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Implementation gaps in the areas of naturalization and immigrant regularization emerge through a mismatch between the documents a residence country requires, and the documents that refugees and migrants can realistically provide. Those caught in this gap may live undocumented or risk statelessness. Residence countries can close such paperwork gaps by adapting legal interpretations and easing administrative requirements. When Colombia faced large-scale international displacement from Venezuela, state actors identified documentation-based implementation gaps in its nationality law and regularization procedures; they then took an innovative – yet not faultless – approach by adapting its citizenship and immigration regimes to accommodate displaced Venezuelans. These changes strengthened access to essential rights and increased the well-being of many. In this article, we develop the concepts of paperwork gaps and paper bridges and discuss the actors, impact, and limitations of Colombia's policy innovations in the areas of nationality by birth, naturalization, and regularization based on research conducted from 2020 to 2023. The study advances the literature on government learning regarding policies within citizenship and immigration regimes that target internationally displaced populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First 1000 Days (the period from conception to a child's second birthday) is an important developmental period. However, little is known about experiences of parents with refugee and migrant backgrounds during this period. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Publications were identified through searches of the Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus databases, critically appraised, and synthesised using thematic analysis. A total of 35 papers met inclusion criteria. Depressive symptomatology was consistently higher than global averages, however maternal depression conceptualisations differed across studies. Several papers reported changes in relationship dynamics as a result of having a baby post-migration. Consistent relationships were found between social and health support and wellbeing. Conceptualisations of wellbeing may differ among migrant families. Limited understanding of health services and relationships with health providers may impede help-seeking. Several research gaps were identified, particularly in relation to the wellbeing of fathers, and of parents of children over 12 months old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an epilogue to a special edition of articles employing a temporal lens to examine the politics of European asylum and reception systems. From camps to courts to casework, the papers explore a range of temporal matters arising in relation to attempts to manage human mobility. In this epilogue, I identify three temporal themes that arise across the different papers and that are dominant in contemporary Euro-American migration governance. These are: 1) the tempos (the strategic, often contradictory, employment of fast and slow speeds); 2) synchronicity (the multiplicity of times in European migration systems, and the alienation caused by disharmony); and 3) the tenses (from thwarted and inaccessible individual futures, to political representations of the past and future, and the enduring reverberations of past events). The prologue goes on to argue the importance of avoiding allochronism and identifies ways the authors avoid temporally 'othering' people, including by recognising people's autonomy in acts of timing and in reclaiming and recalibrating their own timelines and rhythms. The paper ends with a call for the migration sector to 'widen our gaze' and to draw out the underlying colonial and capitalist temporalities so as to situate migration governance in broader temporal bordering and dispossession. After all, themes of limbo, impermanence, insecurity, temporal poverty, negated futures, temporal dissonance, and other temporal governance mechanisms that hierarchise, marginalise and discipline us, are increasingly evident across the globe, whether or not we cross a border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on aspirations and capabilities models in migration studies, this paper explores the utility of this approach for elucidating long-term integration processes. Aspirations as individual constructions of what one's life should look like in the future are a concept used by scholars to study migrants' motives to migrate. However, neither are aspirations an often applied analytical category, nor a sufficiently examined theoretical subject in the area of long-term migration. This paper addresses this gap and applies the category of aspirations and capabilities to the study of long-term adaptation processes of Polish emigrants of the 1980s in three European countries: Austria, Italy and Sweden. The case study illustrates the aspirations/capabilities model's usability for studying integration processes and proves that aspirations and capabilities should be a subject of inquiry throughout migrants' lives. As a contribution to the debate, an analytical framework along with a schema depicting live long migration processes is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While German migration policies aim to provide temporary protection and integrate Ukrainian refugees into German society as early as possible, the procedures and ideas of integration might be perceived differently by the beneficiaries. The feeling of "permanent temporariness" has been persistent among Ukrainians since March 2022. In this situation, some of the refugees renounce their agency and put responsibility on decision-making onto the state, while others oppose the idea of "being integrated" since they see their time in Germany as temporary, and their future in Ukraine as soon as the security situation allows them to return. Drawing on the experiences of single Ukrainian women who received protection in Germany, the paper presents an anthropological perspective on person–state interactions in the context of refugees' future-planning. How do German policies for supporting Ukrainian refugees impact their "stay or return" decision-making? Do the policies address their needs now and allow them to make investments for the future, or, on the contrary, contribute to their decision to return to Ukraine, which appears to be "simpler" and "more predictable"? How does the experience of going through bureaucratic procedures contribute to the sense of having agency and being capable of shaping their today and tomorrow? To answer these questions, I am going to present the reasonings and emotions concerning bureaucratic procedures that are closely intertwined with the planning of their future by Ukrainian refugees in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has witnessed an increasing proliferation of measures and strategies included in Italian and EU legislation to speed up the procedure for recognizing international protection, implicitly emptying it of its protective capacity. The contribution, part of ethnographic research that started in 2012 and is still in progress, intends to analyze how the use of time as a tool to govern contemporary migration flows acts differentially in terms of time spent, the time allowed, and time available, considering the different actors involved in determining its rhythm (Jacobsen and Karlsen, 2021; Della Puppa and Sanò in Studi Emigrazione, 220, 2020, in Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 26(5), 503–527, 2021; Rozakou, 2021). The paper will be composed of two parts: in the first one, through the presentation of a life story, the impact on migrants' experiences and emotional reactions to this unilateral determination of time dictated by policies and regulations will be problematized. The second part aims to examine the rationality of these procedures and assess their impact on the provisions in the broader legal framework. It seems interesting to investigate how control over time and through time (Tazzioli in Political Geography, 64, 13–22, 2018) is configured as a "specific modality of relations between parts of the world" (Fabian, 2021: 75), particularly how the "temporal architectures" (Sharma, 2014) enacted by Italy and the European Union have been codified in the law and governance policies of the current migration flow, and how migrants experience and endure these policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive increase in labor migration to the Middle East during the past three decades has rivaled its historical trends bound to the West. This paper assesses how this growing trend of migration may have helped shape the economic structure and performance across the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Findings from a descriptive and time series regression analysis of the limited cross-country data show that the experience with labor migration and its linkage with other aspects of the economy are varied. The migration trend coinciding with increasing personal remittances attests to the competitive demand for foreign labor. While labor migration shows mixed association with the key aspects of the economy, the stock of migrant population is negatively associated with economic growth. Albeit seemingly contradictory, the insights from this six-country analysis covering the periods since 1990 are useful to understand the complex nature of relationship between labor migration and economic structure and performance in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its potential contribution to educational achievement, immigration has garnered increased attention in literature. However, the existing research has predominantly examined the relationship between immigration and academic achievement through remittance or has failed to sufficiently control for the numerous factors that explain and mitigate the impacts of a student's immigration status. This paper aims to explore one socio-demographic dimension of immigration, i.e., how immigration status helps explain the school performance gap. We compared native and immigrant students in Cameroon, ages 6–20 years old on outcomes of reading, writing, and level of educational attainment, controlling for relevant socio demographic factors. The results show that native students are more likely to be able to read and write a simple sentence in the official language than immigrant students. The level of education attended by the student increases the differences in academic achievements between native and immigrant students. Marital status, on the other hand, reduces the gaps in school performance. To narrow the school performance gap among students, the Cameroonian government should focus on students by highlighting linguistic skills, supplying specific teachers for immigrant students, and offering psychosocial staff to assist them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on fieldwork in Fuzhou's Changle county―an emigrant-sending region in the People's Republic of China (PRC)―this paper analyzes transnational judicial practice as it pertains to resolution of transnational migrants' legal disputes. Resolution of "foreign-related" disputes had been obstructed by spatial and temporal barriers and difficulties navigating the PRC's judicial system. However, a more efficient path for transnational migrants to resolve their legal disputes emerged due to: the PRC government's increased concern toward transnational migrants; implementation of new governance procedures within the judicial system; utilization of the transnational migrant's informal social networks; and, application of internet-enabled communication technologies. By examining the extra-territorial reach of state authority in regulating transnational activities, analysis from the 26 interviews conducted reveals the key role played by leaders in Overseas Chinese Associations, who act as informal judicial "mediators" between the PRC's judicial system and transnational migrants. Additionally, internet-enabled communication technologies and social networks have helped collapse the physical and temporal distances that previously separated transnational migrants from their country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this paper, we aim to look into the issue of identities among the immigrant population living in the West using an integrative multimodal approach. Although this topic has been in fashion for quite some time, most studies analyze either the political or mass-media discourse related to immigrants or reflect on how immigrants see themselves, on the basis of textual analysis of immigrants' narratives and interviews. Our study takes a different approach and analyzes a video recorded and published on YouTube, focusing not only on the text but also on by analyzing non-verbal manifestations of changing positions on the part of the narrator. In particular, we examine identities/positions that the main protagonist, a Moroccan immigrant named Omar, assumes in the course of the story. We show how one particular gesture (pointing), coupled with other verbal and non-verbal markers, can signal a change of identity/position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Resolved Through Sharing (RTS) Perinatal bereavement model is an approach used for working with birthing people and their families who have experienced a perinatal loss. RTS is designed to help families cope with their grief and integrate the loss in their lives, meet the needs of the families during the initial crisis, and offer comprehensive care to each member of the family affected by the loss. This paper utilizes a case illustration to describe a year-long bereavement follow-up of an undocumented underinsured Latina woman who suffered a stillbirth during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the hostile anti-immigrant policy during the Trump presidency. The case illustration is based on a composite case of several Latina women who had pregnancy losses with similar outcomes, demonstrating how a perinatal palliative care (PPC) social worker provided ongoing bereavement support to a patient who experienced a stillbirth. The case illustrates how the PPC social worker utilized the RTS model, incorporated the patient's cultural values, and acknowledged systemic challenges which resulted in the patient receiving comprehensive, holistic support that aided her emotional and spiritual recovery from her stillbirth. The author ends with a call to action for providers in the field of perinatal palliative care to incorporate practices that allow for greater access and equity for all birthing people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a critical Galton–Watson branching process with immigration stopped at zero W. Some precise estimation on the probability generating function of the n-th population are obtained, and the tail probability of the life period of W is studied. Based on above results, two conditional limit theorems for W are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to examine to what extent ethnicity affects ever migrating and the number of migrations across the lifespan for the case of internal migration in Indonesia. We use all five waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) to study migration behaviour of respondents belonging to some of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia. Our logistic regression results show that the Minangkabau, Betawi, Madurese, Balinese, Buginese and Makassarese, and Sasak, Bima and Dompu are less likely to ever migrate than the Javanese. Using only migrants and controlling for the first migration and other characteristics, truncated negative binomial regression results show that, in comparison with the Javanese, the Minangkabau and Banjarese have a higher expected number of migrations while the numbers are lower for the Betawi and Balinese. Thus, ethnicity contributes to ever migrating as well as the number of migrations, but we find that the differences between the ethnic groups diminish for the latter. These results also point out that a higher likelihood of ever migrating does not always correspond with a higher number of migrations, highlighting the importance of studying migration count to complement the study of migration as a one-time event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the temporal dimension of migration, analyzing how time shapes the experiences of migrants both during their journeys and within reception systems. Topics include the impact of temporal uncertainty on migrants' lives, the role of time in creating different forms of immobility, and the exploitation of migrant time by capitalist systems within and beyond reception centers.

Research on scientific careers finds a mover's advantage. International migration correlates with increased visibility and productivity. However, if scientists who move internationally, on average, enter into more prestigious employments than they came from, extant research may overestimate the direct performance gains associated with international moves. Building on insights from the sociology of science and studies of international researcher mobility, we examine how changes in employment prestige shape international movers' performance returns to mobility. We follow a cohort of 167,014 European scientists to identify individuals that move to the USA and pair these migrants to non-mobile scientists with identical home institutions, research fields, and genders, giving a final sample of 3978 researchers. Using a difference-in-differences design, we show a substantial increase in the publishing rates and scientific impact of transatlantic migrants, compared to non-mobile scientists. However, most of the movers' mobility-related boost in citation and journal impact is attributable to changes in employment prestige. In contrast, we find limited effects of employment prestige on changes in migrants' publication rates. Overall, our study suggests large variations in the outcomes of transatlantic migration and reaffirms the citation-related "visibility advantage" tied to prestigious institutional locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research is to explore the elements that shape the progression of digital technology in Sub-Saharan African nations. The study employs data obtained from 16 countries, covering the period between 2000 and 2020. Employing fixed effect panel regression analysis, our research indicates that various non-technological factors significantly impact digital technology development in the region. The results highlight that variables including general government final consumption expenditure, inflation rate, employment growth rate, financial development, ease of doing business index, logistics performance index, international migration, access to electricity, and access to safe drinking water have a positive impact on the development of digital technology. Conversely, international trade is identified as a negative influence, primarily due to insufficient infrastructural development. These findings underscore the significance of non-technological elements, encompassing aspects like globalization, economic conditions, favorable digital ecosystems, and the fulfillment of basic human needs, in shaping the landscape of digital technology in the region. The study, while acknowledging limitations in terms of selected indicators, years, and countries, emphasizes the need for broader investigations in future research. Practically, the study suggests that governments in the region should prioritize addressing these non-technological factors to fully leverage the potential of digital technology development. The originality and value of this research lies in its exploration of non-technological determinants, shedding light on their pivotal role in shaping the digital technology landscape in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how local stakeholders in Scania, the southernmost county of Sweden, talk about integration. Drawing on 28 qualitative interviews, we use the theoretical concept of interpretative repertoires to analyze perceptions and conceptualizations among those who work closely with migrant integration. We identify two interpretative repertoires that stakeholders draw upon to make sense of the concept on the ground: the separation and de-migranticization repertoires. The repertoires display a shared understanding among the stakeholders of integration as a failure, although they do not agree on the extent or cause of the perceived failures of integration, or even how the problems should be defined or tackled locally. Within the separation repertoire, integration is failing in terms of processes where primarily migrants are seen as accountable and responsible for their (in)ability to adapt to the Swedish society. Within the de-migranticization repertoire, integration is differently perceived as something that is plagued with misdirected or even false boundaries between groups (in this case "migrants" and "non-migrants"), and authorities are held accountable for problems beyond migrants and migration, such as inequality, racism, and discrimination. The findings reflect the contested field of integration on the ground and contribute to ongoing critical debates on the concept of integration within migration research, by providing snapshots from a bottom-up perspective of local stakeholders' acceptance of, or resistance to, present-day integration discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada has been increasing allocation to the Provincial Nominee Program in the immigration target total. Regionalisation of immigration has been an ongoing transformation of migration management since the 1990s, making the immigration policy domain progressively fragmented. Adopting a policy diffusion framework, I examine 30 regional immigration streams designed to attract and retain international students. Competing for the best, provinces distinguish and privilege certain student groups, creating a diverse policy landscape, yet simultaneously, many provincial policies resemble each other, creating common student immigration scenarios. I argue that in competition for talent, provinces (a) create very similar streams and, while aspiring to differentiate, (b) impose more restrictions than the federal programs. With the shift in authority, provinces gained the freedom to not only design custom migration policies but also to deviate from the original purpose of provincial programs—to complement, not compete!—with the federal ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of integration implies an imbalance between people, where immigrants are those who are obligated to integrate into the society of a new country. Thus, I suggest that alongside of integration, the focus should be the process of belonging and to how different local actors participate in the belonging process. In this study, I examine how people who try to promote immigrants' integration, namely local migration coordinators, project employees and volunteers, create immigrants' belonging in rural Finland. The data consist of fourteen semi-structured interviews. My research questions are (1) What symbolic boundaries do local integration workers construct when they speak about immigrants and their integration? and (2) What kind of belonging do they (re)produce for immigrants through these boundaries? I argue that local integration workers establish a notion of belonging that follows the official, national integration policy on language, employment, active membership, and individual immigrants' adaptation. However, they simultaneously expand the boundaries of belonging by highlighting the responsibility of the local community in the process, and by emphasising immigrants' personal desires, individuality and experiences of a sense of being at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporalities of control are a key element of the migration reception regime: deadlines, waiting times, and limited durations of stay link safe housing to temporal and normative prerequisites. As a result, those who are unable to cross these temporal borders are stuck outside of reception and beyond the temporal nomos of the asylum system, in heightened im-mobility, cut off from protection mechanisms, and in a vicious circle of illegalisation. Based on a literature review and on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Italy between 2018 and 2023, and from the analytical vantage point on migrant practices of appropriation, this article aims to explore informal camps as ambiguous spaces between coercion and subversion. While informality is used by state authorities to disrupt migrant multiplicities, mobilities, and temporalities, it can at the same time become a loophole for migrants to evade control, deportation, and detention and to pursue their migration projects. Through practices of appropriation, migrants regain not only time and space but also rights that have been denied to them. In doing so, they contest the temporalities of control, demonstrating that time can be "taken" through endured limbo, but that it is still relative and can thus be recoded. Despite presenting informality as an arena of collective renegotiation, the article concludes arguing against a romanticisation of informal encampments, showing that they are subject to politics of violence and abandonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This collection of articles explores the interrelationships between migration, social reproduction, and the reproduction of capitalism. Authors aim to shed light on the dynamics in which contemporary regimes of accumulation generate migration as both a response and solution to crises that confront ordinary people in their mundane efforts to meet the material and non-material needs of kin and community. Contributors in this special issue subscribe to the tradition of political economy and Marxism. So, their efforts are dedicated toward addressing how social reproduction and the reproduction of capital are entwined in a dialectical relationship, specifically in this case, through the lens of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populist radical right parties have become major forces in most Western democracies. Previous research has provided conflicting evidence on whether their electoral support can be explained by two structural developments: economic decline and increased immigration. Using time-series regression and almost 30 years of aggregated monthly polling data, we perform a novel test of the effects of economic decline and immigration on aggregate support for the Norwegian Progress Party. We find that the most beneficial time-periods for this party seem to be those of rising immigration and a booming economy. However, our findings also suggest that the effect of rising immigration is halted when the party holds government office. Thus, voter mobilization based on anti-immigration messages may represent a challenge for the Norwegian Progress Party and potentially other such parties going forward as they may become victims of their own success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of comprehensive migration data is a major barrier for understanding the causes and consequences of migration processes, including for specific groups like high-skilled migrants. We leverage large-scale bibliometric data from Scopus and OpenAlex to trace the global movements of scholars. Based on our empirical validations, we develop pre-processing steps and offer best practices for the measurement and identification of migration events. We have prepared a publicly accessible dataset that shows a high level of correlation between the counts of scholars in Scopus and OpenAlex for most countries. Although OpenAlex has more extensive coverage of non-Western countries, the highest correlations with Scopus are observed in Western countries. We share aggregated yearly estimates of international migration rates and of bilateral flows for 210 countries and areas worldwide for the period 1998–2020 and describe the data structure and usage notes. We expect that the publicly shared dataset will enable researchers to further study the causes and the consequences of migration of scholars to forecast the future mobility of academic talent worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the German context, we investigate whether the number of children ever born differs between mixed unions (exogamous unions between natives and migrants or migrant descendants) and endogamous unions (unions among co-ethnics). Our theoretical considerations are derived from assimilation theories, which view exogamous unions as indicators of assimilation processes, and the framework on migrant fertility. The migrant (or descendant) partner in an exogamous union may adapt to the majority group, both partners may adapt to each other, or both partners may constitute a selected group in their fertility preferences. However, due to the higher likelihood of conflicts within the partnership and of separation, exogamy may disrupt family formation processes and depress couples' fertility. Drawing on data from the GSOEP (1984–2020), we estimate generalized Poisson regressions. The results reveal that the number of children ever born is higher in exogamous unions than in endogamous native couples. This general pattern largely persists across migrant generations and regions of origin, but we identify gender differences. While fertility in exogamous unions of native women/migrant (descendant) men is not statistically different from fertility in native/native couples, unions of migrant (descendant) women/native men have more children, especially when controlling for socio-demographic confounders. Our results demonstrate that in the German context, exogamy does not lead to fertility disruptions, and is not straightforwardly associated with assimilation to the fertility of the majority group. Instead, differences in gendered partner choice patterns and life-course transitions may influence the number of children exogamous couples have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment is a pivotal driver for ensuring and enhancing people's livelihoods, with stable employment forming the bedrock for achieving high-quality economic development. In this study, CMDS data from 2014–2018, IFR data, and micro-data from China's Second National Economic Census were utilized to analyze the impact of robot applications on rural labor migration in China, exploring both theoretical and empirical dimensions, particularly the crowding-out effect. The research findings suggest that robot applications influence labor demand through expansion and substitution effects. The results show robot applications significantly increased the probability of rural labor considering re-migration, with a 1% increase in urban robot density resulting in a 0.249% increase in the likelihood of rural labor re-migration. In addition, robot applications were found to reduce the migration rate of urban labor and increase the probability of rural laborers returning to the agricultural sector. Based on mechanism analyses, robot applications were found to have pronounced passive effects in accelerating rural labor migration, particularly among groups with lower skill levels, individuals aged over 44, those in low-skilled occupations, those possessing strong mobility, and those residing in economically developed areas. The conclusions of this study provide new insights for stabilizing employment and optimizing rural labor migration in the context of artificial intelligence development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature points to securitisation as a dominant form of emergency governance emerging in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, also in relation to migration. However, another important way of framing migration during the pandemic is in terms of economisation. This article aims to analyse the rationale underpinning Polish immigration policy during COVID-19 with a focus on different forms of economisation: macro-economisation, which prioritises economic growth over other socially important issues; and substantive economisation, which centres the needs of a population during a given historical moment. Based on desk and qualitative research, including analysis of official documents and media coverage as well as in-depth expert interviews, we argue that the logics of both kinds of economisation can be discerned in Poland's immigration policy. Our overall conclusion is that during the COVID-19 pandemic, and despite strong anti-immigrant rhetoric in official political discourse, Poland's immigration policy prioritised the interests of the national economy and labour market over strategies of security and social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant evidence has tracked the labour market and health assimilation of immigrants, including static analyses of differences in how foreign-born and native-born residents consume health care services. However, we know much less about how migrants' patterns of healthcare usage evolve with time of residence, especially in countries providing universal or quasi-universal coverage. We investigate this process in Spain by combining all the available waves of the local health survey, which allows us to separately identify period, cohort, and assimilation effects. We find robust evidence of migrant assimilation in health care use, specifically in visits to general practitioners and emergency care and among foreign-born women. The differential effects of ageing on health care use between foreign-born and native-born populations contributes to the convergence of utilisation patterns in most health services after 15 years in Spain. Substantial heterogeneity by the time of arrival and by region of origin both suggest that studies modelling future welfare state finances would benefit from a more thorough assessment of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive study delves into over 100 empirical articles, examining the influence of structural drivers on both internal and international migration. Employing a meta-analysis approach, we dissect these studies to pinpoint the prevalent migration drivers frequently subjected to quantitative scrutiny. Our investigation extends to scrutinizing major migration drivers in terms of their statistical impact, directional tendencies, and statistical significance. Our findings underscore that indicators such as income or GDP, education, migrant networks, gender, age, and family characteristics are the most commonly scrutinized factors shaping migration patterns. Notably, geographical distance, gender, and migrant networks emerge as highly consistent drivers, exhibiting a remarkable uniformity in both effect direction and statistical significance across the most frequently studied factors. Numerous migration drivers exhibit statistical significance roughly around 50% of the time, while several others fall considerably below this threshold. Intriguingly, we delve into the complex variations characterizing the impact of destination country GDP per capita. Our exploration reveals that articles reporting a negative effect for destination country GDP per capita are more likely to focus on irregular or asylum migration flows. However, an intriguing subset of articles that also explore asylum migration flows finds a positive effect. These nuanced disparities are further influenced by variations in sample composition, control variables, statistical models, and the operationalization of GDP per capita. In sum, our in-depth analysis sheds light on the multifaceted landscape of migration drivers, offering critical insights into both the consensus and divergence within migration research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the challenges faced by Skilled Indian Women Immigrants (SIWI) when navigating COVID-19 pandemic and their use of agency to handle it. We argue for linking the pre-and post-migration lived experiences of aspiring and actual female immigrants to better understand how they used their everyday agency to handle restrictions in daily life intersected with uncertainty in immigration processes. The sample consisted of first-generation Indian women(29) immigrants to Canada who moved before or after the border closure and aspiring immigrants(10). Narratives about their lived experiences were collected using in depth interviews guided by two separate sets of structured guidelines. The findings suggest that SIWIs went through fear of losing their job, unemployment, networking difficulties, delays in receiving Permanent Residency and other visas, access to resources, and difficulty in compliance with Covid19 protocols. Mental health challenges included feelings of loneliness and anxiety about the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB). Their everyday agency included upgrading skills, seeking therapeutic support, using digital platforms to connect with others, and seeking government support, and support from VISA consultancies, connections through social media platforms catering to Canadian immigrants. We recommend that the universities and colleges need to take more responsibility to support international students by offering robust programs, including cultural learning and job search training, to aid the success of international graduates after their studies. We suggest the policy makers provide equal access to the settlement services for all immigrant groups, including international graduates and that these immigrants should also receive ample information about how to access the settlement services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic accounts posit immigrant ethnic groups adopt the anti-Black attitudes of their Anglo counterparts as they acculturate in the U.S. However, contemporary evidence suggests acculturated immigrant co-ethnics may not be more likely to possess anti-Black appraisals and oppositive attitudes toward Black socio-political interests vis-a-vis their less acculturated counterparts. Drawing from reactive ethnicity and segmented assimilation theory, we posit the threatening contemporary immigration enforcement context may undercut assimilation to Anglo anti-Black attitudes among Latinxs. Using two large nationally representative Latinx surveys, we demonstrate, relative to less acculturated Latinxs, acculturated Latinxs threatened by immigration enforcement adopt attitudes concerning Black people and Black political interests akin to Black people while acculturated unthreatened Latinxs adopt or maintain attitudes closer to their Anglo counterparts. These findings suggest the extent of anti-Black assimilation among contemporary acculturated immigrant co-ethnics is conditional on the receptivity of the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on EU countries, we analyze the influence of immigration flows on the demand for different aggregate categories of final consumption goods. Using the cross-country heterogeneity in immigration flows and preference structures, we find that when people move from a country to another, the sectoral preferences characterizing the origin country affect the preference structure of the host country. Furthermore, we find evidence that the transmission mechanism is reinforced by both the intensity of the immigration flows and the share of immigrants already living in the host country, suggesting a higher propensity to assimilate different consumption standards in more pluralistic countries. Our contribution is twofold. First, differently from most of the literature that analyzes the supply-side consequences of immigration, this study focuses on the impact of immigration on the demand side at the aggregate level. Second, we show that sectoral consumer preferences, even if elicited only residually, represent aggregate variables that can be transferred across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their strong humanitarian reputations abroad, Norway and Canada have adopted domestic immigration policies that produce permanently precarious residents. These policies affect individuals—including refugees, permanent residents, and naturalized citizens—who have traditionally enjoyed secure legal statuses. Adopting the analytic lens of 'probationary immigration', this article explores the legal mechanisms behind three interrelated developments in both countries: 1) the fragmentation of protection regimes in terms of access, rights and duration; 2) stricter/less predictable requirements for permanent residence and citizenship; and 3) intensified practice regarding the revocation of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hispanic caregivers experiencing higher caregiving burden than their non-Hispanic cohorts, due in part to contextual factors, such as barriers to accessing health care, challenging employment environments, low education and income, immigration issues, and minority stress. Spirituality may serve as a coping strategy for Hispanic caregivers that influences health-related quality of life (HRQoL), possibly by modifying loneliness associated with caregiving. We explored these concepts using semi-structured interviews (N = 10 Hispanic caregivers). Participants shared perceptions of loneliness, spirituality, and how these factors related to HRQoL. Five themes emerged: caregiver experience, coping strategies, loneliness, religion and spirituality to gain strength. Findings suggested that spirituality and religion improved HRQoL partially by reducing loneliness. Future programs to improve HRQoL in Hispanic English-speaking cancer caregivers should address spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential economic and labour market impacts of a hypothetical but plausible migration scenario of 250,000 new migrants inspired by Austria's experience in 2015. Using the agent-based macroeconomic model developed by Poledna et al. (Eur Econ Rev, 151:104306, 2023. 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104306, the study explores the detailed labour market outcomes for different groups in Austria's population and the macroeconomic effects of the migration scenario. The analysis suggests that Austria's economy and labour market have the potential to be resilient to the simulated migration influx. The results indicate a positive impact on GDP due to increased aggregate consumption and investment. The labour market experiences an increase in the unemployment rates of natives and previous migrants. In some industries, the increase in the unemployment rates is more significant, potentially indicating competition among different groups of migrants. This research provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Austria and other countries that may face the challenge of managing large-scale migration in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of remarkable policy liberalization and the subsequent steep increase of forced displacement in Latin America, the literature on immigration and refugee policy in the region has gained momentum. Although largely overlooked, this literature has the potential to provide a corrective to political migration theory from the Global South. In this article we carry out a systematic, critical review of the regional literature along three thematic axes: legal analyses, normative and explanatory studies. Based on the review of 108 journal articles, we describe the characteristics, main contributions and research gaps of each thematic area. By analyzing legal norms and policy implementation gaps, existing studies on Latin America provide an understanding of migration policy over time and offer important empirical evidence for the advancement of political migration theory, challenging some of the main assumptions attributed to policies in the Global South. However, the lack of engagement with the broader literature and the absence of systematic analyses of its determinants and effects significantly limit the potential of this body of work. We close by making concrete suggestions of how future studies could fill existing gaps both in theoretical and empirical terms, and which methodological approach should be employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research suggests that people concerned about corruption use elections to punish corrupt incumbents. I argue that when people grow concerned with corruption, they may turn to exit rather than voice, using emigration to escape corruption. Highly educated citizens in particular, who are most informed about corruption and hold valuable human capital, likely see exit as attractive in the face of persistent corruption. Using a wealth of micro-level data on potential emigration, I show that when people perceive widespread corruption, they are more likely to have taken concrete steps to emigrate. Advanced degree holders are much more likely to have prepared to emigrate in response to corruption. I also show that corruption-concerned potential emigrants choose less corrupt destination countries and are less likely to have faith, and participate, in electoral institutions. My argument and findings hold implications for the corruption literature and generate new questions about the relationship between emigration and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large international migration of rural youth from Punjab, India, has recently become an issue for both the state and the nation. This trend threatens the future of food security in India, as Punjab is one of the major contributors to the central rice and wheat pool. Consequently, the current study explores the determinants of youth migration using a push, pull and mooring framework based on data obtained from 367 respondents aged 18–35 years who reside in Punjab. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed for data analysis, and the structural model was validated. The results exhibited that push factors (disinterest in farming, political instability), pull factors (behavioural beliefs, social values) and mooring factors (switching costs, subjective norms) all significantly influence the migration intentions of youth. Hence, research findings will aid the government and policymakers in comprehending the primary causes of the enormous departure of youth from Punjab and in formulating strategies to address the issue. This study expands the push–pull-mooring framework by incorporating some emerging factors impacting youth's migration intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the framing of the refugee crisis have focused on media and political discourses, revealing contrasting views and an increasing politicization of immigration. However, the framing-of-asylum discourse in relation to the reception and settlement of asylum seekers in local communities has so far received less attention, especially when conflictual dynamics emerge. This article investigates the ways in which experts at different levels make sense of how the refugee crisis has unfolded in local communities in Italy. Insofar as asylum governance has become a contentious issue, it looks at conflictual situations. The research challenges the binary between humanitarian and fear frames by suggesting the prevalence of a managerialist frame focusing on a problematic implementation of asylum policies. Taking into consideration the opinions of local experts, it also reveals a shift from a fear frame to an inconvenience frame, which denies xenophobic discourses on invasion or social/public disorder in local communities, but finds other reasons to deny acceptance. The article also adds to the study of the horizontal dynamics between public and private actors, which are central, especially at the local level, and introduces refugees as subjects who actively participate in the "battleground" of asylum governance. Therefore, claims about a negotiated order between different tiers of governance within the multilevel governance approach are challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal data from the Mexican Family Life Survey, in conjunction with aggregated vital statistics and census data, are used to examine how Mexican adults' experiences of violent victimization and perceptions of personal safety, as well as the homicide rate in their local community, are associated with the likelihood that they migrate to the USA. Multilevel logistic regression analyses provide suggestive evidence that Mexicans who report being recent victims of violence and who perceive a recent deterioration in their personal safety are more likely than others to migrate to the USA. The association between perceived deterioration in personal safety and the probability of migrating to the USA is particularly strong among residents of urban areas. We find no evidence that a generalized fear of crime or exposure to a high municipality-level homicide rate is associated with USA-bound migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the motivations that international graduate students have to either migrate or return home after completing their master's degree in Spain, one of the most important and yet under-researched host countries in the international European education arena. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 63 international students graduated in a business field of a top-tier highly international private university. Through thematic analysis, we extracted 113 themes, 70 from the group that decided to migrate and 43 from the group that decided to return to their home country. These themes were classified under 13 motivation categories, 5 of them being work-related and 8 non-work-related, thus resulting in a 2 × 2 factor model. Work-related motivations to migrate included the perception of better career opportunities and the desire to work for an ideal company. Salary played a limited role. Non-work-related motivations to migrate included having a global identity, which to our knowledge has not been identified before, and not returning home for political reasons. Work-related motivations for returning included not seeing job opportunities abroad and seeing higher job opportunities in the home country. Non-work-related motivations for returning included the pandemic, personal motivations, and mobility restrictions. Results from this case study bring new insights about the phenomenological motivations of this population for deciding whether to pursue an international career or not and can therefore help professionals like policy makers and career advisors to develop and implement appropriate measures to support their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of language in older migrants' sense of home. The share of older adults with a migration background in Belgium is growing. However, to date, not much is known about older migrants' sense of home. Looking at language in particular, research suggests that it is linked to identity, possibly affecting one's sense of home. Therefore, investigating the role of language in older migrants' sense of home offers a valuable perspective. To explore older migrants' sense of home, 19 interviews were conducted. During these interviews, the topic of language came up spontaneously. The results show that language among older migrants can concern both a mobility uplift (e.g., creating social and economic opportunities) and a mobility barrier (e.g., obstructing social relations). Concerning the latter, participants discussed resourceful ways to overcome this barrier (e.g., self-made dictionary). Moreover, the interviews revealed the importance of participants' native language, which also strongly links to identity. This study highlights the transformative influence of super-diversity on the linguistic field. Finally, the results show that the interrelatedness of language, identity, social relations and other characteristics impacts the construction of a sense of home among older adults with a migration background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how aid workers in nongovernmental migrant shelters across Mexico conceptualize the relationship between Psychological First Aid (PFA) and border externalization. PFA is an early intervention approach to providing information, support, and comfort to survivors of recent traumas. Unlike "psychological debriefing," PFA discourages processing of recent traumas, which has been critiqued for exacerbating psychological distress. As the U.S. government has "externalized" immigration enforcement by pressuring the Mexican to intensify immigration enforcement along transit corridors throughout Mexico, shelters that emerged originally to provide short-term humanitarian aid to transit migrants increasingly provide aid to people over the course of several weeks and months as they pursue humanitarian status regularization in Mexico. These processes require migrants to render recent traumas legible to state authorities, the very thing PFA aims to avoid. This study aimed to make sense of this apparent tension through 15 in-depth qualitative interviews with frontline humanitarian aid workers. Interviewees described PFA as a framework that attunes aid workers to what level of aid is feasible for organizations that were founded as volunteer-driven operations that provide short-term bodily aid to transit migrants but have become increasingly professionalized operations that provide longer-term aid to people seeking humanitarian recognition in Mexico. Whereas prior studies have considered the impact of PFA for individuals, results indicate that for aid workers, PFA may provide a framework for coping with contradictory organizational logics of care and control that characterize border externalization in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, some states allow undocumented immigrants to benefit from in-state resident tuition policy at public colleges and universities, a benefit aimed at improving accessibility to higher education. Yet, undocumented immigrants face bureaucratic procedures and requirements that may discourage them from applying and delay or hamper their access to higher education. Building upon administrative burdens scholarship and using quantitative data from the examination of college application forms and surveys administered to undocumented immigrants, this article explores requirements representing learning, compliance, and psychological costs when this group applies for college. Findings suggest that variations in requirements may reflect states' political leanings, patterns of immigration, alternate social constructions, and organizational factors. Undocumented immigrants' perceptions show that factors associated with SSN, citizenship, residency, notarized affidavits, and lack of clear information and guidance from college websites and personnel substantially increase burdens when these individuals seek in-state tuition benefits. This study contributes to higher education scholarship by highlighting how bureaucratic procedures and administrative discretion can help achieve or prevent the attainment of policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western cities have been confronted with the challenges of 'urban shrinkage' as changes in economic and production models have caused population migrations. China, in its recent history, has experienced rapid and dynamic growth in its cities. However, as its economy is evolving, it too is being confronted with 'urban shrinkage' challenges. Populations have been shifting inside small and medium sized cities in response to problems created during this rapid growth period. Most heritage areas have suffered from depopulation, neglect and disinvestment. The historic Puhuiquan neighborhood in Yulin City is a classic example of the current Chinese version of 'urban shrinkage'. Yulin City, founded as a military city five centuries ago, has shifted its focus away from its historic purpose into a resource-based city. Yulin's planning developed new areas, drawing population out of the historic Puhuiquan neighborhood. This area is the home to a unique urban cultural landscape where land and architecture have merged to create the development of various types of 'cave' houses. Suffering from the effects of 'urban shrinkage', this research explores the causes and potential solutions for the area employing both 'smart shrinkage' and 'urban renewal' strategies, informed by local resident participation, to develop a sustainable renewal strategy for this heritage area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the link between immigrants' social capital and their labour market access (employment) and success (occupational status) in Germany and contributes to previous research in two ways. Firstly, based on insights from theories of social capital and immigrant integration, we overcome the mere distinction between inter- and intra-ethnic ties. Instead, we approximate resources immigrants can access and mobilize by considering both the ethnic and socioeconomic compositions of their networks. Secondly, by using autoregressive cross-lagged panel models, we properly deal with the methodological challenge of endogeneity inherent to studies concerned with the relationship between social capital and labour market outcomes. Based on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel the empirical findings indicate the necessity of considering both the ethnic and socioeconomic compositions of immigrants' networks—as both have independent effects on immigrants' labour market integration. We conclude that future research on the relationship between immigrants' social capital and their economic integration may benefit from approximating resources available through social contacts by considering not only the ethnic dimension but also the socioeconomic dimension of contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to health services can differ greatly based on ethno-racial identity and immigration status. We examined the reporting of ethno-racial data and immigration status in published literature on the health of newcomer children. An integrative scoping review was performed using the methodological framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). 4147 articles were identified and 75 studies included in the final analysis. 67% (50/75) did not describe the participants immigration status at all. Most studies (65%, 49/75) also did not report participants' ethno-racial identities. Of those that did, 65% (17/26) reported participant ethnicity alone, and 15% (4/26) reported race alone, while 19% (5/26) reported both race and ethnicity. We found that most studies on newcomer children did not report immigration status or ethno-racial identity. In doing so, studies may ignore the specific impacts of racism and xenophobia on health and access to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2004 EU enlargement has triggered large and rapid migration movements from the new to the old member states. The scale of this outflow was unprecedented in the CEE history and its structure was also different from previous emigration waves as it was more heavily biased towards young and educated people. I exploit this post-accession emigration wave to study the aggregate and redistributive effects of emigration. Using a small open economy general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and endogenous migration choice calibrated to Polish data, I show that emigration lowers output per capita and improves the international investment position of the source country. Changes in population structure resulting from population outflows affect the wage distribution between high-skilled and low-skilled workers, thereby increasing economic inequalities. Moreover, I find that lifting labour mobility barriers is beneficial not only for people who move abroad, but also for skilled never-migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]