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The COVID-19 Epidemiological Investigation Support System (EISS) is a digital epidemiological tool, which utilizes location data from cellular base stations, credit card transactions records, and QR codes. It is a mass surveillance system that uses big data to track the entire infected population, featuring an extensive, automated, and speedy processing of data on personal location and the linkage of multiple databases from various governmental agencies. Based on interviews with people who have developed Korean digital epidemiology systems, this paper explores the technical, infrastructural, social, and institutional factors that have shaped Korean digital epidemiology since the 2014 avian flu crisis and examines the essential conditions of big data for digital epidemiology. The main findings are as follows: The feasibility of EISS goes beyond the matter of privacy; it is closely connected to technological infrastructures such as a high density of cellular base stations and private cloud systems; people's behavior such as a high rate of smartphone and credit card usage; and new forms of governance and institutions for speedy data processing. Multiple database linkage would develop EISS into a big data surveillance system that enables the prediction of risk-prone groups in a more preemptive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]