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Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Degrowth has emerged as a strong voice against the green growth narrative. However, it has so far left largely unshaped its vision for technology, thereby overlooking a pivotal element of the green growth narrative. This article contributes to filling this gap by analyzing the appropriateness of a digital technology, Artificial Intelligence, to a degrowth context. It does so through the angle of conviviality, a concept introduced by Ivan Illich and frequently used by degrowth scholars, which states that convivial tools should foster autonomy, creativity, and relationships among humans and with nature. This paper specifically applies Vetter's Matrix of Convivial Technology to an application of machine learning with potential environmental benefits: predictive maintenance - a proactive maintenance technique based on real-time sensor monitoring. Three key limitations to its conviviality are identified: 1. the high complexity of machine learning, 2. its environmental impacts, and 3. the size of the infrastructure it relies on. These limitations prompt critical reflections on the appropriateness of machine learning (as a part of Artificial Intelligence) to degrowth but also act as inspirations for reshaping the technology towards more conviviality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multi-actor labs (MALs), a form of real-world social experiments, were implemented in three coastal-rural regions in France (Charente River Basin), Spain (Mar Menor), and Greece (South-West Messinia) to better assess and tackle coastal-rural interactions that govern local sustainability challenges, such as water use conflicts and biodiversity degradation. The MALs used pan:icipative methodologies based on systems thinking and transition management. Stakeholders were continuously engaged in a series of workshops to co-produce knowledge, reach a common understanding of the sustainability challenges and issues at stake, and co-design solutions in the form of roadmap for sustainable transitions in coastal-rural regions. This paper evaluates MALs to provide examples of successful sustainability transition experiments based on the outputs produced, outcomes achieved, and processes used in the three coastal, rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the issue of creating impact in real-world labs for experimenting with sustainability transformation has been studied, little is known about how to assess and understand impact in practice. Deciding on "what counts as impact" is challenging as problem definitions and solutions are political and contested. In our research projects for sustainability transformations in fields such as agriculture, food, and healthcare, we encountered typical questions of creating impact in real-world labs. We established a Community of Practice to explore the different challenges pertaining to these impact questions. We identified four overarching challenges related to impact: 1. measuring the impact of Labs, 2. dealing with positionality and power dynamics, 3. fostering impact within and beyond projects, and 4. ensuring impact across different contexts. This paper offers practical strategies for responding to these challenges: 1. tailor-made training for Labbing, 2. reflexively engaging with power dynamics, 3. forging rich, translocal learning and impact. Sharing learnings from our experience with Labbing may broaden the repertoire of fellow Lab practitioners in enhancing and strengthening their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a sample of 20 sustainability-oriented real-world experiment reports frorn 2006 to 2020, with the aim of uncovering the logic and methods used to demonstrate their success, that means, to show that they achieved their stated objectives. Following a distinction often made in the social sciences, I look for features of either the variance orthe process approach to causal inference. I find that reports of transition experiments, socio-technical experiments, and community-based interventions display characteristic features of the process approach. Reports of trials, pilots, and field experiments, on the other hand, mostly use the variance approach to demonstrate success. An important observation is the limited recognition of possible biases related to the methods used orthe data. 1 describe a number of possible biases that may be of importance in the context of sustainability-oriented real-world experiments. Irnportant examples include measurement errors and biases in participant selection. Recognising the biases and correcting them where necessary can strengthen the validity of the findings obtained and help other researchers in designingtheir experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world labs (Rwls) are often used to explore and foster the mobility transition. Many RwLs dealing with mobility transition temporarily reallocate public spaces from motorized to active transport or to leisure activities. While some residents accept and enjoy the changes, others react with scepticism, rejection, or protest. This can lead to confiicts. Controversial perceptions and conflicts among residents make a permanent redesign rather challenging for the administration and the politicians. In this paper the authors investigate the relatedconflict types and counterarguments by studying the case of a temporary redesign of an intersection in Berlin. Based on in-depth interviews, they untangle procedural, distributional, and identity conflicts which might underlie the critical and ambivalent perceptions of residents. An abundance of confiict issues pertaining to procedural and distributional conflicts are revealed and emphasize the role of the RwL process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world laboratories have become a recognised research format for addressing sustainability challenges. In these transdisciplinary settings, actors from civil society, local government, and academia work together using a transdisciplinary research approach to joint[y experiment and learn about sustainability transformations. While these labs areconsidered to have potential, their impact has not yet been fully measured. Therefore, in our paper we explore the case of the Zukunfts-stadt Loneburg 2030+ process to uncover the impacts that this long-term effort has generated over the past eight years. By examining the process land its design features from three analytical perspectives, we identify emergent impacts in three dimensions: education, governance, and the lab as an actor for sustainability. Based on our case study, we suggest that real-world labs contribute to sustainability on a local level, beyond the intentional experiments, through impacts that emerge over the scourse of the joint operation of the lab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world labs and transdisciplinary urban research aim to initiate transand support sustainability transformations. This paper explores the categories of societal impacts and their connections, as well as chalkey principles to facilitate these impacts. The study is based on the socieempirical analysis of48 projects by a series of surveys and interviews within an independent, accompanying research program. All projects were conducted under the heading of urban sustainability transformations and pursued a transdisciplinary real-world lab approach. Three categories of societal impacts were identified: 1. social and individual changes, 2. governance changes, and 3. changes in the physical environment. Six of the projects were selected as in-depth case studies, revealing three patterns of impact pathways. The case studies also explore the relationships between processes, results, and impacts leading to key principles for fostering societal impacts and thus, sustainability transformations. The findings enhance the understanding and the promotion of sustainability transformations n urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Net-Map combines participatory action research and social network analysis with a sociological analysis of power relations. The tool helps to identify, visualize and discuss which actors are involved in a given network, how they are linked, what their goals and interests are, and how influential or powerful they are with regard to a specific outcome. The tool is well suited for facilitating interviews with, and discussions among, network actors to address governance challenges and develop personalized solutions. The resulting maps and transcripts canform the basis for qualitative content analysis and quantitative social network analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DThis paper presents an additive index on climate policy engagement at the municipal level, based on the three dimensions awareness, conception and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation. The distortion of the index is based on the self-perception and personal assessment of municipal decision-makers, which were collected and evaluated as part of a primary survey (postal survey). The index shows how strongly a municipality is committed to climate policy. Thus, it represents an extension of previous indices that either only consider climate mitigation or adaptation or are only based exclusively on secondary statistics. The second part of the paper describes the application of the index in three counties or 51 municipalities in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The interpretation takes place in the context of structural characteristics of the municipalities concerned (number of inhabitants, share of votes of different parties, geographical location). The distribution of the index values shows a similar awareness in climate protection and climate change adaptation, but an increasing discrepancy in the implementation of adaptation-specific measures.

Copyright of GAIA: Ecological Perspectives for Science & Society is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arts-based research encompasses a broad range of creative methods and frameworks across artistic mediums such as music, dance, poetry, fiction, and storytelling, as well as video, photography, and other visual arts. Creative research provides for opportunities to explore meaning, ritual, symbolism, and the visceral, sensory, embodied, and affective elements of experience, as they represent valid ways of knowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring a crisis-proof food supply has become a key political issue. In Germany, official spatial planning allows the use of priority and reserved areas to secure land for agricultural use and regional food supply. The focus should be particularly on climate-resilient areas that also have a stable yield potential in the future. This paper supplements widely used, static approaches for determining priority and reserved areas with a dynamic bio-economic analysis that takes future climate scenarios into account. The results for the German federal state of Brandenburg show a high area equivalence between the static and dynamic approaches. In the case of data gaps, for example, static approaches such as soil quality indices can serve as an adequate proxy for future yield potentials. However, not all climate-robust areas can be classified as potential reserved or priority areas. Furthermore, areas that show low yield potential under future conditions are not released for other land uses. Feedback from stakeholders involved in the study showed that the use of the dynamic approach and a target value using the results of a foodshed model lead to broad acceptance. The method developed here can make a valuable contribution to climate change adaptation in spatial planning instruments.

In sustainability debates, the concept of consumption corridors (CCs) has gained prominence. CCs are understood to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries. This concept operates on the premise that setting upper limits to consumption is in principle feasible within liberal democracies. But to what extent, if at all, are upper limits to consumption compatible with liberal democracy? In this article, we argue that the tensions between CCs and liberal democracy may run deeper than proponents of CCs suggest. Because consumption plays a constitutive role in social reconciliation, the formation and exercise of autonomy, and democratic legitimacy in liberal democracies, introducing upper limits may indeed hit harder boundaries - boundaries that sufficiency approaches to reducing consumption (and production) levels increasingly face in the current political landscape. Sharing the normative horizon of a good life for all, we propose that for CCs to become a viable lever for transformative change, a deeper analysis of existing barriers may be in order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the complex challenges of our time and prepare for a sustainable future, we must break new ground and find strategies for collaboration. In this experimental case study, we demonstrate how industrial design and materials science worked together on an equal footing to design a public status symbol. Since both disciplines are practice-oriented, the focus was on creating a specific object: a seat for a public bus as a pars pro toto for enhancing the value of public mobility. The design object was at the same time the object around which interdisciplinary collaboration evolved. In spite of differences in thinking between the two disciplines, the approaches finally enriched each other. The most important findings include the identification of mesh structures as a common denominator for the interdisciplinary co-design. The mesh structures' flexibility fulfilled ergonomic requirements and, at the same time, their aesthetic and haptic qualities inspired the development process. Working together between disciplines from the outset can help transform industrial design in a way that addresses the fundamental environmental challenges of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GAIA: Ecological Perspectives for Science & Society is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper demonstrates an approach to the problem of micro-scale analysis of medical service provision in Germany. Research focuses include estimating population dynamics, mapping access to medical facilities and identifying spatial patterns in medical service provision. We applied the Enhanced Two Step Floating Catchment Area method to quantify changes in access to primary care physicians over a period of eleven years. Our study reveals that overall access is modestly rising, but significant spatial disparities exist between different regions of Germany. We describe both supply and demand issues behind the observed changes in access. As a key result, we identify four types of regions with differing access-population dynamics. Our main conclusion on the topic of medical service provision is that spatial planning is facing a multi-dimensional problem rather than a one-dimensional one, and that access to services depends on a combination of factors. Concerning differences between rural and urban regions, we find that that there is no general positive or negative trend for either.

Balancing in general and balancing alternatives and variants can be seen as a core component of the work of planners. Against the backdrop of current social challenges, the complexity of these balancing processes is increasing. From a planning science perspective, however, the question of the balancing process has only begun to be analysed. To date, there are only a few empirical studies that have explicitly focussed on balancing processes in Germany. This is where this paper starts by focusing on urban planning, investigating what planners understand by balancing alternatives and variants and how the balancing process is presented in everyday planning. To this end, 19 qualitative interviews were conducted with public and private sector planners. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. The results confirm the central role of balancing processes in everyday planning and emphasise the need for further research to understand these processes’ complexity and significance.

In this article, we reflect on approaches for creating and observing impact in transdisciplinary projects. Based on the insights from the work of the social design lab (sdi), we describe the dernands for impact observation in a transdisciplinary project context - enable strategic project iteration through real-time observation of achievements, challenges and potential, learn about impact patterns and record intangible forms of impact - which created the need fordevelopinga rnew methodology. We therefore outline the main elements of our impact observation methodology: ex-ante impact orientation, impact observa-tion and reflection throughout the process as well as ex-post analysis. The sdi's experience has shown that integrating impact observation into daily work is time-consuming but worthwhile. For us, impact observation a central research tool for identifying social transformation and its potential, to account for organisations' own activities and for supporting internal learning and project management processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ways of evaluatingthe societal impact of real-world labs as a transdisciplinary and transformative research format are under discussion. We present an evaluation approach rooted in structuration theory, with a focus on structure-agency dynamics at the science-society interface. We applied the theory with its four modalities interpretation schemes, norms, allocative and authoritative resources) to the case of the Mirke neighbourhood in Wuppertal, Germany. Six projects promoted the capacity for co-productive city-making. The effects of the projects were jointly analysed in a co-evaluation process. Previously proposed subcategories of the modalities as an empirical operationalisation were tested and confirmed as being applicable. Five new subcategories were generated. The use of the modalities seems appropriate for co-evaluation processes. The tool is practical, focused on real-world effects, and suitable for trans-disciplinary interpretation processes. We encourage further empirical testing of the tool, as well as development of the subcategories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific literature offers a variety of endeavors to conceptualize and assess societal effects of research. However, it lacks approaches on how to foster impact orientation and evaluate the effectiveness of transdisciplinary research and real-world laboratories. In this report, we present a framework for designing and conducting project-accompanying formative evaluation for impact-oriented monitoring of research processes, and for systematically recording their effects. We illustrate the application of our evaluation design with examples from two different real-world laboratories that we have been monitoring as evaluators for two years. We discuss the challenges in categorizing outputs and effects and in clarifying their significance for project success. We also address the limitations of our approach with respect to data quality and feasibility of data collection. Formative evaluation is a challenging task for all project participants. It requires adequate resources that must be considered during project planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the role of real-world experiments in local ition governance, focusing on the negotiation between measurable impacts and the evaluation of localized, tangible outcomes. In our qualitative comparative analysis, we examine three distinct mobility experiments aimed at advancing sustainable transformation in mobility and urban planning, namely the co-creative research project City2Share in Munich, the political program of the Superb/ocks in Barcelona, and the real-world test bed for automated shuttles Digibus Austria in Koppl near Salzburg. Despite the structural limitations of the temporal, spatial, and legal framework and the uncertainties in measuring the impact, all experiments were presented as successful. This success was negotiated and re-framed via five discursive strategies: mobilizing citizen engagement, highlighting small achievements, manifesting institutional embedding, generating political momentum, and delegating responsibility. As we argue, success and scaling are not just the result of scientific proof, but also a matter of negotiating the political issues raised by the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The port in Flensburg, Germany, has shaped the city's identity. Globalisation and deindustrialisation have seen the northern German port on the Baltic Sea lose its economic importance. The city of Flensburg is currently planning to build a new district on a huge redevelopment site. The idea is to create a district with an infrastructure that promotes and enables lifestyles that use resources and land sustainably. The real-world laboratory on sufficiency-oriented urban development described and evaluated here aimed to better understand the process of implementing unsufficiency policies and their effects, and to develop the knowledge and skills needed for sufficiency-oriented policymaking. The real-world laboratory is a collaborative project between members of the city administration and academics from the Europa-Universitit Flensburg. The evaluation shows both the difficulties of putting sufficiency policies into practice and their potential for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory experiments (RegExs) can be considered an element of mission-oriented innovation policies. As such, we discuss how they relate to real-world labs (RwLs) and how they can contribute to sustainability transformations. We distinguish between two types of experiments: 1. regulatory sandboxes that help innovators to bring new products, services, and other innovations to market, and 2. regulatory-innovation experiments that are specifically designed to explore new solutions for evolving regulatory frameworks. The two types can be linked to RwLs such that an RwL can be embedded in a regulatory sandbox, enabling the RwL to try out solutions that would not be feasible withoutthe sandbox, given the regulatory framework in place. Alternatively, the various experiments in the RwL are complemented by one or several regulatory-innovation experiments. RegExs, as a form of experimental policy engagement, are an important addition to RwL concepts in a sustainability ntransformation context. They contribute to both innovative sustainability solutions as well as regulatory learning and testing of regulatory innovations. By applying the programme theory approach and developing Theory of Change for RegEx, we discuss their potential impact on sustainability transformations in terms of the directionality and the acceleration of change, based on examples from the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a long-term transdisciplinary research process on the Greek island of Samothraki, aiming at sustainability solutions that are not only scientifically sound, but also co-designed, well received and adopted by the local community. We reflect on 15 years of socioecological aresearch by utilizing the conceptual lens of real-world laboratories (RwLs). We present the research approach pursued on the island, based on a sociometabolic understanding of society-nature interaction, by relating local natural resources (and their selfiregenerating capacities) to their social utilization and the resulting environmental pressures. We refiect on the research activities by using an established evaluation framework based on the three RwL principles: the "lab context", "experiments", and "interventions". We describe success and setbacks by integrating, as objects of evaluation, the research process, its outputs, outcomes, and impacts. While we can certainly showcase success in terms of research design, scientific outputs, and institutional outcomes, gauging potential impacts poses a more challenging task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What concepts of nature, humans, and their relationships underpin the debate about gene drives for conservation? To provide some answers to this question, the eradication of invasive rodents on islands is used as an example. While current debates mostly weigh the potential benefits for conservation against the potential ecological risks, it is worthwhile to move beyond such a risk-benefit perspective. Ethical issues that are more specific to conservation are: the significance of "natural", the normative goals of conservation, and the ideal of living in harmony with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene drives, a potentially dangerous application of genetic engineering, enable forced inheritance and species manipulation. With proposed uses in disease vector and invasive species control, as well as agriculture, the main risks and challenges of gene drives relate to uncontrollability, regulation, and ethical concerns. Current scientific knowledge is not sufficient to allow it to be used cautiously and ethically. This article discusses gene drives as a conservation tool, concluding it is not a viable option for halting global biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated human-Earth system models could be a useful tool for interdisciplinary collaboration on sustainability issues. However, it is challenging to integrate all disciplines equally. Considering modeling frameworks as boundary objects could help. In this perspective, a modeling framework, while clearly defined in its basic function, could be adapted and reinterpreted by researchers from different disciplines according to their specific contexts and questions, yet the framework still remains a common reference point behind these different adaptations. This flexibility and plasticity could contribute to the evolution of the modeling framework itself. The authors discuss how this might look, using the copan:CORE framework as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]