emerged to become a vital part of zine communities by addressing the lack of established distribution channels, championing the medium, and fostering community. Before distros moved online in the 2000s, some produced paper catalogs to market and sell the zines they carried. These publications are complex documents that offer important information about zine distribution and culture unavailable elsewhere. This article considers the function of zine distros and what their catalogs can tell us. The first section provides an overview of 1990s zine distribution and examines how and why distros emerged when they did, arguing that distros offered something unique and important among distribution methods: distribution overseen by those embedded in zine communities that afforded creators the opportunity to reach a wider but controlled audience within a framework that valued support, participation, and community building. Yet a close examination of distros also reveals some of the problems inherent in these volunteer-run projects. The latter portion of this article analyzes catalogs produced by several distros. Catalogs, although short lived, document an important window of time: the emergence of distros, their optimism and efforts, and the role they played in zine distribution and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of Benjamin Franklin's collected works has a long and complex history. William Temple Franklin, his grandson, was bequeathed his papers in 1790, but it took until 1815 until he began work on editing them, and it wasn't until 1818 that the first volume in the series was published. Temple has been much maligned for these delays and for the supposed poor quality of his work. This article rectifies that by looking in detail at the circumstances Temple faced, including the details of his contract with publisher Henry Colburn, the various stages of preparation for the volumes, and the search for a translator for the French edition. Despite the errors and omissions in Temple's London and Paris editions, his volumes were the most complete to be published until considerably later in the century and are still drawn on by modern editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how author connections influence paper outcomes at the Journal of Human Resources. Authors who attended the same PhD program, worked with, affiliate with the same National Bureau of Economic Research program(s), or are closely linked via coauthorship networks as the handling editor are more likely to avoid a desk rejection. Reviewer recommendations are similarly influenced by PhD and employment matches. Matching on signals of ability—such as top five publishing, attending a high-ranked PhD program, or working in a high-ranked department—also impact peer review decisions. We find some evidence that published papers with greater connectivity subsequently receive fewer citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that it is time to set aside traditional teleological narratives about late medieval English standardization in favor of a different approach that accepts the distinctive functions—as well as forms—of the language during the period. It identifies a series of correlations between spelling systems, text types, and script choices found in late Middle English manuscripts and aligns the resulting groupings with particular discourse communities and communities of practice. Texts covered include important manuscripts of the works of Chaucer, Gower, and Langland. The paper includes a plea for an integration—or perhaps more correctly reintegration—of paleography and linguistic study, as part of a broader reimagining of the philological endeavor: a reimagining that aligns with recent trends in the exciting interdisciplinary paradigm known as historical pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to review and reconsider the methodology adopted for identifying scribal hands and to make some suggestions for future research. It will begin by responding in detail to the most recent and far-reaching attacks on Linne Mooney's identification of Chaucer's scribe, those by Lawrence Warner in his book Chaucer's Scribes and Jane Roberts in an article in Medium Ævum. It then proceeds to consider other approaches and attitudes to the process of scribal identification and the nature of the paleographical method, tackling such challenges as a scribe's use of different scripts, the way scribal hands change over time, and the lack of an agreed taxonomy of graphetic variation. The final section of the paper will explore the methodological insights that can be drawn from these different approaches and suggest how recent developments and new digital tools can help formulate a method that will build greater consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ongoing issue of childhood lead poisoning in the United States. Despite efforts to reduce exposure to lead, an estimated 560,000 children under the age of 5 have blood lead levels higher than the recommended threshold for intervention. The symposium aims to address key issues related to lead exposure and develop effective policies to protect future generations. The first paper examines the effectiveness of secondary interventions, finding little evidence that they lower blood lead levels. The second paper focuses on improving lead testing and intervention programs using geospatial techniques. The final article explores the effects of lead exposure on fertility, infant mortality, and birth outcomes. The authors emphasize the need for further research and collaboration among various disciplines to address this public health issue. [Extracted from the article]

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bases its estimate of the value of statistical life (VSL) on 17 hedonic wage studies and five contingent valuation studies conducted between 1974 and 1991. We summarize advances in the mortality risk valuation literature since these papers were published, focusing on studies conducted in the United States that value risks to adults. We review hedonic wage, other revealed preference, and stated preference studies, identifying papers that satisfy appropriate validity criteria. We conclude that the recent literature is sufficiently rich to permit a revision of EPA's baseline estimate. Importantly, VSL estimates from both the averting behavior and stated preference studies we review reflect the preferences of a wider range of demographic groups than the current VSL, and newer studies better target causes of death relevant to EPA regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America has announced the recipients of the 2024 BSA Fellowship Awards. The fellowship program supports research in books and textual artifacts in both traditional and emerging formats. The recipients include scholars from various disciplines, such as history, art, literature, and more. Additionally, the Mitchell Prize for Research on British Serials was awarded to Dr. Kelly Plante for her dissertation on death writing in the Atlantic World. The Society is also calling for volunteers for various committees and working groups, emphasizing the importance of diversity and inclusion in their selection process. They are also reviewing their Equity Action Plan and organizing events that align with their mission. [Extracted from the article]

Nea Paphos, the Hellenistic-Roman capital of Cyprus, was established according to a regular Hippodamian street grid in the Hellenistic period. The city has been subjected to continuous archaeological research since the 1960s. Despite this, the possibilities for reconstructing its fabric were severely limited. This paper aims to gain a more in-depth understanding of the ways in which computational methods can be used in the analysis of ancient urban planning and the reconstruction of its elements, using the similarity of urban processes and social behavior in ancient Greek cities as its main premise. Therefore, a study based on Network and Space Syntax analysis was conducted for cities with a well-recognized urban layout of the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods, namely Olynthus and Priene, and other, less archaeologically explored harbor towns of the Hellenistic period, such as Piraeus and Ptolemais. The results of these studies were then extrapolated to hypothetical reconstructions of Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic period, mainly to propose the location of the main public buildings and to model the urban traffic. This methodology is experimental in its nature. The aim of this paper is to try to assess to what extent the adopted workflow can be useful in reconstructing the landscape of ancient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Labor Economics that honors the research contributions of David Card, a prominent labor economist. The document highlights Card's significant contributions to various topics, including minimum wages, immigration, education, training programs, unions, and wage inequality. It also acknowledges Card's role in graduate education and his dedication to mentoring PhD students. The special issue includes papers that showcase the diversity of Card's interests and the broad scope of his advising. The papers cover topics such as industry wage differentials, gentrification, teacher salaries, online education, student debt relief, caregiving and labor supply, cesarean sections, minimum wages, and the labor market integration of refugees. The document concludes by acknowledging the support and contributions of various institutions and individuals in making this tribute possible. [Extracted from the article]

Drawn from research conducted with the families of child victims of a terrorist attack (on Army Public School) in Pakistan, this paper examines how these victim families make sense of contingencies of loss, suffering, and victimhood in their struggle for equal compensation and benefits of care and compassion. Compensating lives in warfare has not received attention in the discussion on the social life of militarism in anthropology. Monetary compensation and benefits of care have fueled modern military conflicts and effective preparation for them, mobilized civilian populations, and justified civilian deaths as collateral loss. This paper suggests that attention to differential grievability of life and restitution shows how biopolitical modes of inclusion and exclusion define citizenship. If militarization pervades the social life of modern states, a study of the politics of compassion and compensation and of the psychic violence of the pecuniary value of human life shows how victims of war do not remain passive subjects but challenge disparity in values accorded to their lives. Uneven compensation of lives lost in war and the masking of this unevenness in the language of debt and willing sacrifice also reflect an unequal citizenship in life, however, providing a way to demand care and justice and disrupting the monetization of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn from research conducted with the families of child victims of a terrorist attack (on Army Public School) in Pakistan, this paper examines how these victim families make sense of contingencies of loss, suffering, and victimhood in their struggle for equal compensation and benefits of care and compassion. Compensating lives in warfare has not received attention in the discussion on the social life of militarism in anthropology. Monetary compensation and benefits of care have fueled modern military conflicts and effective preparation for them, mobilized civilian populations, and justified civilian deaths as collateral loss. This paper suggests that attention to differential grievability of life and restitution shows how biopolitical modes of inclusion and exclusion define citizenship. If militarization pervades the social life of modern states, a study of the politics of compassion and compensation and of the psychic violence of the pecuniary value of human life shows how victims of war do not remain passive subjects but challenge disparity in values accorded to their lives. Uneven compensation of lives lost in war and the masking of this unevenness in the language of debt and willing sacrifice also reflect an unequal citizenship in life, however, providing a way to demand care and justice and disrupting the monetization of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with an analysis of Tennie's account of hominin culture: the claims that cumulative culture depends on a distinctive form of social learning; that that form of social learning is absent in the great apes; that its archaeological signature in the hominin lineage is late; and, finally, that the forms of social learning available to apes and probably earlier hominins only accelerated their pathways to skills they could acquire for themselves. This synthesis is bold, and influential, and hence an appropriate target of critical reflection. But the further aim of the paper is to develop an alternative view of cumulative culture and its relation to our lineage. It accepts the view that copying is one aspect of cumulative culture. But the paper argues that cumulative culture depends as well on integrating information from a variety of social and nonsocial sources and through an array of sensory modalities. It is not mostly a matter of copying from models but is socially guided re-creation of the model's skill. On this alternative view of cumulative culture, first, copying plays a less central role, and, second, cultures become cumulative not just through the incremental improvement of existing capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sustained public attention is often associated with the politicization of an issue, this paper argues that certain dominant strands of public discourse in relation to animal advocacy in fact serve to depoliticize the movement. Public discussion often equates animal advocacy with veganism, with the latter typically framed or understood as an individual's dietary or lifestyle choice. Furthermore, animal activists are often associated with criminal, or even terrorist, behavior—as was highlighted when the Australian Prime Minister labelled animal activists as "green-collared criminals" in the wake of a public protest. In this paper, the implications of these two public narratives about animal activism is discussed with reference to two examples from Australia: the media coverage of a day of coordinated protests that took place on April 8, 2019, and the New South Wales state parliamentary debates surrounding the Right to Farm Bill 2019. By developing a multi-dimensional conceptual analysis of (de)politicization, this paper argues that the "veganization" (as a form of "issue-privatization") and criminalization of animal activists in public discourse are both forms of depoliticization, in that they frame activists' messages as, respectively, either more appropriately belonging within the private sphere of personal choice, or as not related to the public good at all. I conclude that to avoid the delegitimization that these discursive processes may entail, animal advocates need to develop counter-narratives that emphasize how their claims can support the strengthening of existing democratic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a critical normative analysis of charter schools. It categorizes and evaluates the main arguments in defense of charters: market competition, improved learning outcomes, autonomy and innovation, and their potential to function as "counterpublics." After finding each argument wanting, the paper proposes a tripartite critique of charters based on (i) their deleterious effects on social solidarity, (ii) the procedural injustice involved in access, and (iii) their substantively unjust outcomes. We show how charter schools undermine social and political solidarity by fragmenting communities into more homogenous subsets. Although they purport to be equally open to all, charters covertly rely on morally arbitrary characteristics such as class, race, and disability in admissions. Finally, we argue that they unfairly reduce the quality of education for some students, thus resulting in substantively unjust outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for the presence and legibility of non-elite exempla within Livy's first pentad and makes a case for the study of non-elite exempla in other Roman literary works. The paper makes use of several case studies to argue that non-elite exempla within Livy are treated differently, being built around specific non-threatening virtues, primarily pietas. It finds that Livian non-elite exempla are complex and have serious issues with regards to agency and the potential for emulation. The paper also examines why Livy deployed these non-elite exemplary stories. To conclude, the paper engages with Matthew Roller's 2018 "Model of Roman Exemplarity," ultimately arguing that this model does not account for the complications of Livy's non-elite exempla , and that changes and allowances need to be made with Roller's model in order to apply it to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There seems to be a consensus among economists in support of a carbon tax for addressing the costly implications of carbon dioxide emissions for the global climate. However, past international agreements on climate change instead specify caps on emissions (a quantity target) for each country. The aim of this paper is to explore several reasons why use of such quantity targets could dominate use of a carbon tax. For one, if a country were to impose a carbon tax at a rate high enough to correct for global externalities, this rate would far exceed the tax rate that would be in any given country's own self-interest. The result is a strong incentive to make use of a variety of other domestic government policies to encourage greater emissions, undercutting the intended abatement under a carbon tax. A quantity target instead by construction caps emissions. Second, the paper argues that a quantity target can better ensure that global warming remains below 2°C above preindustrial levels, given the uncertainties faced regarding the response to any given carbon-tax rate. Third, the set of quantity targets set for each country can more flexibly be adjusted to ensure that most all countries benefit from participating in a global accord while still allowing efficient patterns of abatement by giving countries credit for cross-border abatement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam in the Narmada Valley in western India displaced more than 30,000 families, mostly from Indigenous communities. Many of those displaced were resettled in regions that had a starkly different ecological and social composition from the mountainous areas they were forced to leave. In this paper we draw on the anthropology of landscape, linguistic anthropology, and ethnophysiography to chart the transformation of referential landscape terminology in the indigenous Bhili language as a result of displacement and subsequent resettlement. We focus on semantic domains covering ecological features such as soil, rivers, and forests, as well as the use of land for functional purposes. In doing so, we demonstrate how bridging conceptual and perceptual ethnographic approaches to landscape provides a more holistic view of displacement that encompasses both the memories of the places left behind as well as the unfolding process of resettlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postage stamps are sites of nationalist imagery, produced continuously by the US government since 1847. Over time, a limited group of people deemed worthy of representing the nation on stamps—white male politicians and military heroes—was diversified to include different kinds of persons: women, Native Americans, African Americans, and people in the arts, sciences, athletics, and entertainment. This paper focuses on a singular exception to this iconographic diversification: workers, people who labor. Stamps that seem to be about labor (those devoted to such topics as labor leaders, collective bargaining, and employment for the disabled) are, we claim, about something other than "labor as such." Drawing on Marx's Grundrisse , we argue that in capitalist societies, waged labor and pauperism are indissolubly linked because laborers have no control over the reliability of their employment. Laborers are "humanity ground zero," people deemed (in capitalist common sense) to have accomplished nothing beyond working for a wage and who therefore cannot be represented in postal iconography as builders of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a quantitative theory of how people weigh the risks of infections against the benefits of engaging in social interactions that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Our framework takes into account the effects of public policies and private behavior on the spread of the disease. We evaluate the model using a novel micro panel dataset on consumption expenditures of young and older people across the first three waves of COVID-19 in Portugal. Our model highlights the critical role of expectations in shaping how human behavior influences the dynamics of epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and civil society have argued that competition erodes supplier morality. This paper establishes a robust irrelevance result, whereby intense market competition does not crowd out consequentialist ethics; it thereby issues a strong warning against the wholesale moral condemnation of markets and procompetitive institutions. Intense competition, while not altering the behavior of profitable suppliers, may, however, reduce the standards of highly ethical suppliers or not-for-profits, raising the potential need to protect the latter in the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reveals how Latin America figured prominently in the antebellum African American press. Through an exploration of twenty-four antebellum Black newspapers, this article focuses on three core themes circulating within these papers: the slave trade, abolition and emancipation, and racial equality across Latin America. Divided into three thematic sections, this article shows how African American newspapers were deeply concerned with the expansion of slavery in the region; how they followed the war against slavery, from the adoption of gradual abolition laws in Chile to the final abolition of slavery in Venezuela, underway throughout Latin America; and spread ideas of the achievement of racial equality and harmony in Latin America in places as disparate as Mexico and the Dominican Republic. It argues that while the historical conditions faced by African Americans shifted on the ground throughout the antebellum era, their vision of Latin America as a (largely) politically hopeful space did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the case of Nicholas Bellewe (fl. 1423–74), an Anglo-Irish scribe who penned three manuscripts (Wiltshire, Longleat House, MS 29, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS e Musaeo 232, and a portion of Dublin, City Archives, Chain Book of Dublin) as well as over seventy extant legal documents. Bellewe signed the e Musaeo manuscript and nine of his extant legal documents, providing proof of his involvement in both legal and literary endeavors. The legal deeds also reveal details of Bellewe's varied career, which included work for private individuals and families, the offices of the City of Dublin, and the Guild of Saint Anne. Bellewe's career is analogous to the contemporary London Guildhall scribes of Geoffrey Chaucer that Linne Mooney and others have discussed. Close examination of Bellewe's documentary and manuscript hands reveals that the scribe made changes, both small and large, to some letterforms and to the level of decoration he used when writing legal deeds and manuscripts. Moreover, between his literary and legal documents, small yet significant differences exist in Bellewe's system of punctuation and use of Latin abbreviations. While Bellewe's Dublin represents a different environment from scribe B/Adam Pinkhurst's London, investigation of Bellewe's career and behavior can help us better understand what sort of career and scribal behavior we might expect from Bellewe's London contemporaries, including Pinkhurst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jane Roberts and more recently Lawrence Warner have questioned whether the script of Adam Pinkhurst's oath in the Scriveners' Common Paper is a match for the hand of major literary manuscripts Ian Doyle and Malcolm Parkes attributed to their "scribe B." This article offers a new analysis of the features of the oath, with Doyle and Parkes's own descriptions of "scribe B's" hand as comparison. Roberts and Warner have also raised the question of whether the scrivener Adam Pinkhurst could have copied literary manuscripts in London after 1400 on the basis of a petition to King Henry IV asking that his annuity might henceforth be collected not at the Exchequer in London but from the shrieval farm for the counties of Sussex and Surrey. This article addresses this claim and finds that this petition in no way demonstrates that Pinkhurst had retired or intended to retire to Surrey and therefore that he would have been available for copying in London after 1400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s, conservationist Aldo Leopold noted: "One of the penalties of an ecological education is that one lives alone in a world of wounds." Decades later, activist Greta Thunberg interpellated world leaders: "I want you to act as if our house were on fire. Because it is." Together, these quotes capture two central features of environmental activism. First, despite growing public concern, environmental loss—including more-than-human deaths, species extinctions, devastated ecosystems—is grieved only by environmental scientists, activists, and witnesses. Second, they highlight the temporal gulf separating those who despair at mounting environmental degradation, and those who, trapped in a "business-as-usual" temporality, remain indifferent. While the environmental humanities and eco-psychology have analysed these phenomena, political theorists are lagging behind. This paper addresses this gap by bringing theories of representation and chronopolitics to bear on a flurry of recently published memoirs chronicling activists' emotional and temporal alienation. I read these as self-authorized representative claims aiming, first, to summon the already-grieving into a self-aware constituency and second, to bridge what P.J. Brendese has termed the "segregated temporalities" of hegemonic and environmentalists' time. I argue that these texts illuminate a key aspect of representation in the context of environmental crisis: that it can be primarily understood as grounded in a chronopolitical conflict over competing understandings of time. As concrete illustrations, I examine Daniel Sherrell's Warmth: Coming of Age at the End of Our World and Danielle Celermajer's Summertime: Reflections on a Vanishing Future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that two crucial episodes of Odysseus' life from Homer's Odyssey are resonant with Iliadic scenes highlighting the fail0d leadership of Hector, Agamemnon, and Achilles. These resonances invited ancient audiences of the Homeric poems to see moments of failure in Odysseus' leadership, and to criticize his desire for revenge and military glory at the end of the Odyssey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reexamines the literary influence of Nicander's Theriaca on the snake episode in Lucan's Bellum civile Book 9. Although often cited as an early zoological source, Nicander's contributions to the aesthetic and thematic aspects of Lucan's epic have gone largely overlooked. While his zoological knowledge drew mostly from intermediary sources such as Aemilius Macer, Lucan's use of venomous serpents as disruptive, destabilizing forces closely follows the poetic innovations of the Theriaca. Contrasting the unknowable, unpredictable threat of venomous creatures with horrifyingly graphic depictions of their bites, both authors construct poetic works that challenge and subvert contemporary literary and intellectual conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of his strategy in Pro Caelio of making Caelius' alleged disreputable lifestyle appear acceptable, Cicero among other things invokes the fashionable hedonism of Epicurean philosophy (41). This paper argues that at Cael. 42, there is a hitherto undetected allusion to a statement by Epicurus himself (frag. 67 U., 22.1 A.), which further contributes to Cicero's argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes content questions in Sm'algyax (or Coast Tsimshian, Maritime Tsimshianic) based on novel fieldwork. I outline the complex morphosyntactic reflexes of movement, or "extraction," including wh -movement, relativization, and focus. Despite behaving rigidly ergative in terms of number and person agreement, Sm'algyax exhibits a three-way distinction when extracting core arguments of the predicate: the extraction of an intransitive subject, a transitive subject, and a direct object are all marked uniquely. Extraction therefore reveals an underlying structural distinction between intransitive subjects and transitive objects that is not otherwise apparent in their in situ positions. We observe similar phenomena in the extraction of oblique arguments: a number of extraction configurations mark different types of adjunct and non-core argument extraction that are often marked identically in situ. Moving beyond local movement, I show that long-distance movement is possible and exhibits the same morphosyntactic marking found in local movement in each intermediate clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore how the construction and analysis of geographically referenced data can improve outcomes for children at risk of lead exposure. We discuss the history of how children were identified for lead testing and lead intervention (both medical and housing) over time, as well as the shortcomings of the United States' current approach. We then suggest ways that geospatial approaches can improve lead testing and intervention programs, especially in settings with limited information or financial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental economists have gravitated toward writing empirical papers with an emphasis on causal inference. Despite this development, there has not been much progress in adopting an explicit framework for communicating causal hypotheses based on prior beliefs about the structure of a data-generating process. This shortfall reduces the transparency and accessibility of the assumptions underlying effect identification and limits the feasibility of causal hypotheses testing. This article explains why an explicit framework is worthwhile and demonstrates how directed acyclic graphs can augment and standardize the communication of causal knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of rent sharing is studied. Based on a panel of the top 300 publicly quoted British companies over 35 years and using excess stock market returns to patenting activity as an instrument for economic rents, the paper reports evidence of a significant fall over time in the pass-through from rents to wages. It confirms that wages do respond to firm-level shocks to economic rents, but by significantly less after 2000 than during the 1980s and 1990s. The evidence of decline is robust, corroborated with alternative instruments and industry-level analysis for the United States and the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the speed at which workers' pretax earnings respond to tax changes along the intensive margin. We do so in the context of Germany, where a large notch in the tax schedule induces sharp bunching in the earnings distribution. We analyze earnings responses to two policy reforms that shift this notch outward and find clear evidence that frictions delay the earnings responses of more than 38% of workers. We propose that heterogeneity in firm labor demand plays a key role in generating the observed differences in the speed of workers' earnings responses and provide supporting evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about income inequality emphasize the importance of accurate income measures. Estimates of top income shares based only on individual tax returns are biased by tax-base changes, social changes, and missing income sources. This paper addresses these shortcomings and presents new estimates of the distribution of national income since 1960. Our analysis of pretax income shows that top income shares are lower and have increased less since 1980 than other studies using tax data. In addition, increasing government transfers and tax progressivity have resulted in rising real incomes for all income groups and little change in aftertax top income shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most countries implement safety net programs for poor households. A widespread concern is that such programs crowd out private-sector jobs, but they could also affect workers' job choice. This paper analyzes the first-year employment impacts of the world's largest public-works program, India's National Rural Employment Generation Scheme (NREGS), using a novel regression-discontinuity design. It focuses on districts treated in phase 2 of the NREGS rollout, which excludes poorer districts that were already treated. The results show that there is little evidence of a crowding out of private-sector jobs. Instead, male workers move from work for pay to family employment, which is driven by smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EdTech, which includes computer-assisted learning (CAL), online education, and remote instruction, was expanding rapidly even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies of CAL interventions often find positive effects; however, these "CAL programs" often include non-technology-based inputs such as more time spent on learning and additional instructional support by facilitators. In this paper, we discuss the possible channels by which CAL programs affect academic outcomes among schoolchildren. We isolate the technology-based effects of CAL from the total program effects by designing and performing a novel multitreatment field experiment in rural China. For the full sample, we find null effects for both the total CAL program and the technology-based effects of CAL on math test scores. For boys, however, we find a positive and statistically significant effect of the CAL program but do not find evidence of a positive effect for the technology-based effect of CAL. When focusing on grades, we find evidence of positive CAL program effects but find null effects when we isolate the technology-based effects of CAL. Our empirical results suggest that the "Tech" in EdTech may have relatively small additional effects on academic outcomes, yet tech programs can substitute at least to a certain extent for traditional learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]