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Knowledge management strategies (KMSs) and intellectual capital have received widespread attention due to their important contribution to the growth of ambidextrous innovation capability (AIC). Yet, there is still a relative paucity of empirical research on the associations between KMSs, intellectual capital, and AIC in the SME context. Thus, this paper is empirically aimed at examining the associations among KMSs and AIC and further explores how intellectual capital mediates these relationships in SMEs. We analyze survey data from 170 Iranian SMEs using structural equation modeling. The results mainly show that the direct improvement in AIC caused by the personalization strategy of knowledge management is greater than the codification strategy of knowledge management. Moreover, the intellectual capital acts as a mediator of the effects of the codification and personalization strategies on AIC. Hence, one practical implication of this paper is that SMEs should pay attention to their personalization strategy as the most effective strategy for promoting ambidextrous innovation and provide guidelines on the interaction between KMSs and intellectual capital to foster their AIC. In addition, this paper offers new insights on the role of KMSs implemented through intellectual capital in organizational ambidexterity, which extends the ambidexterity literature in the context of SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is the first attempt to integrate microdata on universities and firms across most European countries in order to disentangle the impact of knowledge spillovers from human capital (graduates) and intellectual capital (codified research output) on the performance of firms. Data cover all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) registered in the official European Tertiary Education Register (ETER). Data on performance of firms are from ORBIS and refer to change in the 2011–2015 period in turnover, total assets, intangible assets, and employment. Firms are georeferred and the spillovers from all HEIs located at a given distance are summed and integrated. The findings suggest that, among knowledge spillovers, the creation of human capital via education of students has a larger impact than the circulation of research knowledge. Moreover, the two factors seem to be complements rather than substitutes. Spatial proximity is important for embodied knowledge spillovers (i.e. educated people), while for codified and disembodied spillovers (citations to publications) the spatial dimension is less relevant. The findings have important managerial and policy-making consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the knowledge-based and intellectual capital-based view of firms, where knowledge is at the center of corporate strategic management, this paper aims to examine the role of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) in the environmental and financial dimensions of corporate performance. To do so, a methodological framework was developed to evaluate the progress of GIC and corporate environmental performance by utilizing information and data from sustainability reports. Also, the Return of Equity (ROE) indicator was used to assess corporate financial performance. The proposed methodology was applied in a sample of 80 firms to examine the mediator role of GIC in the relationship between financial and environmental performance. The findings show a positive relationship between GIC (as a result of Green Relational Capital (GRC) and Green Organizational Capital (GOC)) and financial performance (ROE), as well as a significant positive relationship between environmental performance and the components of Green Intellectual Capital. Finally, a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between environmental and financial performance is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI ethics is proposed, by the Big Tech companies which lead AI research and development, as the cure for diverse social problems posed by the commercialization of data-intensive technologies. It aims to reconcile capitalist AI production with ethics. However, AI ethics is itself now the subject of wide criticism; most notably, it is accused of being no more than "ethics washing" a cynical means of dissimulation for Big Tech, while it continues its business operations unchanged. This paper aims to critically assess, and go beyond the ethics washing thesis. I argue that AI ethics is indeed ethics washing, but not only that. It has a more significant economic function for Big Tech. To make this argument I draw on the theory of intellectual monopoly capital. I argue that ethics washing is better understood as a subordinated innovation network: a dispersed network of contributors beyond Big Tech's formal employment whose research is indirectly planned by Big Tech, which also appropriates its results. These results are not intended to render AI more ethical, but rather to advance the business processes of data-intensive capital. Because the parameters of AI ethics are indirectly set in advance by Big tech, the ostensible goal that AI ethics sets for itself—to resolve the contradiction between business and ethics—is in fact insoluble. I demonstrate this via an analysis of the latest trend in AI ethics: the operationalization of ethical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the strategic effects of the association of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in knowledge networks (k-networks) on their information and knowledge management (IKM) and intellectual capital (IC). Taking as the object of study two innovative and successful Brazilian experiences, a descriptive survey with top-level executives (managing partners, presidents, and executive directors — henceforth CEOs) was held. Based on theories of management and economics, the findings revealed (i) that the network formation process (encompassing culture, context, incentives for information and knowledge sharing and especially strategy) is an important factor to explain IKM (for creating, systematizing and sharing data, information and knowledge) and IC in its three dimensions (human, relational and structural capital), promoting long-term sustainable growth (perceived by improvements in innovation, competitiveness and corporate results) for SMEs and their networks — a very relevant issue, but whose theoretical and managerial understanding is very incipient in international literature, especially in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutions actively seek global talent to foster innovation in the contemporary landscape of scientific research, education, and technological progress. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of international collaboration as researchers and academicians faced limitations in accessing labs and conducting research experiments. This study uses a research collaboration system to examine the relationship between organizational intellectual capital (Human and structural Capital) and team scientific and technological performance. Further, this study underscores the moderating role of top management support. Using a time-lagged study design, data were collected from 363 participants in academic and research institutions. The results show a positive relationship between organizational intellectual capital (Human and structural Capital) and team scientific and technological performance using a research collaboration system. Moreover, top management support positively moderates the study's hypothesized relationships. The study's findings contribute significantly to existing knowledge in this field, with implications for academia, researchers, and government focused on technology transmission, talent management, research creative collaboration, supporting innovation, scientific research, technological progress, and preparing for future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominance of modern rationality in knowledge production implies that the distribution of intellectual capital highly depends on the capacity to gather representative data and generate generalizable theses. Furthermore, as research becomes more formalized and dominated by large funding schemes, intellectual capital allocation is increasingly associated with high economic, labor force and institutional power. This phenomenon has consequences at the global level. As the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has documented, there are significant disparities between countries in research capacities, with a marked difference between "core" countries with semi-monopolies over sanctioned knowledge production and "peripheral" states primarily used as data mines. The core–periphery divide in research capacity brings about what decolonial theorists call knowledge abysses: the widespread idea that core countries are the ultimate knowledge producers and thus the legitimate guides in humanity's road to "progress." In that context, the democratization of knowledge and the prevention of neo-colonial dynamics require the development of cheaper and more accessible ways of collecting representative data. In this article, we make a call for innovations in methods that can serve to overcome this, and we illustrate possible avenues for achieving sound research without incurring high financial costs by describing and discussing our experiences in researching narco-violence in Colombia and prostitution in Russia with what we call the "taxi method." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effects of board characteristics such as board size, chief executive officer duality, number of board meetings, and diversity, on the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and firm value in the Nigerian oil and gas downstream sector. Design/methodology/approach: We collected time-series cross-sectional data from eight (8) downstream-sector oil and gas companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group for the period 2004–2020. We analysed the data using Prais–Winsten regression with panel-corrected standard errors. Findings: Overall, our results show no significant direct relationship between the modified value-added intellectual coefficient and our two measures of firm value (Tobin's Q and Price Earnings Ratio (PER)). However, the board size is found to moderate the intellectual capital efficiency–PER relationship significantly and negatively, whereas board diversity significantly positively moderates the association between the modified value-added intellectual coefficient and PER. Our multi-theory framework, which blends clean surplus, agency, stakeholder, and resource-based theories is found to be relevant in underpinning this study. Research limitations/implications: The research relies on 17-year panel data for eight downstream-sector oil and gas companies. Consequently, future research within intellectual capital efficiency in Nigeria could incorporate related sectors like midstream and upstream to enable comparability and expand generalization. Practical implication: Policymakers may adopt the study findings to serve as a robust empirical base to demand improved board diversity as a catalyst for boosting the potency of the intellectual capital efficiency-firm value relationship. Originality/value: Firstly, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the pioneer attempt to use board characteristics as moderators of the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and firm value. Secondly, we develop and use a novel theoretical framework that combines clean surplus, agency, stakeholder, and resource-based theories to underpin the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of collaborative innovation and absorptive capacity in firms causes projects to fail. Managers/employees in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are not sufficiently aware of the practices of intellectual capital and nor do they collect, share, transfer, and utilize knowledge properly. This current study, therefore, focuses on the relationship between collaborative innovation and the financial performance of Portuguese IT sector SMEs, with a mediating role of absorptive capacity and a moderating role of intellectual capital based on three sub-domains (human capital, organizational capital, and social capital). Close-ended questionnaires were used to obtain data from 308 employees and managers. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, data were also collected through an online survey method. The simple random sampling technique was used to collect data and analyze it using the PLS-SEM method. The results show that collaborative innovation has a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of IT firms in Portugal. Absorptive capacity is considered a potential mediator between collaborative innovation and financial performance. Moreover, the moderating role of intellectual capital strengthens the relationship between collaborative innovation and absorptive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the increasingly knowledge-based world economy, the multinational firm's success often hinges on its business intelligence capability nurtured by business analytics (BA). Despite the growing recognition of BA's role in enhancing the firm's intellectual capital and subsequent competitiveness, it is still unknown what truly motivates and inhibits BA adoption. This study aims to identify key influencing factors for BA adoption such as organizational characteristics, information security/privacy, and information technology maturity (knowledge level). In so doing, this study employed data mining and data visualization techniques to develop specific patterns of BA adoption practices based on a combined sample of 224 Korean firms and 106 U.S. firms representing various industry sectors. This study is one of the first attempts to develop practical guidelines for the successful implementation of BA based on the cross-national study of BA practices among both Korean and U.S. firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While after a crisis, organizational robustness and resilience are associated with the return to pre-shock conditions, antifragility is characterized by the tendency to take advantage of the shock to improve the organization's position. Understanding how to create antifragility is important to ensure rapid recovery from a crisis. This is especially true for innovative start-ups, which if they are particularly fragile also have the opportunity to improve their unstable situation by adapting to the new context. However, studies on the subject are rare. To fill this gap, a survey was carried out with 181 Italian innovative start-ups to investigate the relationship between antifragility and intangible resources, tangible surplus resources, and absorptive capacity. The results show that antifragility is supported by a combination of tangible and intangible resources that can help innovative start-ups thrive when other organizations succumb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative enterprises may undertake innovation activity in the form of research and development (R&D) or the acquisition of already developed technology (imitative innovation). Both types of innovation may influence economic growth or catching-up processes in different ways. Therefore, in the research presented, various types of innovation activity are analysed based on Community Innovation Survey data. The question is how the regional environment, characterised based on the data on intangible assets, affects R&D activity and the acquisition of machinery and software. The analysis was conducted for the years 2004–2014 in 16 Polish regions. Intangible assets were measured using the intellectual capital index. Panel data econometric models were applied to test the relations between various types of innovation activity and intangible assets in the regions. Human capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity. Life-long learning (one of the human capital indicators) was found to be positively related to the acquisition of machinery and software. Structural capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the intellectual capital (IC) performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and examines the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance in terms of profitability and productivity in IBs. The IC features are also examined individually to identify the primary driver of IC performance and their individual impact on the IBs' financial performance. A quantitative method using multi regression analysis is utilised to examine the nexus between IC and the IBs' financial performance indicators. The measurement of IC uses Modified Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (MVAIC™) which is an extended model of VAIC™. The data were drawn from 49 IBs from 2014 to 2018. The empirical findings indicate that IC is positively significant in impacting IBs' financial performance measures, especially profitability, but inconclusively related to productivity. Furthermore, when the components were analysed separately, the nexus between these components and IBs' financial performance indicators show lesser uniform results. Capital employed efficiency and human capital efficiency are found to be the most influential features of IC in this study, while structural capital efficiency does not show an impact on financial performance. Evidence also demonstrates that all IC components are not significantly related to IBs' productivity indicator. The study offers an extended understanding of IC and its role in IBs and may provide guidance to different stakeholders including regulators and management of IBs to formulate and structure relevant strategies to create, utilize, and maintain IC for the more resilient banking sector, as extensive practical implications are provided for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should intermediate consumption (IC), which historically accounts for around 50% of the value of production, be considered in growth accounting? The current growth accounting exercise does not model IC. This means that when IC experiences productivity gains, its capacity to transmit them to the whole economy is currently neglected. The rare current literature on this issue diverges substantially on the importance of the role of the IC as an explanatory factor of growth. We propose a bi-sectoral general equilibrium model that allows for an accounting where each productive sector contributes to growth in proportion to its weight in the economy. Our theoretical framework and the (proportional) growth accounting exercise it allows (i.e., calculating the contribution of technical change conveyed by IC and other usual key factors, such as: Global and sectoral TFP, Global and sectoral Capital deepening) are thoroughly presented. The proposed framework is autonomous and calibrated pedagogically. However, to illustrate empirically in a comparative way how it works, we have shown that it can also be reduced to a particular case of the literature and calibrated it on the US economy (1954–1990). Although this consistently improves the growth accounting accuracy, our results reveal that the IC has nevertheless contributed only 2% to US growth. We compared this result to the literature. The key factors influencing its magnitude were also highlighted and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded value is commonly used by life insurers to measure the realistic valuation of their consolidated shareholders' interest. Previous studies use market price as a yardstick for measuring the value relevance of embedded value. This study challenges that view by examining the market price to embedded value gap. We explain it by testing the intellectual capital hypothesis and the investor sentiment hypothesis. While the intellectual capital hypothesis asserts that the difference between market price and embedded value is due to the omission of intellectual capital in the calculation of embedded value, the investor sentiment hypothesis asserts that the market price to embedded value gap is driven by the bias of investor sentiment on market price. Drawing on a sample of European public life insurers, we find that insurers with market prices higher than their embedded values have lower future stock returns. Using the Heckman two-stage regression to control for life insurers' endogenous decision to disclose embedded values, we also find that the market price to embedded value (PEV) ratio is not related to future financial performance, but is negatively associated with our crisis sentiment index in the short term. In addition, the PEV ratio is positively associated with analysts' overestimation of long-term earnings. Such results support the investor sentiment hypothesis instead of the intellectual capital hypothesis. Our findings provide a better understanding of the gap between embedded value and market price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]