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A unified quantum theory incorporating the four fundamental forces of nature is one of the major open problems in physics. The Standard Model combines electro-magnetism, the strong force and the weak force, but ignores gravity. The quantization of gravity is therefore a necessary first step to achieve a unified quantum theory. In this monograph a canonical quantization of gravity has been achieved by quantizing a geometric evolution equation resulting in a hyperbolic equation in a fiber bundle, where the base space represents a Cauchy hypersurface of the quantized spacetime and the fibers the Riemannian metrics in the base space. The hyperbolic operator, a second order partial differential operator, acts both in the fibers as well as in the base space. In this second edition new results are presented which allow the solutions of the hyperbolic equation to be expressed as products of spatial and temporal eigenfunctions of self-adjoint operators. These eigenfunctions form complete bases in appropriate Hilbert spaces. The eigenfunctions depending on the fiber elements are a subset of the Fourier kernel of the symmetric space SL(n,R)/SO(n), where n is the dimension of the base space; they represent the elementary gravitons corresponding to the degrees of freedom in choosing the entries of Riemannian metrics with determinants equal to one. These are all the degrees of freedom available because of the coordinate system invariance: For any smooth Riemannian metric there exists an atlas such that in each chart the determinant of the metric is equal to one. In the important case n=3 the Standard Model could also be incorporated such that one can speak of a unified quantization of all four fundamental forces of nature.

A-infinity structure was introduced by Stasheff in the 1960s in his homotopy characterization of based loop space, which was the culmination of earlier works of Sugawara's homotopy characterization of H-spaces and loop spaces. At the beginning of the 1990s, a similar structure was introduced by Fukaya in his categorification of Floer homology in symplectic topology. This structure plays a fundamental role in the celebrated homological mirror symmetry proposal by Kontsevich and in more recent developments of symplectic topology.A detailed construction of A-infinity algebra structure attached to a closed Lagrangian submanifold is given in Fukaya, Oh, Ohta, and Ono's two-volume monograph Lagrangian Intersection Floer Theory (AMS-IP series 46 I & II), using the theory of Kuranishi structures—a theory that has been regarded as being not easily accessible to researchers in general. The present lecture note is provided by one of the main contributors to the Lagrangian Floer theory and is intended to provide a quick, reader-friendly explanation of the geometric part of the construction. Discussion of the Kuranishi structures is minimized, with more focus on the calculations and applications emphasizing the relevant homological algebra in the filtered context.The book starts with a quick explanation of Stasheff polytopes and their two realizations—one by the rooted metric ribbon trees and the other by the genus-zero moduli space of open Riemann surfaces—and an explanation of the A-infinity structure on the motivating example of the based loop space. It then provides a description of the moduli space of genus-zero bordered stable maps and continues with the construction of the (curved) A-infinity structure and its canonical models. Included in the explanation are the (Landau–Ginzburg) potential functions associated with compact Lagrangian submanifolds constructed by Fukaya, Oh, Ohta, and Ono. The book explains calculations of potential functions for toric fibers in detail and reviews several explicit calculations in the literature of potential functions with bulk as well as their applications to problems in symplectic topology via the critical point theory thereof. In the Appendix, the book also provides rapid summaries of various background materials such as the stable map topology, Kuranishi structures, and orbifold Lagrangian Floer theory.

This book discusses continuous and discrete nonlinear systems in systematic and sequential approaches. The unique feature of the book is its mathematical theories on flow bifurcations, nonlinear oscillations, Lie symmetry analysis of nonlinear systems, chaos theory, routes to chaos and multistable coexisting attractors. The logically structured content and sequential orientation provide readers with a global overview of the topic. A systematic mathematical approach has been adopted, featuring a multitude of detailed worked-out examples alongside comprehensive exercises. The book is useful for courses in dynamical systems and chaos and nonlinear dynamics for advanced undergraduate, graduate and research students in mathematics, physics and engineering. The second edition of the book is thoroughly revised and includes several new topics: center manifold reduction, quasi-periodic oscillations, Bogdanov–Takens, periodbubbling and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations, and dynamics on circle. The organized structures in bi-parameter plane for transitional and chaotic regimes are new active research interest and explored thoroughly. The connections of complex chaotic attractors with fractals cascades are explored in many physical systems. Chaotic attractors may attain multiple scaling factors and show scale invariance property. Finally, the ideas of multifractals and global spectrum for quantifying inhomogeneous chaotic attractors are discussed.

This textbook offers a concise introduction to symplectic and contact geometry, with a focus on the relationships between these subjects and other topics such as Lie theory and classical mechanics. Organized into four chapters, this work serves as a stepping stone for readers to delve into the subject, providing a succinct and motivating foundation. The content covers definitions, symplectic linear algebra, symplectic and contact manifolds, Hamiltonian systems, and more. Prerequisite knowledge includes differential geometry, manifolds, algebraic topology, de Rham cohomology, and the basics of Lie groups. Quick reviews are included where necessary, and examples and constructions are provided to foster understanding. Ideal for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students, this volume can also serve as a valuable resource for independent researchers seeking a quick yet solid understanding of symplectic and contact geometry.

This textbook is intended to be accessible to any second-year undergraduate in mathematics who has attended courses on basic real analysis and linear algebra. It is meant to help students to appreciate the diverse specialized mathematics courses offered at their universities. Special emphasis is on similarities between mathematical fields and ways to compare them. The organizing principle is the concept of a mathematical structure which plays an important role in all areas of mathematics. The mathematical content used to explain the structural ideas covers in particular material that is typically taught in algebra and geometry courses. The discussion of ways to compare mathematical fields also provides introductions to categories and sheaves, whose ever-increasing role in modern mathematics suggests a more prominent role in teaching. The book is the English translation of the second edition of “Mathematische Strukturen” (Springer, 2024) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

The first edition of this book presented simple proofs of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem for Dirac operators on compact Riemannian manifolds and its generalizations (due to the authors and J.-M. Bismut), using an explicit geometric construction of the heat kernel of a generalized Dirac operator; the new edition makes this popular book available to students and researchers in an attractive softcover. The first four chapters could be used as the text for a graduate course on the applications of linear elliptic operators in differential geometry and the only prerequisites are a familiarity with basic differential geometry. The next four chapters discuss the equivariant index theorem, and include a useful introduction to equivariant differential forms. The last two chapters give a proof, in the spirit of the book, of Bismut's Local Family Index Theorem for Dirac operators.

This book contains chapters on a range of topics in mathematics and mathematical physics, including semigroups, algebras, operator theory and quantum mechanics, most of them have been presented at the International Conference on Semigroup, Algebras, and Operator Theory (ICSAOT-22), held at Cochin, Kerala, India, from 28–31 March 2022. It highlights the significance of semigroup theory in different areas of mathematics and delves into various themes that demonstrate the subject's diverse nature and practical applications. One of the key features of the book is its focus on the relationship between geometric algebra and quantum mechanics. The book offers both theoretical and numerical approximation results, presenting a comprehensive overview of the subject. It covers a variety of topics, ranging from C∗-algebraic models to numerical solutions for partial differential equations. The content of the book is suitable for active researchers and graduate students who are just beginning their studies in the field. It offers insights and practical applications that would be valuable to anyone interested in the mathematical foundations of physics and related fields. Overall, this book provides an excellent resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the intersections between mathematics and physics.

This textbook is based on the author's lecture notes held at Qiuzhen College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, renowned for its rapid scientific growth of its excellent students. The book offers a remarkable combination of characteristics that are both exceptional and seemingly contradictory. It is designed to be entirely self-contained, starting from the basics and building a strong foundation in geometric and algebraic tools. Simultaneously, topics are infused with mathematical elegance and profundity, employing contemporary language and techniques. From a physicist's perspective, the content delves deeply into the physical aspects, emphasizing the underlying principles. This book bridges the gap between students and cutting-edge research, with a special focus on symplectic geometry, integrability, and recent developments in the field. It is designed to engage and captivate the reader. A conscious selection of topics ensures a more relevant and contemporary approach compared to traditional textbooks. The book addresses common misconceptions, offering clarity and precision. In its quest for brevity, this book is tailored for a one-semester course, offering a comprehensive and concise resource. The author's dedication is evident throughout this volume, encapsulating these goals within roughly 300 pages.

The book is the second volume of a collection which consists of surveys that focus on important topics in geometry which are at the heart of current research. The topics in the present volume include the conformal and the metric geometry of surfaces, Teichmüller spaces, immersed surfaces of prescribed extrinsic curvature in 3-dimensional manifolds, symplectic geometry, the metric theory of Grassmann spaces, homogeneous metric spaces, polytopes, the higher-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet formula, isoperimetry in finitely generated groups and Coxeter groups.Each chapter is intended for graduate students and researchers. Several chapters are based on lectures given by their authors to middle-advanced level students and young researchers. The whole book is intended to be an introduction to important topics in geometry.